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Response of the Suckling Hamster to two Strains of the Chronic Respiratory Disease of Fowl
RESEARCH NOTES
odor. However, 54 of 56 isolâtes of such micrococci, when grown in litmus milk for 10 days, caused little or no change. In addition, colonies of most of thèse micrococci caused hydrolysis or clearing of the egg proteins on plates containing .01 ml. of mixed white and yolk. SUMMARY
Six cases of dirty current receipt eggs (June 1953) were washed in a household détergent and the eggs in each case then coated with a water solution of a différent antibiotic, fan dried, but not oiled, and placed in cold storage. Subséquent examination of such treated eggs for egg spoilage bacteria revealed no détectable effect of the antibiotics upon the number of bacteria in the eggs or the number of eggs undergoing spoilage. REFERENCES Campbell, L. L., Jr., and R. T. O'Brien, 1955. Antibiotics in food préservation. Food Tech. 9: 461-465. Miller, W. A., and L. B. Crawford, 1953. Some factors influencing bacterial pénétration of eggs. Poultry Sci. 32: 303-309. Miller, W. A., 1954. The microbiology of dirty eggs treated in various ways and stored at différent températures and humidities. Poultry Sci. 33: 735-742.
RESPONSE OF THE SUCKLING HAMSTER TO TWO STRAINS OF THE CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE OF FOWL REGINALD L. REAGAN, FRANCES S. YANCEY AND A. L. BRUECKNER Virus Laboratory, Live Stock Sanitary Service, University of Maryland, Collège Park, Maryland (Received for publication December 19,1955)
INTRODUCTION
The chronic respiratory disease strain #1 and #2 (CRD) used in this study was obtained from the Live Stock Service Laboratory in Collège Park and the branch laboratory of the Live Stock Sanitary
Service Laboratory at Salisbury, Maryland. Thèse strains were proven by reliable investigation to cause C.R.D. infowl. They were used to initiate the following experiment. The virus was in the form of a 10 percent suspension of sinus exudate.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on May 8, 2015
with some common antibiotics. This was evidenced by the fact that group 4 eggs washed in a household détergent alone contained only 2.3 percent of eggs showing spoilage bacteria, compared with a range of 3.4 to 8.5 percent in the 6 antibiotic-treated groups during the first 6 months (Table 1). No better protection was manifested during the second 6month storage period in the antibioticcoated groups of eggs. The percentage containing spoilage bacteria varied from 7.7 to 17 percent, compared with 9 percent in non-antibiotic treated group 4 eggs. Cocci were detected on plates from eggs in numbers varying from 1,000 to 150 million per ml. of mixed whites and yolks, with an average of 2 million. Usually no "off odor" was noted in eggs that contained cocci. However, occasionally eggs with an "old butter" or "sour milk" odor were recorded. They contained up to 150 million Gram-positive cocci per ml. I t is doubtful if odors or fiavors due to cocci is a problem in eggs properly handled in ordinary trade channels. An interesting observation was that most of the tryptone-glucose agar plates in or upon which micrococci were présent exhibited a characteristic "sour milk"
243
244
RESEARCH NOTES
TABLE 1.—Response of' sucUing hamsters to strain §1 and strain §2 of chronic respiratory disease agent Observation period
Route
Group #1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal
(days) 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
Group #2
1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8
Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal
14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
Group #3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal
14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
1 2 3 4 5 6
Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal
14 14 14 14 14 14
Group #4
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The following study was undertaken to détermine whether thèse chronic respira-
RESULTS
Table 1 shows that the suckling hamsters exposed to two strains of the chronic respiratory disease agent are not susceptible to the chronic respiratory disease virus by intranasal exposure. SUMMARY Syrian suckling hamsters were not susceptible to the two strains of chronic respiratory disease virus by intranasal exposure in this experiment.
AN UNIDENTIFIED MINERAL REQUIRED BY THE CHICK H. MENGE, R. J. LILLIE, J. R. SIZEMORE AND C. A. DENTON Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsnlle, Maryland (Received for publication December 20,1955)
Morrison, Scott and Norris (1955) hâve shown that a mixture of unidentified growth factor suppléments consisting of corn distillers dried solubles, fish solubles, grass juice, dried whey, and penicillin mycélium meal produced maximum
growth of chicks. They also found that a portion of the growth response obtained with this combination was due to an unidentified minerai constituent(s) présent in the mixture. Couch, Reid, Camp, Dannenburg and Rozacky (1955) also reported
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on May 8, 2015
Suckling No.
tory disease strains of viruses could be transmitted to the suckling hamster. Suckling hamsters are much cheaper and easier to work with than chickens. Four lactating hamsters and their sucklings were placed in individual métal boxes with bedding. The sucklings were three days old. The sucklings from Group #1 and Group #2 were given strain #1 CRD by nasal instillation (0.03 ml. each nostril). Group #3 and #4 were done likewise with strain #2 CRD. The groups were checked twice daily for respiratory disease symptoms over a period of 14 days. Dog checkers were fed to each of the four groups daily along with a large bottle of water for drinking. Ail sucklings were held for a fourteen day observation period and then discarded.
