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Review on power generation scenario of India
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 18 (2013) 43–48
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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser
Review on power generation scenario of India V. Siva Reddy a,n, S.C. Kaushik b, N.L. Panwar b a b
Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat 388 120, India Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
a r t i c l e i n f o
abstract
Article history: Received 16 January 2012 Received in revised form 5 October 2012 Accepted 8 October 2012 Available online 3 November 2012
India is a major future consumer of electric power due to the rapid economic growth and large population. In this article, the present state and perspectives of using various energy sources in India for electric power generation are depicted as well as the main tools for promoting their development and utilization are highlighted. Wide spread use of coal and other fossil fuels have led to accumulation of the enormous amount of carbon dioxide and a resultant global warming in the earth’s atmosphere. Use of renewable energy sources is one of the crucial components of the sustainable development. The scope of renewable energy sources for increasing the power generation capacity to meet the demand of Indian needs are described broadly. & 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Indian power generation Coal fired thermal power plants Combined cycle power plants Solar power Wind energy Hydro-power Sustainable development
Contents 1. 2. 3.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 World energy scenario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Indian power scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.1. Hydro-power generation scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.2. Wind power generation scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.3. Nuclear power generation scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4. Improvement potentials of power generation capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 5. Energetic and exergetic based performance assessment of power generation options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1. Introduction Energy is the most important factor in wealth generation and economic and social development. Based on historical data, there is a strong relationship between economic activities and availability of energy resources [1]. Growing demand of power and degradation of environment has made the power plants of scientific interest for the efficient utilization of energy resources. Electricity generation by coal is one of the most important activities in fossil fuel based economies across the globe. Despite of its significance, the use of coal for electricity generation create
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an adverse impact on humans and the environment, especially excessive emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere [2]. As far as electricity generation is concerned, government of every country should develop energy policies in order to use their own resources efficiently, considering the decreasing fossil fuel sources and increasing prices. On the other hand, environmental pollution associated with fossil fuel based power has a serious pressure on ecosystem and human health. Thus, in the design stages of fossil power systems, main objective should be maximizing energy output with minimum fuel consumption [3]. Energy policy is promoting many researchers both for the enhancement of utilization of renewable energy and use of low enthalpy fuels for power generation, including the most effective ways of using them. The use of renewable energy technologies would reduce the current global environmental
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problems as well as the national energy insecurity of many countries dependent on fossil fuels. Electricity is the prime driver for the economic growth of any developing country like India, which is witnessing a robust economic growth rate of 8% and above. India has huge coal reserves about 7.1% of the world’s total [4] and thus, coal-fired power plants contribute to about 70% of the total power generation [5]. India faces a significant gap between electricity demand and supply as reported by the Central Electricity Authority for the year 2009–2010 as almost 84 TWh, which is 10% of the total requirement. The peak demand deficit is more than 15 GW, corresponding to a shortage of 12.7% [6]. The total power generation capacity of India now is 207006.04 MW (Aug 2012). Out of that coal fired thermal power plants have the generation capacity 117833.38 MW and natural gas fired combined cycle power plants have the generation capacity of 18903.05 MW [7]. According to energy, statistic’s report produced by National Statistical Organization, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (Government of India). Per-capita energy consumption (PEC) during a year is computed as the ratio of the estimate of total energy consumption during the year to the estimated mid-year population of that year. Energy intensity may be defined as the amount of energy consumed for generating one unit of gross domestic product. Per-capita energy consumption (PEC) and Energy intensity is the major policy indicators, both at national and international levels. In the absence of data on consumption of non-conventional energy from various sources, particularly in rural areas in the developing countries, including India, these two indicators are generally computed based on consumption of conventional energy. The estimated PEC has increased from 1204 kWh in 1970–71 to 4646 kWh in 2009–10. The annual increase in PEC from 2008–09 to 2009–10 was 11%. The Energy Intensity (at 1999–2000 prices) increased from 0.128 kWh in 1970–71 to 0.165 kWh in 1985–86, but it has again come down to 0.122 kWh (at 2004–05 prices) in 2009–10 [8]. In the present article, authors have focused attention on the current Indian power generation capacity based on different power sources. Future options for undoubtedly offer the most promising environment friendly power generation technologies, which are also discussed in brief.
