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RETRACTED: Reliability and validity of the AutoCAD software method in lumbar lordosis measurement
Journal of Chiropractic Medicine (2011) 10, 240–247
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Reliability and validity of the AutoCAD software method in lumbar lordosis measurement Amir Letafatkar PhD a,⁎, Ramin Amirsasan PhD b , Zahra Abdolvahabi MA c , Malihe Hadadnezhad PhD d a
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PhD Student in Sport Medicine, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran b Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran c Physical Education Instructor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran d PhD Student in Sport Medicine, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the AutoCAD software method in lumbar lordosis measurement. Methods: Fifty healthy volunteers with a mean age of 23 ± 1.80 years were enrolled. A lumbar lateral radiograph was taken on all participants, and the lordosis was measured according to the Cobb method. Afterward, the lumbar lordosis degree was measured via AutoCAD software and flexible ruler methods. The current study is accomplished in 2 parts: intratester and intertester evaluations of reliability as well as the validity of the flexible ruler and software methods. Results: Based on the intraclass correlation coefficient, AutoCAD's reliability and validity in measuring lumbar lordosis were 0.984 and 0.962, respectively. Conclusions: AutoCAD showed to be a reliable and valid method to measure lordosis. It is suggested that this method may replace those that are costly and involve health risks, such as radiography, in evaluating lumbar lordosis. © 2011 National University of Health Sciences.
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Key indexing terms: Lumbosacral region; Lordosis; Reliability and validity; Lumbar vertebrae
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Received 8 June 2010; received in revised form 27 January 2011; accepted 21 February 2011
Introduction ⁎ Corresponding author. Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Tehran, North Amirabad Street, Tehran, Iran. Tel.: +21 61115227; fax: +21 66224431. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Letafatkar).
As a body's axis, the spine has 2 different mechanical needs for the body: stability and flexibility. 1 Increased lumbar lordosis is one of the most common
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the flexible ruler was poor (ICC = 0.31) for lumbar lordosis measurement. In another study, similarly, Lovell et al 11 (1989) assessed intertester reliability as poor (ICC = 0.45) for flexible ruler in lumbar lordosis measurement. Furthermore, Mannion et al 12 (2004) studied the lumbar lordosis with the spinal mouse, and the ICC between 2 evaluators was 0.82. Guermazi et al 13 (2006) reported the Spearman correlation coefficient between radiography and spinal mouse measures to be 0.7 and 0.86 for flexion mobility of the L1-L5 and L1-S1, respectively. Ripani et al 18 (2008) reported that spinal mouse measure results concerning the standing frontal curvature of the spine, even if reliable, were poor when compared with the standard radiography. Flexible ruler intratester reliability in the study of Seidi et al 9 (2009) was 0.89, Likewise, intertester reliability was calculated as 0.82. Validity between lumbar lordosis measurement with flexible ruler and radiographs was 0.91. All measurement methods present some type of error. Professionals and researchers must be aware of the extent of this error to confirm that the intervention was in fact effective or to decide which measurement method must be used for an assessment. 15 When selecting a tool, we look for a high degree of accuracy in diagnosing anomalies that increase lumbar lordosis as well as evaluating and measuring the improvement rate of these anomalies after corrective therapy. The question here is which method is the most valid one for measuring lumbar lordosis. Can we use a noninvasive method instead of an invasive method? Is it effective and accurate to use an AutoCAD (computer-aided design or computer-aided drafting) software method for measuring the angle of lumbar lordosis? Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the AutoCAD software method in lumbar lordosis measurement.
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postural abnormalities; it is defined as an increased lumbar curvature in the sagittal plane of the vertebral column. 2 Normal lumbar lordosis may range from 31° to 50° according to the Cobb radiographic method (lumbar lordosis is measured using the superior end plate of L1 and the inferior end plate of L5). 3,4 Considering the prevalence of spinal anomalies in general and lumbar lordosis in particular and its negative effects on spinal movement and preparing for waist, neck, and back pain, 5,6 it seems essential to diagnose these anomalies in the best way to decrease their harmful effects. There are different measurement methods for diagnosing spinal column anomalies such as flexible ruler, 7-11 spinal mouse, 12,13 inclinometer, 14,15 index method, 16 and kyphometer. 17 Erect or upright lumbar lateral radiography is considered as the criterion standard method in lumbar lordosis measurement. 3,9,15,18,19 With increasing awareness of the dangers of exposure to radiation associated with the repeated radiographic assessment of spinal curvature, 9,10,12,15 attempts are continuously being made to develop skin surface devices for use in examining the progression and response to treatment of various spinal disorders. Furthermore, the evaluation and constant measurement of the rate of the improvement of these anomalies, after corrective therapy, are done to control the progression of disease or to evaluate the treatment results. 12,15 A number of devices using different methods/techniques of measurement are currently available for the noninvasive assessment of spinal curvature from the simple tape measure to computerized motion analysis systems (plumb linen, kyphometer, inclinometer, flexible ruler, spinal mouse, etc). However, these methods have some disadvantages. For example, as far as spinal mouse is concerned, it is quite time consuming; and it may have many errors in measurement. Moreover, it is impossible to use flexible ruler in routine studies, where there is a need for quick feedback. 12,15 However, most researchers assume higher degree of validity and reliability for flexible ruler in measuring the arch of spinal column. 7-10 Hart and Rose 7 (1986) have studied the agreement level between radiological measurement and the flexible ruler. Data from a single evaluator were used, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.87. Salisbury and Porter 17 (1986) obtained a correlation r = 0.79 between the flexi curve associated to the method of drawing tangents and ultrasound for lumbar flexion and r = 0.69 for lumbar extension. Souza Filho et al 15 (2007) showed moderate reliability of the inclinometer (ICC = 0.71), and the reliability of
Methods Subjects Fifty healthy volunteer subjects with a mean age of 23 ± 1.80 years, mean height of 174 ± 3.2 cm, and mean weight of 73.4 ± 5.2 kg participated in this study. None had any low back pain at the time of testing or had low back pain in the preceding 2 weeks. Before the commencement of the research, all the participants were given information about possible dangers of participating in the study. Ethics approval for this
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study was provided by Tehran Medical University. Patients provided consent before participating. Erect radiographs were taken of the subjects' lumbar spines, and lumbar lordosis angle (L1-L5) was measured on radiographs by a physiotherapist. In this study, lumbar lordosis was measured using the superior end plate of L1 and the inferior end plate of L5 (Fig 1). Afterward, their lumbar lordosis was measured with 2 methods: a flexible ruler and AutoCAD software. The current study is accomplished in 2 parts: intratester and intertester evaluation of reliability as well as validity of flexible ruler and software methods.
