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Review of Rocket Cook-Stove Geometrical Aspects for its Performance Improvement
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 4743–4747
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
ICMPC 2017
Review of Rocket Cook-Stove Geometrical Aspects for its Performance Improvement Aashish Gandigudea, Madhva Nagarhallib b
a Dept. of Mech.Engg, ZCoER,Pune,India Dept. of Mech.Engg, RMDSSoE, Pune,India
Abstract The inefficient traditional three-stone fire cook stoves are used as benchmark for performance comparison in many of developing countries for every improved cook stove. In order to improve energy security in developing countries many modern cooking fuels and technologies are introduced. This paper reviews studies of such technologies studied by researchers for performance improvement. Even though there are several factors that can be considered to improve the efficiency of these cook stove, this paper highlights many geometrical design principles of the stoves in order to increase heat transfer efficiency and reduce emissions. This study can be used as a basis of design for kinetic modeling and modification of existing cook stove model for better performance.
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of 7th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization.
Keywords: Cook Stove, bio-mass, performance, efficiency, emission.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-9420320632.
E-mail address: [email protected] 2214-7853© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of 7th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization.
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Aashish Gandigude et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 4743–4747
1. Introduction: Biomass Cooking Stoves 1.1 Biomass Cooking: It is estimated that about 50% world’s population more than 3 billion people cook over an open biomass fire. This energy source is especially prevalent in rural areas of developing countries, where a majority of households rely on biomass fuels for cooking [1]. The incomplete combustion results in harmful green house gas emissions. These indoor emissions are responsible for deaths of children worldwide [1].Also it has important global implications on greenhouse gas and black carbon emissions. 1.2Three Stone Cook Stove: The three stone cooking stoves are most inefficient in its performance due to wastage of heat from unequal spaces between them.
Figure – 1 Three stone cook stove [1]
This traditional three-stone fire is most basic and commonly used method for benchmark for performance comparison of the stoves as shown in below Fig 1. 1.3Rocket Elbow Cook Stove: The rocket elbow stove design has been studied and refined for at least two decades. And it is available in the form of benchmark design guidelines have been document [4]. This design simplifies analysis of draft for performance improvement by considering two basic fundamental driving processes: heat addition from combustion (at point 2), and kinetic energy addition/conversion (between points1 and 2) due to the chimney effect. These two processes are interconnected and together governs the overall stove operation as shown in below Fig 2.
Figure – 2 Rocket cook stove [3]
Aashish Gandigude et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 4743–4747
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2. Literature Survey: Biomass Cooking Stove 2.1 Biomass Cooking: The performance of Biomass cook stove is always influenced by the following two objectives: 1. Reduction of harmful emissions, and 2. Increased thermal efficiency. These factors are concerns of by the stove designer. The majority of these stoves use wood fuel and driven by chimney effect buoyant fluid forces.And they are sensitive to the combustion chamber shape, material, chimney height, chimney diameter, and cook piece placement. Biomass cook stoves have been able to reduce CO and PM emissions by enclosing the fire in a combustion chamber. The design of combustion chamber with proper airflow control reduces heat transfer losses effectively. And this improvement for increased thermal efficiency are studied by many researches, as briefed below: Caroline A. et al (2013) [1] in this study investigated the acceptance of rocket mud stoves with reduction in fuel wood use in a rural community in Kenya. Milind Prakash Kshirsagar et al (2009) [2] in his paper describes the relationship between various design parameters and efficiency. Joshua Agenbroad et al (2011) [3] his studies predicts bulk flow rate, temperature, and excess air ratio based on stove geometry (chimney height, chimney area etc). And these parameters are intended to be fundamental inputs for mapping future work and improving cook stove emissions and heat transfer. Arvind kumar et al (2013) [4], found that increase in fuel moisture content resulted in decrease in stove efficiency, while the fuel size did not show any significant influence on the efficiency of the stove. Christian L'Orange et al (2012) [5] have investigated that cooking pot temperatures had substantial effect on emitted particle size distributions, which implies that the size of it emitted particles from a cook stove will change with stove use and throughout the cooking process. J. Prapas et al (2014) [6] examined that a chimney has significant influence on the combustion characteristics of biomass within stove by influencing the overall air-to-fuel ratio and subsequently the production of carbon monoxide. Alex Wohlgemuth et al (2009) [7] found that the skirt around hot flue gases between narrow gap of stove and pot reduces convective losses from it. Manoj Kumar kumar et al (2013), [8] reviewed some of winiarski’s 10 cook stove design principles to improve its performance in terms of its combustion and heat transfer. 3. Biomass Cookstove: Design Parameters 3.1 Stove Theory: The improvement in combustion efficiency is closely related to improving heat transfer efficiency, and to reduce emissions and fuel use, the stove designer’s job is to first clean up the fire and then force as much energy into the pot or griddle as possible. Both of these functions can be accomplished by Dr. Larry Winiarski’s [8] design principles. Any type of intermittently fed wood burning stove can first be designed by locals to meet their needs and then finished by adapting these principles. Winiarski developed the famous 10 wood burning cook stove design principles to improve combustion and heat transfer efficiency of, as shown in Fig. 3. Here Dr. Larry Winiarski’s only 5 principles i.e. 1, 2, 5, 8, and 10 have been reviewed with an objective to improve its performance. Principle 1: Insulate around fire using lightweight, heat resistant materials ash/mud.