odor. However, 54 of 56 isolâtes of such micrococci, when grown in litmus milk for 10 days, caused little or no change. In addition, colonies of most of thèse micrococci caused hydrolysis or clearing of the egg proteins on plates containing .01 ml. of mixed white and yolk. SUMMARY
Six cases of dirty current receipt eggs (June 1953) were washed in a household détergent and the eggs in each case then coated with a water solution of a différent antibiotic, fan dried, but not oiled, and placed in cold storage. Subséquent examination of such treated eggs for egg spoilage bacteria revealed no détectable effect of the antibiotics upon the number of bacteria in the eggs or the number of eggs undergoing spoilage. REFERENCES Campbell, L. L., Jr., and R. T. O'Brien, 1955. Antibiotics in food préservation. Food Tech. 9: 461-465. Miller, W. A., and L. B. Crawford, 1953. Some factors influencing bacterial pénétration of eggs. Poultry Sci. 32: 303-309. Miller, W. A., 1954. The microbiology of dirty eggs treated in various ways and stored at différent températures and humidities. Poultry Sci. 33: 735-742.
RESPONSE OF THE SUCKLING HAMSTER TO TWO STRAINS OF THE CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE OF FOWL REGINALD L. REAGAN, FRANCES S. YANCEY AND A. L. BRUECKNER Virus Laboratory, Live Stock Sanitary Service, University of Maryland, Collège Park, Maryland (Received for publication December 19,1955)
INTRODUCTION
The chronic respiratory disease strain #1 and #2 (CRD) used in this study was obtained from the Live Stock Service Laboratory in Collège Park and the branch laboratory of the Live Stock Sanitary
Service Laboratory at Salisbury, Maryland. Thèse strains were proven by reliable investigation to cause C.R.D. infowl. They were used to initiate the following experiment. The virus was in the form of a 10 percent suspension of sinus exudate.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on May 8, 2015
with some common antibiotics. This was evidenced by the fact that group 4 eggs washed in a household détergent alone contained only 2.3 percent of eggs showing spoilage bacteria, compared with a range of 3.4 to 8.5 percent in the 6 antibiotic-treated groups during the first 6 months (Table 1). No better protection was manifested during the second 6month storage period in the antibioticcoated groups of eggs. The percentage containing spoilage bacteria varied from 7.7 to 17 percent, compared with 9 percent in non-antibiotic treated group 4 eggs. Cocci were detected on plates from eggs in numbers varying from 1,000 to 150 million per ml. of mixed whites and yolks, with an average of 2 million. Usually no "off odor" was noted in eggs that contained cocci. However, occasionally eggs with an "old butter" or "sour milk" odor were recorded. They contained up to 150 million Gram-positive cocci per ml. I t is doubtful if odors or fiavors due to cocci is a problem in eggs properly handled in ordinary trade channels. An interesting observation was that most of the tryptone-glucose agar plates in or upon which micrococci were présent exhibited a characteristic "sour milk"
243
244
RESEARCH NOTES
TABLE 1.—Response of' sucUing hamsters to strain §1 and strain §2 of chronic respiratory disease agent Observation period
Route
Group #1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal
(days) 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
Group #2
1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8
Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal
14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
Group #3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal
14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
1 2 3 4 5 6
Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal
14 14 14 14 14 14
Group #4
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The following study was undertaken to détermine whether thèse chronic respira-
RESULTS
Table 1 shows that the suckling hamsters exposed to two strains of the chronic respiratory disease agent are not susceptible to the chronic respiratory disease virus by intranasal exposure. SUMMARY Syrian suckling hamsters were not susceptible to the two strains of chronic respiratory disease virus by intranasal exposure in this experiment.
AN UNIDENTIFIED MINERAL REQUIRED BY THE CHICK H. MENGE, R. J. LILLIE, J. R. SIZEMORE AND C. A. DENTON Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsnlle, Maryland (Received for publication December 20,1955)
Morrison, Scott and Norris (1955) hâve shown that a mixture of unidentified growth factor suppléments consisting of corn distillers dried solubles, fish solubles, grass juice, dried whey, and penicillin mycélium meal produced maximum
growth of chicks. They also found that a portion of the growth response obtained with this combination was due to an unidentified minerai constituent(s) présent in the mixture. Couch, Reid, Camp, Dannenburg and Rozacky (1955) also reported
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on May 8, 2015
Suckling No.
tory disease strains of viruses could be transmitted to the suckling hamster. Suckling hamsters are much cheaper and easier to work with than chickens. Four lactating hamsters and their sucklings were placed in individual métal boxes with bedding. The sucklings were three days old. The sucklings from Group #1 and Group #2 were given strain #1 CRD by nasal instillation (0.03 ml. each nostril). Group #3 and #4 were done likewise with strain #2 CRD. The groups were checked twice daily for respiratory disease symptoms over a period of 14 days. Dog checkers were fed to each of the four groups daily along with a large bottle of water for drinking. Ail sucklings were held for a fourteen day observation period and then discarded.