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Fig 1. Lumbar lordosis was measured using the superior end plate of L1 and the inferior end plate of L5. (Color version of figure is available online.)
The flexible ruler is a flexible metal shaft covered by flexible plastic that has the capacity of deforming and can be molded to any surface. 15 Before measurement using the flexible ruler, we set the 2 arms of a stabilizer (with its length and distance adjustable with respect to the floor) in the sternal xiphoid process and pelvis superior surface, respectively, until the subject was fixed for measuring lumbar lordosis. Afterward, we set the flexible ruler on the lumbar region until it molded to the shape of the lumbar lordosis curvature. After the ruler was fixed on the lumbar region, the points in contact with the middle parts of dots were remarked by a color pen. Without a change in the shape, the ruler was carefully placed on a white paper, where the shape of the ruler could be reproduced and spots corresponding to T12 and S2 could be marked. For calculation of the lumbar lordosis, we connected the T12 spot to the S2 spot by a straight line and drew a line perpendicular to its center passing the curve. These lines were named L and H, respectively (Fig 2). Lumbar lordosis can be calculated by replacing the lengths of these lines in the following equation: θ = 4 Arc tang 2H/L. 7 The data from this method were written by testers 1 and 2 (Table 1). For lumbar lordosis measurement by the AutoCAD software method, we set a plastic flexible ruler on the lumbar region until it conformed to the shape of the lumbar lordosis curvature. After the plastic ruler was fixed on the lumbar region and after marking the specified spinal levels (S2 and T12), lumbar lateral digital images were taken in the standing position. For lumbar lordosis angle calculation, we inserted digital images into AutoCAD software. After zooming in on
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For lumbar lordosis measurement by both methods, we needed 2 bony landmarks. In this research, similar to the method of Youdas et al, 8,20 we used the spinous process of T12 as the curvature beginning point. Moreover, like other researchers, we used the spinous process of S2 as the end of curvature. 7-9,11 In the radiographic method, lumbar lordosis was measured using the superior end plate of L1 and the inferior end plate of L5; but in the software method, lumbar lordosis was measured using the superior end plate of T12 and the inferior end plate of S2. The reason that we used T12 was to cover the lumbar curvature entirely. To find the 2 bony landmarks, we used Hoppenfeld's 21 method, which is similar to the method of Youdas et al. 8,20 In this manner, all bony landmarks were marked by removable red adhesive dots. After specifying these landmarks, we had subjects stand in the upright position and fix their eyes on the opposite wall and attempt to divide the placement of body weight on the feet (width between the feet was 10-15 cm). With the subject in this position, the examiners waited 2 minutes until the subject reached his or her normal position.
Fig 2. For calculation of the lumbar lordosis, we connected the T12 spot to the S2 spot by a straight line and drew a line perpendicular to its center passing the curve. (Color version of figure is available online.)
Lumbar lordosis measurement Table 1
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The results of flexible ruler and software methods reliability
Method
Groups
Parameters
Mean values ± SD
N
ICC
P
Flexible ruler
Examiner 1
First measurement Second measurement First measurement Second measurement Examiner 1 Examiner 2 First measurement Second measurement First measurement Second measurement Examiner 1 Examiner 2 Radiographs
32.9 ± 31.7 ± 33.8 ± 32.1 ± 32.3 ± 32.9 ± 39.63 ± 39.76 ± 40.1 ± 39.76 ± 39.7 ± 39.93 ± 41.2 ±
50
0.621
⁎.001
0.695
⁎.001
0.547
⁎.001
0.984
⁎.001
0.979
⁎.001
Examiner 1 and examiner 2 Software (AutoCAD)
Examiner 1 Examiner 2 Examiner 1 and examiner 2
Cobb
Physiotherapist
* Significance at equal or less than .05 alpha level.
⁎.001
–
–
the circle at P to be the line through P, perpendicular to the radius drawn from 0 to P (Fig 2). 22 Therefore, considering the above geometry case, the mentioned diameters would be vertical on the tangent lines in S2 and T12 points; and the angle between 2 vertical lines on tangent lines with S2 and T12 will be equivalent with lumbar lordosis angle. It will be determined by the angular device in the AutoCAD environment automatically (Fig 4). The data from this method were written by testers 1 and 2 (Table 1).
Geometry
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the images, by special devices of AutoCAD (Arc), we dragged an arch shape on the plastic flexible ruler. For the sake of accuracy, 2 arches were used (Fig 3) to correspond to the signaling points (S2-T12), such that, pieces of the arches graphed on the plastic flexible ruler are points of a circle. Afterward, the circle radius was drawn in the AutoCAD environment by the AutoCAD diameter device, crossing from signaling points S2 to T12.
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Examiner 2
8.7 7 5.7 6.33 6.63 5.53 7.62 7.60 6.98 7.05 7.58 6.98 7.9
Data analysis All the data were analyzed by SPSS 17 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) software (at a significance level of .01). In this research, we used the ICC for reliability and validity evaluation of the AutoCAD software and flexible ruler methods. The data obtained from radiographs and the 2 styles of flexible ruler and AutoCAD software methods
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If we have a circle centered at a point 0 and we are given a point P on the circle, we define the tangent to
Fig 3. For lumbar lordosis angle calculation, we inserted digital images into the AutoCAD software. After zooming in on the images, by special devices of AutoCAD (Arc), we dragged an arch shape on the plastic flexible ruler. For the sake of more carefulness, 2 arches were used. (Color version of figure is available online.)
Fig 4. The angle between 2 vertical lines on tangent lines with S2 and T12 is equivalent with the lumbar lordosis angle, which was determined by the angular device in the AutoCAD environment automatically. (Color version of figure is available online.)
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Methods
Group
Flexible ruler
Examiner Examiner Software (AutoCAD) Examiner Examiner
N ICC P 1 and 2 and 1 and 2 and
Cobb 50 0.505 ⁎.002 Cobb 0.522 ⁎.002 Cobb 0.962 ⁎.001 Cobb 0.943 ⁎.001
* Significance at equal or less than .05 alpha level.
were analyzed by using the repeated-measure ICC to examine the differences between the 3 methods of lumbar curvature measurements.