2. World energy scenario Renewable energy technologies are considered as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these resources minimize environmental impacts, produce minimum secondary wastes and are sustainable based on current and future economic and social needs [9]. The power generation in green manner may be seen as a means of encouragement for renewable energy resources (RER) [10]. The term green energy is also used for green energy produced from cogeneration, energy from municipal waste, natural gas and even conventional energy sources [11]. No doubt that electric power generation sector in many countries has contributed the huge amount of greenhouse gas emissions, and therefore, a major target of climate changes regulation [12]. Global power generation scenario from all possible sources is presented in Fig. 1. It is clear from Fig. 1 that from 2007 to 2035, world renewable energy use for electricity generation grows by an average of 3.0% per year, and the renewable share of world electricity generation increases from 18% in 2007 to 23% in 2035. Coal-fired generation increases by an annual average of 2.3% in the reference case, making coal the second fastest-growing source for electricity generation in the projection [13]. There are a number of scientists and researchers across the world striving for sustainable development. A comprehensive
Fig. 1. World net electricity generation by fuel (Trillion kWh) during 2007–2035 [13].
Fig. 2. World renewable electricity generation by energy source, excluding wind and hydropower, 2007–2035 (billion kWh) [13].
definition for sustainability was worked out for the first time by the Brundtland Commission, adopted by the Rio Conference 1992, and has since been refined, and interpreted. The Brundtland report defines sustainable development as a development that ‘‘meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’’. Energy plays a crucial role in sustainable development [14]. The sustainable development is possible only when there is optimum use of renewable energy sources. Global prospects of renewable energy application for electricity generation show that, much of this is fueled by hydropower and wind power. Fig. 2 reveals that the 4.5 trillion kWh of increased renewable generation over the projection period, 2.4 trillion kWh (54%) are attributed to hydroelectric power and 1.2 trillion kWh (26%) to wind. Except for these two sources, most of the renewable energy technologies are not economically competitive with fossil fuels over the projection period, outside a limited number of niche markets. Typically, government incentives or policies provide the primary support for construction of renewable generation facilities. Although they remain a small part of total renewable power generation, renewable other than hydroelectricity and wind including solar, geothermal, biomass, waste, and tidal/wave/ oceanic energy does increase at a rapid rate over the projection period.
3. Indian power scenario India’s net cumulative installed power generation capacity from various sectors is 207006.04 MW (Aug 2012). Fig. 3 reveals
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Fig. 4. Annual growth in power generation during 11th plan. Fig. 3. Sector wise installed capacity in MW.
3.1. Hydro-power generation scenario Table 1 Fuel wise installed capacity in MW [7]. Fuel
MW
%
Total thermal Coal Gas Oil Hydro (renewable) Nuclear RES Total
137936.18 117833.38 18903.05 1199.75 39291.40 4780.00 24998.46 207006.04
66.63 56.92 9.13 0.57 18.98 2.30 12.07 100.00
Renewable energy sources (RES) include SHP, BG, BP, U and I and wind energy SHP¼ small hydro-project, BG ¼biomass gasifier, BP¼ biomass power, U and I ¼ urban and industrial waste power, RES¼ renewable energy sources
that private sector contributing 27% of the total installed capacity, whereas state and central government contributing about 41% and 27% respectively [7]. The installed capacity can be further bifurcated on the basis of fuel as shown in Table 1. Thermal based power generation (coal, gas and oil) contribute 66.63% in total. In that coal fired thermal power plants have the installed capacity of 117833.38 MW percentage of share in total power generation is 56.92%. But, the coal availability in India not at all sufficient for long run of thermal power plant, at present they are importing cola from Asian countries. Gas fired combined cycle power plants have the installed capacity 18903.05 MW percentage of share in total power generation is 9.13%. Now in India CNG resources are found varies river basins so, more scope to increase the power generation capacity by gas fired combined cycle in India. Diesel oil based power plants have the 0.57% share on total power generation. These plants are used for pick load demand condition only, because the power generation cost is high compared to coal and gas fired power plants. renewable energy sources (RES) contributing significantly in total installed capacity. Presently, 12.07% power produces from different renewable energy sources such as small hydro-power project, biomass gasifier, industrial and urban waste and biomass power etc. The installed capacity of renewable energy based power station is less than 25 MW. The growth rate in net power generation unit is above 5.5% on annual basis in the 11th plan, but it is clear from Fig. 4 that in the year 2008–09 the growth rate was about 2.7%. This may be due to the commissioning and operation of new power station and at the same it is also affected by shortage of fuel. State wise electricity generation form different fuel sources are presented in Fig. 5. Maharastra state having maximum electricity generation about 21604.24 MW and lowest generation in Manipur state about 157.8 MW.