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Aashish Gandigude et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 4743–4747
The wall of cook stove material absorbs the heat generated due to combustion. And there is scope for design of these construction materials to reduce these conduction losses. Principle 2: Place an insulated short chimney right above the fire to burn. The proportions of chimney height have been formulated by winarski’s principle. The higher heights of chimney can lead to losses of heat during its travel from combustion space to utensils. Principle 5: Maintain a good fast draft under fire through primary and secondary air inlet. The force by virtue of difference of density between inlet and exhaust gas occurs is named as draft. And there is scope to design for airflow. Principle 8: Use a grate under the fire. This principle is an extension of above principle to provide sufficient air for combustion from downside of stove. Principle10: Maximize heat transfer to the pot with properly sized gaps. The convective losses underneath of cook stove can be effectively reduced by design of gap between stove and utensils.
Figure – 3 Winiarski’s cook stove design principles [8]
Conclusion: The development of inefficient model of cook stove is based on study of many geometric parameters. This study highlights contributions of many researchers to give directions for studying input for modeling parameters, which could be basis of design parameters for improvement of existing cook stove model for better performance. References: [1] Caroline A. Ochieng, Cathryn Tonne, Sotiris Vardoulakis, A comparison of fuel use between a low cost, improved wood stove and traditional three-stone stove in rural Kenya, bio-mass and bio-energy, 58 (2013), 258-266. [2] Milind Prakash Kshirsagar, Experimental study for improving energy efficiency of charcoal stove, Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, Vol. 68, May 2009, 412-416. [3] Joshua Agenbroad, Morgan DeFoort, Allan Kirkpatrick, Cory Kreutzer, A simplified model for understanding natural convection driven biomass cooking stoves—Part 1: Setup and baseline validation, Energy for Sustainable Development Volume 15, Issue 2, June 2011, 160– 168.
Aashish Gandigude et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 4743–4747
4747
[4] Arvind Kumar, Manohar Prasad & K P Mishra, Comparative study of effect of different parameters on performance and emission of biomass cook stoves International Journal of Research in Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1, Issue 3, Aug 2013, 121-126. [5] Christian L'Orange, John Volckens, Morgan DeFoort, Influence of stove type and cooking pot temperature on particulate matter emissions from biomass cook stoves, Energy for Sustainable Development Volume 16, Issue 4, December 2012, 448–455. [6] J. Prapas, M.E. Baumgardner, A.J. Marchese, B. Willson, M. DeFoort; Influence of chimneys on combustion characteristics of buoyantly driven biomass stoves; Energy for Sustainable Development 23(2014), 286-93. [7] Alex Wohlgemuth, Sandip Mazumder, Computational Heat Transfer Analysis of the Effect of Skirts on the Performance of Third-World Cook stoves, Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, December 2009, Vol. 1 , 41001-9. [8] Manoj Kumar, Sachin Kumar, S.K. Tyagi, Design, development and technological advancement in the biomass cook stoves: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 26 (2013), 265–285.