Results
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Discussion
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According to the results of ICC test, the AutoCAD software method's intratester reliability for measurement of lumbar lordosis was 0.984 for examiner 1 and 0.979 for examiner 2; and that of the flexible ruler method was 0.621 and 0.695, respectively (Table 1). Likewise, intertester reliability was calculated for the software and flexible ruler methods as 0.972 and 0.547, respectively (Table 1). Validity between lumbar lordosis measurement with the software method and radiographs was 0.962 for examiner 1 and 0.943 for examiner 2; and for the flexible ruler method, validity was 0.505 and 0.522 for examiners 1 and 2, respectively (Table 2).
data, measurement should be repeatable, valid, and more reliable. A research is best when its tools and methods are accurate, valid, and reliable. Currently, the radiographic method is the criterion standard and definite method for lumbar lordosis measurement. However, several reasons make it an unsuitable method for that purpose. Examples are problems such as unprofitability, being time consuming, and having potential dangers. As a result, the development of a valid, reliable, and noninvasive tool to replace the radiographic method would be beneficial. Many attempts have been made to develop noninvasive equipment, especially skin surface devices for the assessment of spinal shape and for related movements. 12,24 This necessity arose to limit the risk of exposure to radiation commonly required during a routine radiographic measurement of the spine. 9,12,15,25 However, one proposed scheme for defining the amount of reliability by Meyers and Blesh uses the following values: 0.90 to 0.99, high reliability; 0.80 to 0.89, good reliability; 0.70 to 0.79, fair reliability; and 0.69 and less, poor reliability. 26 In this study, based on the ICC test results, the AutoCAD software method's intratester reliability in measurement of lumbar lordosis was 0.984 for examiner 1 and 0.979 for examiner 2, whereas it was 0.621 and 0.695 for the flexible ruler method, respectively. Youdas et al 8 obtained ICC quantities for flexible ruler intratester reliability as 0.87. Results of the present study showed that the intratester reliability of the software method was better than the intratester reliability of the flexible ruler method, as with the results reported by Youdas et al. In this research, intertester reliability was calculated for the software and flexible ruler methods as 0.972 and 0.547, respectively. These results indicate a high intertester reliability for the software method in comparison to the flexible ruler method. According to the results of previous studies, most researchers have acknowledged that the flexible ruler has suitable validity and reliability to measure lordosis (or even kyphosis), although some researchers have reported different results for validity and reliability of flexible ruler. For example, Lovell et al 11 assessed intertester reliability of flexible ruler as poor (ICC = 0.45). In addition, Souza Filho et al 15 studied the lumbar lordosis with the flexible ruler, and the ICC between 2 evaluators was 0.31, whereas Seidi et al 9 and Walker et al 25 assessed intertester reliability of flexible ruler as high, that is, ICC = 0.82 and ICC = 0.90, respectively. However, in this research, intertester reliability can be defined as high, with an ICC = 0.972.
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Table 2 The results of flexible ruler and software methods validity
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Studies of reliability take into account the capacity of an examiner to perform a test and repeat it, trying to obtain similar results or results that are as close as possible to the previous ones. 23 Using radiographs as the criterion standard does not by default mean that radiographic measurements of lumbar lordosis are in and of themselves valid. There is much debate on this matter. Anyway, this method is a standardized method for assessment of lumbar lordosis at present; and for this reason, the radiographic method (highly validated method) was used for comparison in the present study. This study showed that there is a significant difference in the validity and reliability of lumbar curvatures obtained by the 2 methods (software and flexible ruler) with each other and even with the radiographic method. To gain meaningful and accurate
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lordosis. The AutoCAD software method has advantages of using flexible ruler and index method (removing some limitations of these methods). The flexible ruler method has the following limitations that were removed using the software method: Because the flexible ruler is made up of a flexible metal shaft covered by flexible plastic that has the capacity of deforming and that can be molded to any surface, 15 presumably, it would not correspond to the arch of the spinal column exactly, whereas in the software method, a plastic flexible ruler has been used that can correspond exactly to the arches of the spinal column. In the process of using the metal flexible ruler, the examiner might push the ruler a little; and in so doing, the arches of the spinal column would not be in normal position. 15 In contrast, in the software method, there will be no force by plastic flexible ruler on the part of the examiner upon the arches of the spinal column of the participants. There may be some measurement errors using the flexible ruler during the transformation of the formed arches on the flexible ruler to the paper. Whereas using the AutoCAD method, there is no need to move the flexible ruler. The analysis of the data gained by the flexible ruler is time consuming and slow thus, it may be difficult to use in routine studies (when there is a need for quick feedback), 12,15 whereas in the software method, the specified angle is measured automatically within 2 minutes. In using the equation (β = 4 Arc tang 2H/L) in the measurement by the flexible ruler method, there are different theories. Some researchers take H from the middle point, and others take it from the deepest part; eventually, they would not have equal answers. 10 Although in the software method there is no need to find the middle point or the deepest point, only by determining special points(T12, S2) on the lumbar curvature will the software be able to automatically determine lumbar lordosis angle. In the index method (Lundon’s suggested method), initially the curve measured by the flexible ruler is transferred onto the paper. Then the tangent of curve of the initial and end points are drawn, the cross angle of two vertical lines is the estimated lumbar lordosis angle. It is noteworthy that the graphing tangent on point 1 of the curvature is theoretically not exact. 22 But the software method is able to find the center of circular arc and draw the circle radius. According to the geometric case, the circle radius would be perpendicular on the tangent lines in S2 and T12 points, which cross the angle of the 2 vertical lines equivalent to the Cobb angle. Some limitations in the measurement of lumbar lordosis with
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In deciding whether a new technology can be implemented for use in either the clinical or research environment, the issue of reliability is not the only factor to consider. It is essential to confirm that the device yields valid (or accurate) results, that is, that it really measures what it intends to measure. This is particularly important if absolute values are to be used, for example, in assessing the extent of an individual's injury, severity of disease, deformity, need for rehabilitation, and job suitability. 12,15 Based on the ICC test, validity in lumbar lordosis measurements between the software method with radiographs was 0.962 for examiner 1 and 0.943 for examiner 2. The measurements for the flexible ruler method were 0.505 and 0.522 for examiner, 1,2 respectively. These results indicated high validity of the software method in lumbar lordosis measurement. The results of the present study are better than the results reported by Hart and Rose 7 and by Salisbury and Porter. 17 These authors described an ICC of 0.86 and 0.69 compared with an ICC of 0.962 in the present study. , In addition, the amount of lumbar lordosis determined by the software method can be assumed to be the same as the results obtained from quantification of lumbar lateral radiographs. According to the results of previous studies, researchers have reported different results considering the validity and reliability of flexible ruler. 7-11,15,19 These contradictory results occurred because of methodological limitations in the different studies. A possible factor that influences the measurement with the flexible ruler would be that the deformation the flexible ruler undergoes in the neutral position is higher because it encounters a barrier of soft tissue, which makes the modeling on the spinal processes more difficult. The flexible ruler in the neutral position is modeled over muscles and ligaments that are loose, on adipose tissue, and on the skin, which is under less tension. In this case, the force exerted on the spinal processes must have been different between the examiners. The force exerted by the examiner so that the flexible ruler was modeled on the spinal processes was not controlled for in this study, and no finding on this type of standardization (quantification of the applied force) was found in previous studies that concern the use of the flexible ruler. 15 Furthermore, its use is complicated by the systematic mathematical calculations that demand time and many times require the use of more specific calculation instruments. 15 Considering the present study and previous studies, it seems necessary to give attention to the reliability and validity of the software method for measuring lumbar
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Limitations Limitations need to be acknowledged and addressed regarding the present study. The first limitation concerns the cross-disciplinary nature of this research. The second limitation has to do with the extent to which the findings can be generalized beyond the cases studied. The number of cases is too limited for broad generalizations. Some other limitations of this study can be fewer samples and fewer testers familiar to all measurement devices. This present study is a foundation for future research on the validity of AutoCAD method for lumbar lordosis measurement.