A hydroelectric power plant converts the inherent energy of water under pressure into electric energy. It has the installed power generation capacity of 38748.40 MW (Dec, 2011). There is about 20% contribution of hydro-power of total power generation capacities. India is blessed with the immense amount of hydroelectric potential and ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydropotential on the global scenario. As per assessment made by CEA, India is endowed with economically exploitable hydro-power potential to the tune of 148700 MW of installed capacity [15]. The basin/rivers wise assessment of the potential has been shown in Table 2. Still India has the scope to install hydro-power capacity more than 0.1 million MW. Mini- and micro-hydro-power generation is quite possible on small rivers, canals etc. as it could be beneficial in utilization of all existing water reservoirs and streams so as to generate hydropower which is renewable in nature [16]. 3.2. Wind power generation scenario The Wind power program in India was initiated towards the end of the Sixth Plan, in 1983–84. A notable feature of the Indian program has been the interest among private investors/developers in setting up of commercial wind power projects [17]. Wind energy power projects are capital intensive and hence investors have to be provided continuous support [18]. The gross potential is 48,561 MW and a total of about 14158 MW of commercial projects have been established until March 31, 2009 is shown in Table 3. 3.3. Nuclear power generation scenario India is still seeking more power generation from nuclear power generation because it has plenty of Uranium reserves. Presently India has 4780 MW Nuclear power capacity and 2.57% share in the total power generation. An excellent safety culture and robust regulatory mechanism have been established. On the year 1969, Two boiler water reactors (BWR) were set up on turnkey basis by the General Electric USA at Tarapur to demonstrate the viability of nuclear power in India. Presently India is installing the pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWR) based nuclear power plants only. Nuclear Power Corporation India Ltd., (NPCIL) has been monitoring nuclear power plants which are shown in Table 4.
4. Improvement potentials of power generation capacities In 12th plan, India needs to establish 0.1 million MW capacity of new power plants. The excessive use of coal and other fossil fuels has led to accumulation of the enormous amount of greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere and a resultant global
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Fig. 5. State wise installed capacity in MW.
Table 2 The basin/rivers wise assessed potential of hydroelectric power [15]. Basin/rivers
Probable installed capacity (MW)
Indus basin 33,832 Ganga basin 20,711 Central Indian river system 4152 Western Flowing rivers of southern India 9430 Eastern Flowing rivers of southern India 14,511 Brahmaputra basin 66,065 Total 148,701
Table 3 India state-wise wind power installed capacity in India [17]. State
Gross potential (MW)
Total capacity (MW) till 31.03.2011
Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Others Total (all India)
8968 10,645 11,531 1171 1019 4584 255 4858 5530 – 48,561
200.2 2175.6 1730.1 32.8 275.5 2310.7 – 1524.7 5904.4 4 14,158
warming. There is scope for increment in the hydro-power plant capacity by 0.1 million MW. However, it requires large storages, which will have to be constructed if the flow of rivers is too regulated to secure a large amount of firm power. There is a limit to the construction of storages, as they involve heavy cost, submerging of large area etc. Further, during monsoon, uncontrolled discharges flow in the rivers, and these could be harnessed, provided the hydro stations are linked with thermal stations located within reasonable distance. Wind power has a potential of 0.03 million MW capacity, but this one is also
intermittent only. Amongst the renewable energy sources, solar power generation undoubtedly offers the most promising and viable option for electricity generation for the present and future. The average intensity of solar radiation received in India is 200 MW/km2, with a geographical area of 3.287 million km2. Thus, only 12.5% of the land area amounting to 0.413 million km2 can be used for solar energy installations. Even if 10% of this area can be used, the available solar energy would be 8 million MW, which is equivalent to 5909 mt (million tons of oil equivalents) per annum [20]. Gupta and Kaushik [21] have carried out a case study of a typical 50 kW solar thermal power plant, and a 220 MW coal fired thermal power plant. The effect of using the same input, solar thermal energy of a typical solar thermal power plant, if used as an aided source in a 220 MW coal fired thermal power plant for feed water preheating was investigated. Reddy et al. [22] has studied solar aided feed water heating option for 210 MW thermal power plant, they found an instantaneous increase in power generation capacity of about 35% is observed by substituting turbine bleed streams to all the low pressure and high pressure feed water heaters by solar feed water heaters. However, the efficiency of the power plant is decreasing. Reedy et al. [23] studied the performance of solar aided natural gas fired based power plant. An instantaneous increase in power generation capacity of about 10% is observed by substituting solar thermal energy for feed water heater and low pressure steam generation. By the solar aided options, it requires more land area and large storage capacity. At present, IIT Bombay, IOCL and Sun Borne Energy pvt. Ltd. have been establishing pilot projects of the solar alone thermal power plants at solar energy center (SEC), Delhi for research and development purpose. It will be helpful for further research and establishment of commercial solar alone thermal plant across the India.
