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Reticulo-endothelial system in pregnant women
Selected Abstracts Physiology Abruzzese:
Capillary
Permeability
of Pregnancy in
Pregnancy.
Biv.
ital.
ginec.
9:
so.
(i,
1929. The capillary permeability during pregnancy is increased: it reaches its maximum in the seventh month, decreases toward the end of pregnancy. In puerperium there again is an increase in permeability which reaches its highest Then it decreases and reaches normal values on the third, fourth and fifth day. levels from the seventh to the eighth day. The increase of tile capillary permeability in the puerperium seems to be conIn its origin one cannot well exclude harmonic nected with the appearance of milk. factors, both mammarinn and general, but the principal factors seem to rest with The latter’s functional significance may be defined as the neurovegetative system. the establishment of a condition favorable to the migration of water and possibly other substances toward the mammae. With the increase of capillary permeability in the puerperiunt there occurs ,disappearance of the hyllremic plethora without increase of dinresis. than in the primipara. In the pluripara lhe Capillary permrability is greater IIydremia is increased in pregnancy, more in the primipara than in the pluripara, and most in toxicosis. There exist, relationships between hydremia and edema, but none can be demon strated either between edema and capillary permeability or betKeen capillary permeability and hydremia. Therefore, it seems difficult to attribute to this augmented capillary permeability :tay great inilk)rtancc in the pathogencsis of edema in pregnant women. .T~LRE
Jakovlefp,
Women.
J., and J. akush.
.Moshkoff, i zhensk.
B.: boliee.
Retido-Enslothelial 41:
E.
System
LACXNER.
in
Pregnant
A, 19X1.
The authors were interested in determining the function of the reticula-endothelial system in pregnant women. For this purpose they used I per cent Congo red solution for intravenous injection. Xistocytes, moving cells of connective tissue, take the stain very easily. They are contained in the stroma of all organs, in the walls of vessels, in the skin and mucous membranes. To the interstitial connective tissue belongs the regulating Ale in metabolism. In this tissnc are arrested the products of intermediary metabolism undergoing splitting and neutralization. Protein and lipoid metabolism take place in a marked degree in the cells of connective tissue. The reticula-endothelial system acts as buffer for parenchymatous organs. In those cases in which the ability for multiplication of the cells of connective tissue is de-
REVIEWS
AND
157
ABSTRACTS
creased (hypoplasia of mesenchyme), or the fermentative ability is decreased, the role of the reticula-endothelial system, as buffer, noticeably fails and danger for the parenehymatous organs increases. Therefore, as a preventive apparatus the retieulo-endothelial system, with advance of pregnancy, must become stronger. If the reticula-endothelial system is not functioning completely, the organism becomes flooded with products of intermediary metabolism and this affects first the endothelium of the vessels, next the cells of the connective tissue and last the parencliymatous organs. The study of the authors covers 71 cases, of which 58 were pregnant women and 5 had recently been delivered. As controls, six healthy, nonpregnant women and two women with gynecologic diseases were used. The authors employed 12 C.C. of 1 per cent Congo red solution by the method of Reimann and Adler, using the calorimeter of Duboscq. The Congo red index was: In healthy nonpregnant women, 34-53 per cent; nonpregnant women with gynerologic diseases, 74-86 per cent; pregnant, normal, first half of pregnancy 54-78 per cent; second half of pregnancy 60-75 per cent; pregnant with pathology, emesis 60-68 per cent; hyperemesis 71-90 per cent; slight nephropathia G2-67 per cent; marked nephropatbia 79-80 per cent; grave cases of eclampsia up to 95 per cent; nephritis 60-80 per cent; heart lesions 60-81 per cent; mothers uursing their babies, 8.5 per cent; not nursing, 80 per cent. ALKCAND~R Haupt, W.: Experiments f. Geburtsh. u. GynPk.
in the Depth of Respiration 96: 457, 1929.
During
GARKIELMNZ.
Pregnancy.
Zt,sehr.
Haupt determined the depth of respiration (Krogh technic) in 27 pregnant women who were all on a rigid low protein diet. Haupt corroborates the findings of Klaften and others, that the depth of respiration is increased during pregnancy. In the sitting posture, the depth is greater than when lying dovvn. LESTER Goroncy : Blood of Pregnancy.
Groups Ztschr.
E. FRANKENTIIAL,
in Mother and Child and Their Relation f. Geburtsh. u. Gynlk. 97: 30, 1930.
to the
JR. Length
The author typed the blood of 57 women and their offspring. In these eases the date of conception was definitely fixed. His results were as follows: (1) when the mother belonged to group A and the infant to group 0, the duration of the pregnancy was decreased; (2) when the mother belonged to group 0 and the baby to group A, the length of pregnancy was increased. LESTERE. Nishizaki, S. : nant Women
Skin and
FRANKENTHAL,JR.
Pigmentation During Pregnancy. Its Significance for Their Significance. Japanese J. Obst. & Gynec. 12: 371,
Par1929.
The author studied the skin pigmentation in 667 pregnant women. Five areas were compared and these were the face, the breasts, the chest, the abdominal wall and the median line in the lower abdomen. The breasts showed the most pigmentation, then the median line, the face, the abdominal wall and finally the chest. This order persisted throughout pregnancy but the pigmentation in all the areas gradually increased in intensity as pregnancy advanced. Multipnras have a higher degree of pigmentation than primiparas. J. P. GREENHILL.