Conclusion
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The results of this research show that the AutoCAD software method is a valid and reliable method for lumbar lordosis measurement. This new technology should be considered and compared with expensive and invasive methods like radiography in measuring lumbar lordosis.
2. Heuer F, Schmidt H, Klezl Z, Claes L, Wilke HJ. Stepwise reduction of functional spinal structures increase range of motion and change lordosis angle. J Biomech 2007;40:271-80. 3. Ozonoff MB. Pediatric orthopedic radiology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1992. p. 68. 4. Hardacker JW, Shuford RF, Capicotto RN, Pryor PW. Radiographic standing cervical segmental alignment in adult volunteers without neck symptoms. Spine J 1997;22:1472-80. 5. Simpson SR. Evaluation of a flexible ruler technique for measuring lumbar lordosis in the clinical assessment of low back pain. J Soc Occupat Med 1989;39(1):25-9. 6. Harada T, Ebara S, Anwar MM. The lumbar spine in spastic diplegia. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1993;75:534-7. 7. Hart DL, Rose SJ. Reliability of a noninvasive method for measuring the lumbar curve. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1986;8: 180-4. 8. Youdas JW, Suman VJ, Garrett TR. Reliability of measurements of lumbar spine sagittal mobility obtained with the flexible curve. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1995;21(1): 13-20. 9. Seidi F, Rajabi R, Ebrahimi TI, Tavanai AR, Moussavi SJ. The validity and reliability of Iranian flexible ruler in lumbar lordosis measurements. World J Sport Sci 2009;2(2): 95-9. 10. Rajabi R, Seidi F, Mohamadi F. Which method is accurate when using the flexible ruler to measure the lumbar curvature angle? Deep point or standing and sitting in two types of chairs: mid point of arch? World Appl Sci J 2008;4(6): 849-52. 11. Lovell FW, Rothstein JM, Personius WJ. Reliability of clinical measurements of lumbar lordosis taken with a flexible rule. Phys Ther 1989;69:96-105. 12. Mannion AF, Knecht K, Balaban G, Dvorak J, Grob D. A new skin surface device for measuring the curvature and global and segmental ranges of motion of the spine: reliability of measurements and comparison with data reviewed from the literature. Eur Spine J 2004;13:122-36. 13. Guermazi M, Ghroubi S, Kassism M, Jaziri O, Keskes H, Kessomtini W. Validity and reliability of spinal mouse to assess lumbar flexion. Ann Readapt Med Phys 2006;49(4): 172-7. 14. Zuberbier OA, Kozlowski AJ, Hunt DG, Berkowitz J, Schultz IZ, Crook JM, et al. Analysis of the convergent and discriminant validity of published lumbar flexion, extension, and lateral flexion scores. Spine J 2001;26:472-8. 15. Souza Filho JCT, Abras ACV, Carvalho MT, Souza MGF, Souza AT, Costa LOP. Analysis of the interexaminer reliability of two clinical tests to measure the flexion range of motion of the lumbar spine. Acta Fisiatr 2007;14(4):214-8. 16. Lundon MA, Li AM, Bibershtein S. Interrater and intrarater reliability in the measurement of kyphosis in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Spine 1998;23(18):1978-85. 17. Salisbury PJ, Porter RW. Measurement of lumbar sagittal mobility. A comparison of methods. Spine 1986;12:190-3. 18. Ripani M, Dicesare A, Giombini A, Agnillo L, Fagnani F, Pigozzi F. Spinal curvature: comparison of frontal measurements with the spinal Mouse and radiographic assessment. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2008;48:488-94. 19. Willner S. Spinal pantograph: a non-invasive technique for describing kyphosis and lordosis in the thoraco-lumbar spine. Acta Orthop Scand 1981;52:525-9.
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the AutoCAD method include that it is time consuming and it is very precise.
Funding sources and potential conflicts of interest
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No funding sources or conflicts of interest were reported for this study. This study was funded by a product grant from the University of Tehran (Tehran, Iran). The University of Tehran Physical Education and Sport Science Faculty, Department of Sport Medicine, supported this study. The researchers independently collected, analyzed, and interpreted the results and have no financial interests in the results of this study. Furthermore, dissemination of the results in this study does not constitute endorsement by the researchers or their institutional affiliations.
References 1. Zander T, Rohlmann A, Klockner C. Influence of graded facetectomy and laminectomy on spinal biomechanics. Eur Spine J 2003;12:427-34.
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247 for whole-person impairment rating. Spine 1999;24(3): 262-8. 24. Dopf CA, Mandel SS, Geiger DF, Mayer PJ. Analysis of spine motion variability using a computerized goniometer compared to physical examination. A prospective clinical study. Spine 1994;19:586-95. 25. Walker ML, Rothstein JM, Finucane SD, Lamb RL. Relationships between lumbar lordosis, pelvic tilt and abdominal muscle performance. Phys Ther 1987;67:512-6. 26. Meyers CR, Blesh TE. Measurement in physical education. New York, NY: Ronald Press Co; 1962.