5. Energetic and exergetic based performance assessment of power generation options Number of thermodynamic relations between energy and exergy losses and capital costs for thermal systems have been
V.Siva Reddy et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 18 (2013) 43–48
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Table 4 Nuclear power plants installed capacity in India [19]. Plant
Unit
Type
Capacity (MWe)
Date of commercial operation
Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS), Maharashtra Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS), Maharashtra Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS), Maharashtra Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS), Maharashtra Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS), Rajasthan Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS), Rajasthan Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS), Rajasthan Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS), Rajasthan Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS), Rajasthan Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS), Rajasthan Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS), Tamil Nadu Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS), Tamil Nadu Kaiga Generating Station, Karnataka Kaiga Generating Station, Karnataka Kaiga Generating Station, Karnataka Kaiga Generating Station, Karnataka Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS), Uttar Pradesh Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS), Uttar Pradesh Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS), Gujarat Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS), Gujarat
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 1 2
BWR BWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR
160 160 540 540 100 200 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220
October 28, 1969 October 28, 1969 August 18, 2006 September 12, 2005 December 16,1973 April 1,1981 June 1, 2000 December 23, 2000 February 4, 2010 March 31, 2010 January 27,1984 March 21,1986 November 16, 2000 March 16, 2000 May 6, 2007 January 20, 2011 January 1,1991 July 1,1992 May 6, 1993 September 11,995
proposed and developed and applied to a modern coal fired electrical generating station. Rosen and Dincer [24] discussed the thermo-economic analysis of power plants and concluded that the thermodynamic losses considered (energy and exergy loss), a significant parameter appears to be the ratio of the thermodynamic loss rate to the capital cost. A systematic correlation appears to exist between exergy loss rate and capital cost but not between energy loss rate and capital cost. This conclusion is based on the observation that the relative spread in the value of thermodynamic loss rate to capital cost ratio for different devices is large when based on energy loss and smaller when based on exergy loss. Devices in modern coal fired electrical generating stations appear to conform approximately to a particular value of the thermodynamic loss rate to the capital cost ratio (based on exergy loss), which reflects the ‘‘appropriate’’ trade-off between exergy losses and capital costs that is practiced in successful plant designs. The most effective energy conversion technology is, at present, the arrangement of a gas turbine with a steam turbine bottoming cycle [25]. A 240 MW combined cycle power plant with a large gas turbine (150 MW) was optimized using evolutionary algorithms by Koch et al. [26]. Different values of the structural variables used during the study represent different interconnections among the plant components. The stochastic search strategy tool was used to find an optimal solution. It was found that the application of the exergy to the analysis and evaluation of intermediate results and of the final solution increases the understanding of the process. Exergy is closely related to the economic value of an energy carrier as supported by Bejan et al.[27]. Economic optimization and its assessment on the basis of the unit costs of electricity production is very tedious task. In this connection a strategy for simplifying the resolution of the rigorous economic optimization problem of power plants has been proposed by Godoy et al. [28], which is based on the economic optima distinctive characteristics and it describes the behavior of the decision variables of the power plant on its optima. Ahmadi and Dincer [29] discussed a combined cycle power plant (CCPP) with a supplementary firing system and thermodynamically analyzed through energy and exergy. They applied a generic algorithm (GA) type optimization method to obtain optimum efficiency. The influences of changes in the demand power and fuel cost are studied by considering three different output powers (i.e., 160, 180 and 200 MW). They compared their results obtained from developed model with actual data. The results show that the