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 4743–4747
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
ICMPC 2017
Review of Rocket Cook-Stove Geometrical Aspects for its Performance Improvement Aashish Gandigudea, Madhva Nagarhallib b
a Dept. of Mech.Engg, ZCoER,Pune,India Dept. of Mech.Engg, RMDSSoE, Pune,India
Abstract The inefficient traditional three-stone fire cook stoves are used as benchmark for performance comparison in many of developing countries for every improved cook stove. In order to improve energy security in developing countries many modern cooking fuels and technologies are introduced. This paper reviews studies of such technologies studied by researchers for performance improvement. Even though there are several factors that can be considered to improve the efficiency of these cook stove, this paper highlights many geometrical design principles of the stoves in order to increase heat transfer efficiency and reduce emissions. This study can be used as a basis of design for kinetic modeling and modification of existing cook stove model for better performance.
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of 7th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization.
Keywords: Cook Stove, bio-mass, performance, efficiency, emission.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-9420320632.
E-mail address: [email protected] 2214-7853© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of 7th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization.
4744
Aashish Gandigude et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 4743–4747
1. Introduction: Biomass Cooking Stoves 1.1 Biomass Cooking: It is estimated that about 50% world’s population more than 3 billion people cook over an open biomass fire. This energy source is especially prevalent in rural areas of developing countries, where a majority of households rely on biomass fuels for cooking [1]. The incomplete combustion results in harmful green house gas emissions. These indoor emissions are responsible for deaths of children worldwide [1].Also it has important global implications on greenhouse gas and black carbon emissions. 1.2Three Stone Cook Stove: The three stone cooking stoves are most inefficient in its performance due to wastage of heat from unequal spaces between them.
Figure – 1 Three stone cook stove [1]
This traditional three-stone fire is most basic and commonly used method for benchmark for performance comparison of the stoves as shown in below Fig 1. 1.3Rocket Elbow Cook Stove: The rocket elbow stove design has been studied and refined for at least two decades. And it is available in the form of benchmark design guidelines have been document [4]. This design simplifies analysis of draft for performance improvement by considering two basic fundamental driving processes: heat addition from combustion (at point 2), and kinetic energy addition/conversion (between points1 and 2) due to the chimney effect. These two processes are interconnected and together governs the overall stove operation as shown in below Fig 2.
Figure – 2 Rocket cook stove [3]
Aashish Gandigude et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 4743–4747
4745
2. Literature Survey: Biomass Cooking Stove 2.1 Biomass Cooking: The performance of Biomass cook stove is always influenced by the following two objectives: 1. Reduction of harmful emissions, and 2. Increased thermal efficiency. These factors are concerns of by the stove designer. The majority of these stoves use wood fuel and driven by chimney effect buoyant fluid forces.And they are sensitive to the combustion chamber shape, material, chimney height, chimney diameter, and cook piece placement. Biomass cook stoves have been able to reduce CO and PM emissions by enclosing the fire in a combustion chamber. The design of combustion chamber with proper airflow control reduces heat transfer losses effectively. And this improvement for increased thermal efficiency are studied by many researches, as briefed below: Caroline A. et al (2013) [1] in this study investigated the acceptance of rocket mud stoves with reduction in fuel wood use in a rural community in Kenya. Milind Prakash Kshirsagar et al (2009) [2] in his paper describes the relationship between various design parameters and efficiency. Joshua Agenbroad et al (2011) [3] his studies predicts bulk flow rate, temperature, and excess air ratio based on stove geometry (chimney height, chimney area etc). And these parameters are intended to be fundamental inputs for mapping future work and improving cook stove emissions and heat transfer. Arvind kumar et al (2013) [4], found that increase in fuel moisture content resulted in decrease in stove efficiency, while the fuel size did not show any significant influence on the efficiency of the stove. Christian L'Orange et al (2012) [5] have investigated that cooking pot temperatures had substantial effect on emitted particle size distributions, which implies that the size of it emitted particles from a cook stove will change with stove use and throughout the cooking process. J. Prapas et al (2014) [6] examined that a chimney has significant influence on the combustion characteristics of biomass within stove by influencing the overall air-to-fuel ratio and subsequently the production of carbon monoxide. Alex Wohlgemuth et al (2009) [7] found that the skirt around hot flue gases between narrow gap of stove and pot reduces convective losses from it. Manoj Kumar kumar et al (2013), [8] reviewed some of winiarski’s 10 cook stove design principles to improve its performance in terms of its combustion and heat transfer. 3. Biomass Cookstove: Design Parameters 3.1 Stove Theory: The improvement in combustion efficiency is closely related to improving heat transfer efficiency, and to reduce emissions and fuel use, the stove designer’s job is to first clean up the fire and then force as much energy into the pot or griddle as possible. Both of these functions can be accomplished by Dr. Larry Winiarski’s [8] design principles. Any type of intermittently fed wood burning stove can first be designed by locals to meet their needs and then finished by adapting these principles. Winiarski developed the famous 10 wood burning cook stove design principles to improve combustion and heat transfer efficiency of, as shown in Fig. 3. Here Dr. Larry Winiarski’s only 5 principles i.e. 1, 2, 5, 8, and 10 have been reviewed with an objective to improve its performance. Principle 1: Insulate around fire using lightweight, heat resistant materials ash/mud.