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20. Youdas JW, Hollman J, Krause D. The effects of gender, age and body mass index on standing lumbar curvature in persons without current low back pain. Phys Ther Theory Pract 2006;22(5):229-37. 21. Hoppenfeld S. Physical examination of the spine and extremities. New York, NY: Appleton Century-Croft; 1976. 22. Lang S, Murrow G. Geometry: a high school course. 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag; 1988. p. 155. 23. Nitschke JE, Nattrass CL, Disler PB, Chou MJ, Ooi KT. Reliability of the American Medical Association guides' model for measuring spinal range of motion. Its implication
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Reliability and validity of the AutoCAD software method in lumbar lordosis measurement Amir Letafatkar PhD a,⁎, Ramin Amirsasan PhD b , Zahra Abdolvahabi MA c , Malihe Hadadnezhad PhD d a
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PhD Student in Sport Medicine, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran b Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran c Physical Education Instructor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran d PhD Student in Sport Medicine, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the AutoCAD software method in lumbar lordosis measurement. Methods: Fifty healthy volunteers with a mean age of 23 ± 1.80 years were enrolled. A lumbar lateral radiograph was taken on all participants, and the lordosis was measured according to the Cobb method. Afterward, the lumbar lordosis degree was measured via AutoCAD software and flexible ruler methods. The current study is accomplished in 2 parts: intratester and intertester evaluations of reliability as well as the validity of the flexible ruler and software methods. Results: Based on the intraclass correlation coefficient, AutoCAD's reliability and validity in measuring lumbar lordosis were 0.984 and 0.962, respectively. Conclusions: AutoCAD showed to be a reliable and valid method to measure lordosis. It is suggested that this method may replace those that are costly and involve health risks, such as radiography, in evaluating lumbar lordosis. © 2011 National University of Health Sciences.
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Key indexing terms: Lumbosacral region; Lordosis; Reliability and validity; Lumbar vertebrae
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Received 8 June 2010; received in revised form 27 January 2011; accepted 21 February 2011
Introduction ⁎ Corresponding author. Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Tehran, North Amirabad Street, Tehran, Iran. Tel.: +21 61115227; fax: +21 66224431. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Letafatkar).
As a body's axis, the spine has 2 different mechanical needs for the body: stability and flexibility. 1 Increased lumbar lordosis is one of the most common
1556-3707/$ – see front matter © 2011 National University of Health Sciences. doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2011.02.003
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the flexible ruler was poor (ICC = 0.31) for lumbar lordosis measurement. In another study, similarly, Lovell et al 11 (1989) assessed intertester reliability as poor (ICC = 0.45) for flexible ruler in lumbar lordosis measurement. Furthermore, Mannion et al 12 (2004) studied the lumbar lordosis with the spinal mouse, and the ICC between 2 evaluators was 0.82. Guermazi et al 13 (2006) reported the Spearman correlation coefficient between radiography and spinal mouse measures to be 0.7 and 0.86 for flexion mobility of the L1-L5 and L1-S1, respectively. Ripani et al 18 (2008) reported that spinal mouse measure results concerning the standing frontal curvature of the spine, even if reliable, were poor when compared with the standard radiography. Flexible ruler intratester reliability in the study of Seidi et al 9 (2009) was 0.89, Likewise, intertester reliability was calculated as 0.82. Validity between lumbar lordosis measurement with flexible ruler and radiographs was 0.91. All measurement methods present some type of error. Professionals and researchers must be aware of the extent of this error to confirm that the intervention was in fact effective or to decide which measurement method must be used for an assessment. 15 When selecting a tool, we look for a high degree of accuracy in diagnosing anomalies that increase lumbar lordosis as well as evaluating and measuring the improvement rate of these anomalies after corrective therapy. The question here is which method is the most valid one for measuring lumbar lordosis. Can we use a noninvasive method instead of an invasive method? Is it effective and accurate to use an AutoCAD (computer-aided design or computer-aided drafting) software method for measuring the angle of lumbar lordosis? Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the AutoCAD software method in lumbar lordosis measurement.
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postural abnormalities; it is defined as an increased lumbar curvature in the sagittal plane of the vertebral column. 2 Normal lumbar lordosis may range from 31° to 50° according to the Cobb radiographic method (lumbar lordosis is measured using the superior end plate of L1 and the inferior end plate of L5). 3,4 Considering the prevalence of spinal anomalies in general and lumbar lordosis in particular and its negative effects on spinal movement and preparing for waist, neck, and back pain, 5,6 it seems essential to diagnose these anomalies in the best way to decrease their harmful effects. There are different measurement methods for diagnosing spinal column anomalies such as flexible ruler, 7-11 spinal mouse, 12,13 inclinometer, 14,15 index method, 16 and kyphometer. 17 Erect or upright lumbar lateral radiography is considered as the criterion standard method in lumbar lordosis measurement. 3,9,15,18,19 With increasing awareness of the dangers of exposure to radiation associated with the repeated radiographic assessment of spinal curvature, 9,10,12,15 attempts are continuously being made to develop skin surface devices for use in examining the progression and response to treatment of various spinal disorders. Furthermore, the evaluation and constant measurement of the rate of the improvement of these anomalies, after corrective therapy, are done to control the progression of disease or to evaluate the treatment results. 12,15 A number of devices using different methods/techniques of measurement are currently available for the noninvasive assessment of spinal curvature from the simple tape measure to computerized motion analysis systems (plumb linen, kyphometer, inclinometer, flexible ruler, spinal mouse, etc). However, these methods have some disadvantages. For example, as far as spinal mouse is concerned, it is quite time consuming; and it may have many errors in measurement. Moreover, it is impossible to use flexible ruler in routine studies, where there is a need for quick feedback. 12,15 However, most researchers assume higher degree of validity and reliability for flexible ruler in measuring the arch of spinal column. 7-10 Hart and Rose 7 (1986) have studied the agreement level between radiological measurement and the flexible ruler. Data from a single evaluator were used, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.87. Salisbury and Porter 17 (1986) obtained a correlation r = 0.79 between the flexi curve associated to the method of drawing tangents and ultrasound for lumbar flexion and r = 0.69 for lumbar extension. Souza Filho et al 15 (2007) showed moderate reliability of the inclinometer (ICC = 0.71), and the reliability of
Methods Subjects Fifty healthy volunteer subjects with a mean age of 23 ± 1.80 years, mean height of 174 ± 3.2 cm, and mean weight of 73.4 ± 5.2 kg participated in this study. None had any low back pain at the time of testing or had low back pain in the preceding 2 weeks. Before the commencement of the research, all the participants were given information about possible dangers of participating in the study. Ethics approval for this
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Measurements
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study was provided by Tehran Medical University. Patients provided consent before participating. Erect radiographs were taken of the subjects' lumbar spines, and lumbar lordosis angle (L1-L5) was measured on radiographs by a physiotherapist. In this study, lumbar lordosis was measured using the superior end plate of L1 and the inferior end plate of L5 (Fig 1). Afterward, their lumbar lordosis was measured with 2 methods: a flexible ruler and AutoCAD software. The current study is accomplished in 2 parts: intratester and intertester evaluation of reliability as well as validity of flexible ruler and software methods.