average difference between the model results and the actual data is about 1.41%. Kaushik et al. [30] discuss the energy and exergy analyses of different components of coal based thermal power plants. They mentioned that most of the power plants are designed on the basis of energetic performance which is based on first law of thermodynamics only. By energetic performance, the real useful energy loss cannot be justified because; it does not differentiate between the quality of energy. So there is need to assess the realistic performance of power, it should be based on exergetic assessment. Suresh et al. [31] proposed the optimization approach based on artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA) to assess the performance of a high ash coal-fired supercritical power plant. They discuss that the efficiency of the coal-fired power plants depends on various operating parameters such as main steam/ reheat steam pressures and temperatures, turbine extraction pressures, and excess air ratio for a given fuel. However, simultaneous optimization of all these operating parameters to achieve the maximum plant efficiency is a challenging task. The power plant simulation data obtained from a flow-sheet program, ‘‘CycleTempo’’ is used to train the artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the energy input through fuel (coal). A unit size of 800 MW currently under development in India is considered to carry out the thermodynamic analysis based on energy and exergy. Limited literature are available on exergetic analysis of the solar concentrators aided natural gas fired combined cycle power plant. Reedy et al. [23] studied the performance of the solar concentrators aided natural gas fired based power plant on exergetic basis. An instantaneous increase in power generation capacity of about 10% is observed by substituting solar thermal energy for feed water heater and low pressure steam generation. It was found that the utilization of solar energy for feed water heating, and low pressure steam generation was more effective based on exergetic analysis rather than energetic analysis. Efficiencies of solar concentrator aided coal fired thermal power plant and combined cycle power plant appear high as compared to solar alone thermal power plant and low as compared to commercial power plants. Furthermore scope in the solar aided option for research. Solar alone thermal power uses concentrated solar radiation as a high temperature energy source to produce electricity through heat engine cycles. There are basically four types of high temperature
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solar concentrating collectors (linear Fresnel reflector system (673 K), parabolic trough system (653 K), central tower receiver system (1273 K) and parabolic dish system (1273 K)) [32]. Hydroelectric plants have an efficiency of about 75%, i.e, 3/4th of energy going into the plants is converted to electricity, and the efficiency of the conventional electric power plant is only about 30%. Two-thirds of energy in these plants is lost that goes up the smoke stack or is carried away by the water used to cool the exhaust steam [33]. Wind power has been utilized by mankind since thousands of years to propel boats and mill grain. In the areas where the wind blows consistently at speeds in excess of 8–16 kph, it is possible to build wind mills that generate electricity [32].
6. Conclusion India’s energy-mix comprises both fossil fuels (coal, lignite, petroleum and natural gas) and renewable energy sources (wind, solar, small hydro, biomass etc.). The fossil fuels, with about three-fifths of the country’s power generation capacity being dependent on vast indigenous reserves of coal. However, electricity demand is higher during crop irrigation time and in summer when cooling load for human comfort is extremely higher than the supply. Ultimately, it leads unpredicted power cut and sometime whole power generating systems shutdown; many time blackouts have been pointed out in India. This is because of infrastructure problems. The blackout ‘‘is symbolic of the infrastructure bottlenecks of the country. On the hand, India faces the problem of coal to feed all its new coal-burning power plants. The coal supply has not been matching with power sector demand sometime hardy getting any kind of coal [34]. Natural gas based generation capacity has also grown very rapidly in the last decade due to lower capital requirements, shorter construction periods, and higher efficiencies have a 1/12th share in the overall capacity. Power generation from nuclear fuel is still limited due to security and safety view point. Fortunately, India is rich enough as far as renewable energy source is concerned. The sustainable development is impossible without using renewable energy sources. Among the renewable energy sources, solar power generation undoubtedly offers the most promising and viable option for electricity generation for the present and future. References [1] Jaber JO, Badran OO, Abu-Shikhah N. Sustainable energy and environmental impact: role of renewable as clean and secure source of energy for the 21st century in Jordan. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 2004;6:174–86. [2] Sanpasertparnich T, Aroonwilas A. Simulation and optimization of coal-fired power plants. Energy Procedia 2009;1:3851–8. [3] Erdem HH, Dagdas A, Sevilgen SH, Cetin B, Akkaya AV, Sahin B, et al. Thermodynamic analysis of an existing coal-fired power plant for district heating/cooling application. Applied Thermal Engineering 2010;30:181–7. [4] BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2010. British petroleum, /http:// www.bp.com/productlanding.do?categoryId=6929&contentId=7044622S; 2010 [accessed 15.03.11]. [5] Central Electricity Authority (CEA), 2010. Monthly generation report, /http:// www.cea.nic.in/god/opm/Monthly_Generation_Report/18col_A_10_03/ actual-mar10.htmS; 2011 [accessed 15.03.11]. [6] Indian renewable energy status report. NREL/TP 6A20-48948 _ October. /http:// www.nrel.gov/S; 2010.