Capillary
Permeability
of Pregnancy in
Pregnancy.
Biv.
ital.
ginec.
9:
so.
(i,
1929. The capillary permeability during pregnancy is increased: it reaches its maximum in the seventh month, decreases toward the end of pregnancy. In puerperium there again is an increase in permeability which reaches its highest Then it decreases and reaches normal values on the third, fourth and fifth day. levels from the seventh to the eighth day. The increase of tile capillary permeability in the puerperium seems to be conIn its origin one cannot well exclude harmonic nected with the appearance of milk. factors, both mammarinn and general, but the principal factors seem to rest with The latter’s functional significance may be defined as the neurovegetative system. the establishment of a condition favorable to the migration of water and possibly other substances toward the mammae. With the increase of capillary permeability in the puerperiunt there occurs ,disappearance of the hyllremic plethora without increase of dinresis. than in the primipara. In the pluripara lhe Capillary permrability is greater IIydremia is increased in pregnancy, more in the primipara than in the pluripara, and most in toxicosis. There exist, relationships between hydremia and edema, but none can be demon strated either between edema and capillary permeability or betKeen capillary permeability and hydremia. Therefore, it seems difficult to attribute to this augmented capillary permeability :tay great inilk)rtancc in the pathogencsis of edema in pregnant women. .T~LRE
Jakovlefp,
Women.
J., and J. akush.
.Moshkoff, i zhensk.
B.: boliee.
Retido-Enslothelial 41:
E.
System
LACXNER.
in
Pregnant
A, 19X1.
The authors were interested in determining the function of the reticula-endothelial system in pregnant women. For this purpose they used I per cent Congo red solution for intravenous injection. Xistocytes, moving cells of connective tissue, take the stain very easily. They are contained in the stroma of all organs, in the walls of vessels, in the skin and mucous membranes. To the interstitial connective tissue belongs the regulating Ale in metabolism. In this tissnc are arrested the products of intermediary metabolism undergoing splitting and neutralization. Protein and lipoid metabolism take place in a marked degree in the cells of connective tissue. The reticula-endothelial system acts as buffer for parenchymatous organs. In those cases in which the ability for multiplication of the cells of connective tissue is de-
REVIEWS
AND
157
ABSTRACTS
creased (hypoplasia of mesenchyme), or the fermentative ability is decreased, the role of the reticula-endothelial system, as buffer, noticeably fails and danger for the parenehymatous organs increases. Therefore, as a preventive apparatus the retieulo-endothelial system, with advance of pregnancy, must become stronger. If the reticula-endothelial system is not functioning completely, the organism becomes flooded with products of intermediary metabolism and this affects first the endothelium of the vessels, next the cells of the connective tissue and last the parencliymatous organs. The study of the authors covers 71 cases, of which 58 were pregnant women and 5 had recently been delivered. As controls, six healthy, nonpregnant women and two women with gynecologic diseases were used. The authors employed 12 C.C. of 1 per cent Congo red solution by the method of Reimann and Adler, using the calorimeter of Duboscq. The Congo red index was: In healthy nonpregnant women, 34-53 per cent; nonpregnant women with gynerologic diseases, 74-86 per cent; pregnant, normal, first half of pregnancy 54-78 per cent; second half of pregnancy 60-75 per cent; pregnant with pathology, emesis 60-68 per cent; hyperemesis 71-90 per cent; slight nephropathia G2-67 per cent; marked nephropatbia 79-80 per cent; grave cases of eclampsia up to 95 per cent; nephritis 60-80 per cent; heart lesions 60-81 per cent; mothers uursing their babies, 8.5 per cent; not nursing, 80 per cent. ALKCAND~R Haupt, W.: Experiments f. Geburtsh. u. GynPk.
in the Depth of Respiration 96: 457, 1929.
During
GARKIELMNZ.
Pregnancy.
Zt,sehr.
Haupt determined the depth of respiration (Krogh technic) in 27 pregnant women who were all on a rigid low protein diet. Haupt corroborates the findings of Klaften and others, that the depth of respiration is increased during pregnancy. In the sitting posture, the depth is greater than when lying dovvn. LESTER Goroncy : Blood of Pregnancy.
Groups Ztschr.
E. FRANKENTIIAL,
in Mother and Child and Their Relation f. Geburtsh. u. Gynlk. 97: 30, 1930.
to the
JR. Length
The author typed the blood of 57 women and their offspring. In these eases the date of conception was definitely fixed. His results were as follows: (1) when the mother belonged to group A and the infant to group 0, the duration of the pregnancy was decreased; (2) when the mother belonged to group 0 and the baby to group A, the length of pregnancy was increased. LESTERE. Nishizaki, S. : nant Women
Skin and
FRANKENTHAL,JR.
Pigmentation During Pregnancy. Its Significance for Their Significance. Japanese J. Obst. & Gynec. 12: 371,
Par1929.
The author studied the skin pigmentation in 667 pregnant women. Five areas were compared and these were the face, the breasts, the chest, the abdominal wall and the median line in the lower abdomen. The breasts showed the most pigmentation, then the median line, the face, the abdominal wall and finally the chest. This order persisted throughout pregnancy but the pigmentation in all the areas gradually increased in intensity as pregnancy advanced. Multipnras have a higher degree of pigmentation than primiparas. J. P. GREENHILL.