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Fig 1. Lumbar lordosis was measured using the superior end plate of L1 and the inferior end plate of L5. (Color version of figure is available online.)
The flexible ruler is a flexible metal shaft covered by flexible plastic that has the capacity of deforming and can be molded to any surface. 15 Before measurement using the flexible ruler, we set the 2 arms of a stabilizer (with its length and distance adjustable with respect to the floor) in the sternal xiphoid process and pelvis superior surface, respectively, until the subject was fixed for measuring lumbar lordosis. Afterward, we set the flexible ruler on the lumbar region until it molded to the shape of the lumbar lordosis curvature. After the ruler was fixed on the lumbar region, the points in contact with the middle parts of dots were remarked by a color pen. Without a change in the shape, the ruler was carefully placed on a white paper, where the shape of the ruler could be reproduced and spots corresponding to T12 and S2 could be marked. For calculation of the lumbar lordosis, we connected the T12 spot to the S2 spot by a straight line and drew a line perpendicular to its center passing the curve. These lines were named L and H, respectively (Fig 2). Lumbar lordosis can be calculated by replacing the lengths of these lines in the following equation: θ = 4 Arc tang 2H/L. 7 The data from this method were written by testers 1 and 2 (Table 1). For lumbar lordosis measurement by the AutoCAD software method, we set a plastic flexible ruler on the lumbar region until it conformed to the shape of the lumbar lordosis curvature. After the plastic ruler was fixed on the lumbar region and after marking the specified spinal levels (S2 and T12), lumbar lateral digital images were taken in the standing position. For lumbar lordosis angle calculation, we inserted digital images into AutoCAD software. After zooming in on
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For lumbar lordosis measurement by both methods, we needed 2 bony landmarks. In this research, similar to the method of Youdas et al, 8,20 we used the spinous process of T12 as the curvature beginning point. Moreover, like other researchers, we used the spinous process of S2 as the end of curvature. 7-9,11 In the radiographic method, lumbar lordosis was measured using the superior end plate of L1 and the inferior end plate of L5; but in the software method, lumbar lordosis was measured using the superior end plate of T12 and the inferior end plate of S2. The reason that we used T12 was to cover the lumbar curvature entirely. To find the 2 bony landmarks, we used Hoppenfeld's 21 method, which is similar to the method of Youdas et al. 8,20 In this manner, all bony landmarks were marked by removable red adhesive dots. After specifying these landmarks, we had subjects stand in the upright position and fix their eyes on the opposite wall and attempt to divide the placement of body weight on the feet (width between the feet was 10-15 cm). With the subject in this position, the examiners waited 2 minutes until the subject reached his or her normal position.
Fig 2. For calculation of the lumbar lordosis, we connected the T12 spot to the S2 spot by a straight line and drew a line perpendicular to its center passing the curve. (Color version of figure is available online.)
Lumbar lordosis measurement Table 1
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The results of flexible ruler and software methods reliability
Method
Groups
Parameters
Mean values ± SD
N
ICC
P
Flexible ruler
Examiner 1
First measurement Second measurement First measurement Second measurement Examiner 1 Examiner 2 First measurement Second measurement First measurement Second measurement Examiner 1 Examiner 2 Radiographs
32.9 ± 31.7 ± 33.8 ± 32.1 ± 32.3 ± 32.9 ± 39.63 ± 39.76 ± 40.1 ± 39.76 ± 39.7 ± 39.93 ± 41.2 ±
50
0.621
⁎.001
0.695
⁎.001
0.547
⁎.001
0.984
⁎.001
0.979
⁎.001
Examiner 1 and examiner 2 Software (AutoCAD)
Examiner 1 Examiner 2 Examiner 1 and examiner 2
Cobb
Physiotherapist
* Significance at equal or less than .05 alpha level.
⁎.001
–
–
the circle at P to be the line through P, perpendicular to the radius drawn from 0 to P (Fig 2). 22 Therefore, considering the above geometry case, the mentioned diameters would be vertical on the tangent lines in S2 and T12 points; and the angle between 2 vertical lines on tangent lines with S2 and T12 will be equivalent with lumbar lordosis angle. It will be determined by the angular device in the AutoCAD environment automatically (Fig 4). The data from this method were written by testers 1 and 2 (Table 1).
Geometry
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the images, by special devices of AutoCAD (Arc), we dragged an arch shape on the plastic flexible ruler. For the sake of accuracy, 2 arches were used (Fig 3) to correspond to the signaling points (S2-T12), such that, pieces of the arches graphed on the plastic flexible ruler are points of a circle. Afterward, the circle radius was drawn in the AutoCAD environment by the AutoCAD diameter device, crossing from signaling points S2 to T12.
0.972
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Examiner 2
8.7 7 5.7 6.33 6.63 5.53 7.62 7.60 6.98 7.05 7.58 6.98 7.9
Data analysis All the data were analyzed by SPSS 17 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) software (at a significance level of .01). In this research, we used the ICC for reliability and validity evaluation of the AutoCAD software and flexible ruler methods. The data obtained from radiographs and the 2 styles of flexible ruler and AutoCAD software methods
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If we have a circle centered at a point 0 and we are given a point P on the circle, we define the tangent to
Fig 3. For lumbar lordosis angle calculation, we inserted digital images into the AutoCAD software. After zooming in on the images, by special devices of AutoCAD (Arc), we dragged an arch shape on the plastic flexible ruler. For the sake of more carefulness, 2 arches were used. (Color version of figure is available online.)
Fig 4. The angle between 2 vertical lines on tangent lines with S2 and T12 is equivalent with the lumbar lordosis angle, which was determined by the angular device in the AutoCAD environment automatically. (Color version of figure is available online.)
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Methods
Group
Flexible ruler
Examiner Examiner Software (AutoCAD) Examiner Examiner
N ICC P 1 and 2 and 1 and 2 and
Cobb 50 0.505 ⁎.002 Cobb 0.522 ⁎.002 Cobb 0.962 ⁎.001 Cobb 0.943 ⁎.001
* Significance at equal or less than .05 alpha level.
were analyzed by using the repeated-measure ICC to examine the differences between the 3 methods of lumbar curvature measurements.