[7] Ministry of Power Government of India. /http://www.powermin.nic.in/ JSP_SERVLETS/internal.sjspS; [accessed 15.09.12]. [8] Energy Statistics. National Statistical Organization, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, /www.mospi.gov.inS; [accessed 27.12.11]. [9] Panwar NL, Kaushik SC, Kothari S. Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2011;15:1513–24. [10] Markard J, Truffer B. The promotional impacts of green power products on renewable energy sources: direct and indirect eco-effects. Energy Policy 2006;34:306–21. [11] Demirbas A. Electrical power production facilities from green energy sources. Energy Source B 2006;1:291–301. [12] MacGill I, Outhred H, Nolles K. Some design lessons from market-based greenhouse gas regulation in the restructured Australian electricity industry. Energy Policy 2006;34:11–25. [13] Annual Energy Outlook. /http://www.ascension-publishing.com/BIZ/HD18-2010. pdfS; 2010. [14] Paska J, Salek M, Surma T. Current status and perspectives of renewable energy sources in Poland. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2009;13:142–54. [15] National Hydro Power Corporation Limited. /http://nhpcindia.com/English/ Scripts/Hydro_Scenario.aspxS; [accessed 27.12.11]. [16] Indian Wind Energy Association. /http://www.inwea.org/aboutwindenergy. htmS; [accessed 29.12.11]. [17] Adhau SP, Moharil RM, Adhau PG. Mini-hydro-power generation on existing irrigation projects: case study of Indian sites. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2012;16:4785–95. [18] Sharma A, Srivastava J, Kar SK, Kumar A. Wind energy status in India: a short review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2012;16:1157–64. [19] Nuclear Power Corporation of India limited. /http://www.npcil.nic.in/main/ AllProjectOperationDisplay.aspxS; [accessed 8.01.12]. [20] India Energy Portal. /http://www.indiaenergyportal.org/subthemes. php?text=solarS; [accessed 28.12.11]. [21] Gupta MK, Kaushik SC. Exergetic utilization of solar energy for feed water preheating in a conventional thermal power plant. International Journal of Energy Research 2009;33:593–604. [22] Reddy VSiva, Kaushik SC, Tyagi SK. Exergetic analysis of solar concentrator aided coal fired supercritical thermal power plant. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-012-0492-3. [23] Reddy VSiva, Kaushik SC, Tyagi SK. Exergetic analysis of solar concentrator aided natural gas fired combined cycle power plant. Renewable Energy 2012;39:114–25. [24] Rosen MA, Dincer I. Thermoeconomic analysis of power plants: an application to a coal fired electrical generating station. Energy Conversion and Management 2003;44:2743–61. [25] Franco A, Casarosa C. On some perspectives for increasing the efficiency of combined cycle power plants. Applied Thermal Engineering 2002;22:1501–18. [26] Koch C, Cziesla F, Tsatsaronis G. Optimization of combined cycle power plants using evolutionary algorithms. Chemical Engineering and Processing 2007;46:1151–9. [27] Bejan A, Tsatsaronis G, Moran M. Thermal design and optimization. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1996. [28] Godoy E, Benz SJ, Scenna NJ. A strategy for the economic optimization of combined cycle gas turbine power plants by taking advantage of useful thermodynamic relationships. Applied Thermal Engineering 2011;31:852–71. [29] Ahmadi A, Dincer I. Thermodynamic analysis and thermoeconomic optimization of a dual pressure combined cycle power plant with a supplementary firing unit. Energy Conversion and Management 2011;52:2296–308. [30] Kaushik SC, Reddy V Siva, Tyagi SK. Energy and exergy analyses of thermal power plants: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2011;15:1857–72. [31] Suresh MVJJ, Reddy KS, Kolar KS, ANN-GA AK. based optimization of a high ash coal-fired supercritical power plant. Applied Energy 2011;88:4867–73. [32] Stine WB, Geyer M. Power from the Sun. Available from: /http://www. powerfromthesun.net/Book/chapter10/chapter10.htmlS; 2001 [accessed 10.07.11]. [33] Ganapathi S, Siva Reddy V. Energy conservation: awareness and opportunities. New Delhi: Arihant Prakashan Pvt. Ltd.; 2010. [34] /http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-07-30/what-the-india-black out-says-about-indias-frailtiesS; [assessed 2.10.12].