4746
Aashish Gandigude et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 4743–4747
The wall of cook stove material absorbs the heat generated due to combustion. And there is scope for design of these construction materials to reduce these conduction losses. Principle 2: Place an insulated short chimney right above the fire to burn. The proportions of chimney height have been formulated by winarski’s principle. The higher heights of chimney can lead to losses of heat during its travel from combustion space to utensils. Principle 5: Maintain a good fast draft under fire through primary and secondary air inlet. The force by virtue of difference of density between inlet and exhaust gas occurs is named as draft. And there is scope to design for airflow. Principle 8: Use a grate under the fire. This principle is an extension of above principle to provide sufficient air for combustion from downside of stove. Principle10: Maximize heat transfer to the pot with properly sized gaps. The convective losses underneath of cook stove can be effectively reduced by design of gap between stove and utensils.
Figure – 3 Winiarski’s cook stove design principles [8]
Conclusion: The development of inefficient model of cook stove is based on study of many geometric parameters. This study highlights contributions of many researchers to give directions for studying input for modeling parameters, which could be basis of design parameters for improvement of existing cook stove model for better performance. References: [1] Caroline A. Ochieng, Cathryn Tonne, Sotiris Vardoulakis, A comparison of fuel use between a low cost, improved wood stove and traditional three-stone stove in rural Kenya, bio-mass and bio-energy, 58 (2013), 258-266. [2] Milind Prakash Kshirsagar, Experimental study for improving energy efficiency of charcoal stove, Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, Vol. 68, May 2009, 412-416. [3] Joshua Agenbroad, Morgan DeFoort, Allan Kirkpatrick, Cory Kreutzer, A simplified model for understanding natural convection driven biomass cooking stoves—Part 1: Setup and baseline validation, Energy for Sustainable Development Volume 15, Issue 2, June 2011, 160– 168.
Aashish Gandigude et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 4743–4747
4747
[4] Arvind Kumar, Manohar Prasad & K P Mishra, Comparative study of effect of different parameters on performance and emission of biomass cook stoves International Journal of Research in Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1, Issue 3, Aug 2013, 121-126. [5] Christian L'Orange, John Volckens, Morgan DeFoort, Influence of stove type and cooking pot temperature on particulate matter emissions from biomass cook stoves, Energy for Sustainable Development Volume 16, Issue 4, December 2012, 448–455. [6] J. Prapas, M.E. Baumgardner, A.J. Marchese, B. Willson, M. DeFoort; Influence of chimneys on combustion characteristics of buoyantly driven biomass stoves; Energy for Sustainable Development 23(2014), 286-93. [7] Alex Wohlgemuth, Sandip Mazumder, Computational Heat Transfer Analysis of the Effect of Skirts on the Performance of Third-World Cook stoves, Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, December 2009, Vol. 1 , 41001-9. [8] Manoj Kumar, Sachin Kumar, S.K. Tyagi, Design, development and technological advancement in the biomass cook stoves: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 26 (2013), 265–285.