Results
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Discussion
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According to the results of ICC test, the AutoCAD software method's intratester reliability for measurement of lumbar lordosis was 0.984 for examiner 1 and 0.979 for examiner 2; and that of the flexible ruler method was 0.621 and 0.695, respectively (Table 1). Likewise, intertester reliability was calculated for the software and flexible ruler methods as 0.972 and 0.547, respectively (Table 1). Validity between lumbar lordosis measurement with the software method and radiographs was 0.962 for examiner 1 and 0.943 for examiner 2; and for the flexible ruler method, validity was 0.505 and 0.522 for examiners 1 and 2, respectively (Table 2).
data, measurement should be repeatable, valid, and more reliable. A research is best when its tools and methods are accurate, valid, and reliable. Currently, the radiographic method is the criterion standard and definite method for lumbar lordosis measurement. However, several reasons make it an unsuitable method for that purpose. Examples are problems such as unprofitability, being time consuming, and having potential dangers. As a result, the development of a valid, reliable, and noninvasive tool to replace the radiographic method would be beneficial. Many attempts have been made to develop noninvasive equipment, especially skin surface devices for the assessment of spinal shape and for related movements. 12,24 This necessity arose to limit the risk of exposure to radiation commonly required during a routine radiographic measurement of the spine. 9,12,15,25 However, one proposed scheme for defining the amount of reliability by Meyers and Blesh uses the following values: 0.90 to 0.99, high reliability; 0.80 to 0.89, good reliability; 0.70 to 0.79, fair reliability; and 0.69 and less, poor reliability. 26 In this study, based on the ICC test results, the AutoCAD software method's intratester reliability in measurement of lumbar lordosis was 0.984 for examiner 1 and 0.979 for examiner 2, whereas it was 0.621 and 0.695 for the flexible ruler method, respectively. Youdas et al 8 obtained ICC quantities for flexible ruler intratester reliability as 0.87. Results of the present study showed that the intratester reliability of the software method was better than the intratester reliability of the flexible ruler method, as with the results reported by Youdas et al. In this research, intertester reliability was calculated for the software and flexible ruler methods as 0.972 and 0.547, respectively. These results indicate a high intertester reliability for the software method in comparison to the flexible ruler method. According to the results of previous studies, most researchers have acknowledged that the flexible ruler has suitable validity and reliability to measure lordosis (or even kyphosis), although some researchers have reported different results for validity and reliability of flexible ruler. For example, Lovell et al 11 assessed intertester reliability of flexible ruler as poor (ICC = 0.45). In addition, Souza Filho et al 15 studied the lumbar lordosis with the flexible ruler, and the ICC between 2 evaluators was 0.31, whereas Seidi et al 9 and Walker et al 25 assessed intertester reliability of flexible ruler as high, that is, ICC = 0.82 and ICC = 0.90, respectively. However, in this research, intertester reliability can be defined as high, with an ICC = 0.972.
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Table 2 The results of flexible ruler and software methods validity
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Studies of reliability take into account the capacity of an examiner to perform a test and repeat it, trying to obtain similar results or results that are as close as possible to the previous ones. 23 Using radiographs as the criterion standard does not by default mean that radiographic measurements of lumbar lordosis are in and of themselves valid. There is much debate on this matter. Anyway, this method is a standardized method for assessment of lumbar lordosis at present; and for this reason, the radiographic method (highly validated method) was used for comparison in the present study. This study showed that there is a significant difference in the validity and reliability of lumbar curvatures obtained by the 2 methods (software and flexible ruler) with each other and even with the radiographic method. To gain meaningful and accurate
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lordosis. The AutoCAD software method has advantages of using flexible ruler and index method (removing some limitations of these methods). The flexible ruler method has the following limitations that were removed using the software method: Because the flexible ruler is made up of a flexible metal shaft covered by flexible plastic that has the capacity of deforming and that can be molded to any surface, 15 presumably, it would not correspond to the arch of the spinal column exactly, whereas in the software method, a plastic flexible ruler has been used that can correspond exactly to the arches of the spinal column. In the process of using the metal flexible ruler, the examiner might push the ruler a little; and in so doing, the arches of the spinal column would not be in normal position. 15 In contrast, in the software method, there will be no force by plastic flexible ruler on the part of the examiner upon the arches of the spinal column of the participants. There may be some measurement errors using the flexible ruler during the transformation of the formed arches on the flexible ruler to the paper. Whereas using the AutoCAD method, there is no need to move the flexible ruler. The analysis of the data gained by the flexible ruler is time consuming and slow thus, it may be difficult to use in routine studies (when there is a need for quick feedback), 12,15 whereas in the software method, the specified angle is measured automatically within 2 minutes. In using the equation (β = 4 Arc tang 2H/L) in the measurement by the flexible ruler method, there are different theories. Some researchers take H from the middle point, and others take it from the deepest part; eventually, they would not have equal answers. 10 Although in the software method there is no need to find the middle point or the deepest point, only by determining special points(T12, S2) on the lumbar curvature will the software be able to automatically determine lumbar lordosis angle. In the index method (Lundon’s suggested method), initially the curve measured by the flexible ruler is transferred onto the paper. Then the tangent of curve of the initial and end points are drawn, the cross angle of two vertical lines is the estimated lumbar lordosis angle. It is noteworthy that the graphing tangent on point 1 of the curvature is theoretically not exact. 22 But the software method is able to find the center of circular arc and draw the circle radius. According to the geometric case, the circle radius would be perpendicular on the tangent lines in S2 and T12 points, which cross the angle of the 2 vertical lines equivalent to the Cobb angle. Some limitations in the measurement of lumbar lordosis with
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In deciding whether a new technology can be implemented for use in either the clinical or research environment, the issue of reliability is not the only factor to consider. It is essential to confirm that the device yields valid (or accurate) results, that is, that it really measures what it intends to measure. This is particularly important if absolute values are to be used, for example, in assessing the extent of an individual's injury, severity of disease, deformity, need for rehabilitation, and job suitability. 12,15 Based on the ICC test, validity in lumbar lordosis measurements between the software method with radiographs was 0.962 for examiner 1 and 0.943 for examiner 2. The measurements for the flexible ruler method were 0.505 and 0.522 for examiner, 1,2 respectively. These results indicated high validity of the software method in lumbar lordosis measurement. The results of the present study are better than the results reported by Hart and Rose 7 and by Salisbury and Porter. 17 These authors described an ICC of 0.86 and 0.69 compared with an ICC of 0.962 in the present study. , In addition, the amount of lumbar lordosis determined by the software method can be assumed to be the same as the results obtained from quantification of lumbar lateral radiographs. According to the results of previous studies, researchers have reported different results considering the validity and reliability of flexible ruler. 7-11,15,19 These contradictory results occurred because of methodological limitations in the different studies. A possible factor that influences the measurement with the flexible ruler would be that the deformation the flexible ruler undergoes in the neutral position is higher because it encounters a barrier of soft tissue, which makes the modeling on the spinal processes more difficult. The flexible ruler in the neutral position is modeled over muscles and ligaments that are loose, on adipose tissue, and on the skin, which is under less tension. In this case, the force exerted on the spinal processes must have been different between the examiners. The force exerted by the examiner so that the flexible ruler was modeled on the spinal processes was not controlled for in this study, and no finding on this type of standardization (quantification of the applied force) was found in previous studies that concern the use of the flexible ruler. 15 Furthermore, its use is complicated by the systematic mathematical calculations that demand time and many times require the use of more specific calculation instruments. 15 Considering the present study and previous studies, it seems necessary to give attention to the reliability and validity of the software method for measuring lumbar
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Limitations Limitations need to be acknowledged and addressed regarding the present study. The first limitation concerns the cross-disciplinary nature of this research. The second limitation has to do with the extent to which the findings can be generalized beyond the cases studied. The number of cases is too limited for broad generalizations. Some other limitations of this study can be fewer samples and fewer testers familiar to all measurement devices. This present study is a foundation for future research on the validity of AutoCAD method for lumbar lordosis measurement.
Conclusion
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The results of this research show that the AutoCAD software method is a valid and reliable method for lumbar lordosis measurement. This new technology should be considered and compared with expensive and invasive methods like radiography in measuring lumbar lordosis.
2. Heuer F, Schmidt H, Klezl Z, Claes L, Wilke HJ. Stepwise reduction of functional spinal structures increase range of motion and change lordosis angle. J Biomech 2007;40:271-80. 3. Ozonoff MB. Pediatric orthopedic radiology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1992. p. 68. 4. Hardacker JW, Shuford RF, Capicotto RN, Pryor PW. Radiographic standing cervical segmental alignment in adult volunteers without neck symptoms. Spine J 1997;22:1472-80. 5. Simpson SR. Evaluation of a flexible ruler technique for measuring lumbar lordosis in the clinical assessment of low back pain. J Soc Occupat Med 1989;39(1):25-9. 6. Harada T, Ebara S, Anwar MM. The lumbar spine in spastic diplegia. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1993;75:534-7. 7. Hart DL, Rose SJ. Reliability of a noninvasive method for measuring the lumbar curve. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1986;8: 180-4. 8. Youdas JW, Suman VJ, Garrett TR. Reliability of measurements of lumbar spine sagittal mobility obtained with the flexible curve. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1995;21(1): 13-20. 9. Seidi F, Rajabi R, Ebrahimi TI, Tavanai AR, Moussavi SJ. The validity and reliability of Iranian flexible ruler in lumbar lordosis measurements. World J Sport Sci 2009;2(2): 95-9. 10. Rajabi R, Seidi F, Mohamadi F. Which method is accurate when using the flexible ruler to measure the lumbar curvature angle? Deep point or standing and sitting in two types of chairs: mid point of arch? World Appl Sci J 2008;4(6): 849-52. 11. Lovell FW, Rothstein JM, Personius WJ. Reliability of clinical measurements of lumbar lordosis taken with a flexible rule. Phys Ther 1989;69:96-105. 12. Mannion AF, Knecht K, Balaban G, Dvorak J, Grob D. A new skin surface device for measuring the curvature and global and segmental ranges of motion of the spine: reliability of measurements and comparison with data reviewed from the literature. Eur Spine J 2004;13:122-36. 13. Guermazi M, Ghroubi S, Kassism M, Jaziri O, Keskes H, Kessomtini W. Validity and reliability of spinal mouse to assess lumbar flexion. Ann Readapt Med Phys 2006;49(4): 172-7. 14. Zuberbier OA, Kozlowski AJ, Hunt DG, Berkowitz J, Schultz IZ, Crook JM, et al. Analysis of the convergent and discriminant validity of published lumbar flexion, extension, and lateral flexion scores. Spine J 2001;26:472-8. 15. Souza Filho JCT, Abras ACV, Carvalho MT, Souza MGF, Souza AT, Costa LOP. Analysis of the interexaminer reliability of two clinical tests to measure the flexion range of motion of the lumbar spine. Acta Fisiatr 2007;14(4):214-8. 16. Lundon MA, Li AM, Bibershtein S. Interrater and intrarater reliability in the measurement of kyphosis in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Spine 1998;23(18):1978-85. 17. Salisbury PJ, Porter RW. Measurement of lumbar sagittal mobility. A comparison of methods. Spine 1986;12:190-3. 18. Ripani M, Dicesare A, Giombini A, Agnillo L, Fagnani F, Pigozzi F. Spinal curvature: comparison of frontal measurements with the spinal Mouse and radiographic assessment. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2008;48:488-94. 19. Willner S. Spinal pantograph: a non-invasive technique for describing kyphosis and lordosis in the thoraco-lumbar spine. Acta Orthop Scand 1981;52:525-9.
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the AutoCAD method include that it is time consuming and it is very precise.
Funding sources and potential conflicts of interest
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No funding sources or conflicts of interest were reported for this study. This study was funded by a product grant from the University of Tehran (Tehran, Iran). The University of Tehran Physical Education and Sport Science Faculty, Department of Sport Medicine, supported this study. The researchers independently collected, analyzed, and interpreted the results and have no financial interests in the results of this study. Furthermore, dissemination of the results in this study does not constitute endorsement by the researchers or their institutional affiliations.
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247 for whole-person impairment rating. Spine 1999;24(3): 262-8. 24. Dopf CA, Mandel SS, Geiger DF, Mayer PJ. Analysis of spine motion variability using a computerized goniometer compared to physical examination. A prospective clinical study. Spine 1994;19:586-95. 25. Walker ML, Rothstein JM, Finucane SD, Lamb RL. Relationships between lumbar lordosis, pelvic tilt and abdominal muscle performance. Phys Ther 1987;67:512-6. 26. Meyers CR, Blesh TE. Measurement in physical education. New York, NY: Ronald Press Co; 1962.
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20. Youdas JW, Hollman J, Krause D. The effects of gender, age and body mass index on standing lumbar curvature in persons without current low back pain. Phys Ther Theory Pract 2006;22(5):229-37. 21. Hoppenfeld S. Physical examination of the spine and extremities. New York, NY: Appleton Century-Croft; 1976. 22. Lang S, Murrow G. Geometry: a high school course. 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag; 1988. p. 155. 23. Nitschke JE, Nattrass CL, Disler PB, Chou MJ, Ooi KT. Reliability of the American Medical Association guides' model for measuring spinal range of motion. Its implication