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser
Review on power generation scenario of India V. Siva Reddy a,n, S.C. Kaushik b, N.L. Panwar b a b
Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat 388 120, India Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
a r t i c l e i n f o
abstract
Article history: Received 16 January 2012 Received in revised form 5 October 2012 Accepted 8 October 2012 Available online 3 November 2012
India is a major future consumer of electric power due to the rapid economic growth and large population. In this article, the present state and perspectives of using various energy sources in India for electric power generation are depicted as well as the main tools for promoting their development and utilization are highlighted. Wide spread use of coal and other fossil fuels have led to accumulation of the enormous amount of carbon dioxide and a resultant global warming in the earth’s atmosphere. Use of renewable energy sources is one of the crucial components of the sustainable development. The scope of renewable energy sources for increasing the power generation capacity to meet the demand of Indian needs are described broadly. & 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Indian power generation Coal fired thermal power plants Combined cycle power plants Solar power Wind energy Hydro-power Sustainable development
Contents 1. 2. 3.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 World energy scenario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Indian power scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.1. Hydro-power generation scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.2. Wind power generation scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.3. Nuclear power generation scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4. Improvement potentials of power generation capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 5. Energetic and exergetic based performance assessment of power generation options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1. Introduction Energy is the most important factor in wealth generation and economic and social development. Based on historical data, there is a strong relationship between economic activities and availability of energy resources [1]. Growing demand of power and degradation of environment has made the power plants of scientific interest for the efficient utilization of energy resources. Electricity generation by coal is one of the most important activities in fossil fuel based economies across the globe. Despite of its significance, the use of coal for electricity generation create
n
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an adverse impact on humans and the environment, especially excessive emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere [2]. As far as electricity generation is concerned, government of every country should develop energy policies in order to use their own resources efficiently, considering the decreasing fossil fuel sources and increasing prices. On the other hand, environmental pollution associated with fossil fuel based power has a serious pressure on ecosystem and human health. Thus, in the design stages of fossil power systems, main objective should be maximizing energy output with minimum fuel consumption [3]. Energy policy is promoting many researchers both for the enhancement of utilization of renewable energy and use of low enthalpy fuels for power generation, including the most effective ways of using them. The use of renewable energy technologies would reduce the current global environmental
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problems as well as the national energy insecurity of many countries dependent on fossil fuels. Electricity is the prime driver for the economic growth of any developing country like India, which is witnessing a robust economic growth rate of 8% and above. India has huge coal reserves about 7.1% of the world’s total [4] and thus, coal-fired power plants contribute to about 70% of the total power generation [5]. India faces a significant gap between electricity demand and supply as reported by the Central Electricity Authority for the year 2009–2010 as almost 84 TWh, which is 10% of the total requirement. The peak demand deficit is more than 15 GW, corresponding to a shortage of 12.7% [6]. The total power generation capacity of India now is 207006.04 MW (Aug 2012). Out of that coal fired thermal power plants have the generation capacity 117833.38 MW and natural gas fired combined cycle power plants have the generation capacity of 18903.05 MW [7]. According to energy, statistic’s report produced by National Statistical Organization, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (Government of India). Per-capita energy consumption (PEC) during a year is computed as the ratio of the estimate of total energy consumption during the year to the estimated mid-year population of that year. Energy intensity may be defined as the amount of energy consumed for generating one unit of gross domestic product. Per-capita energy consumption (PEC) and Energy intensity is the major policy indicators, both at national and international levels. In the absence of data on consumption of non-conventional energy from various sources, particularly in rural areas in the developing countries, including India, these two indicators are generally computed based on consumption of conventional energy. The estimated PEC has increased from 1204 kWh in 1970–71 to 4646 kWh in 2009–10. The annual increase in PEC from 2008–09 to 2009–10 was 11%. The Energy Intensity (at 1999–2000 prices) increased from 0.128 kWh in 1970–71 to 0.165 kWh in 1985–86, but it has again come down to 0.122 kWh (at 2004–05 prices) in 2009–10 [8]. In the present article, authors have focused attention on the current Indian power generation capacity based on different power sources. Future options for undoubtedly offer the most promising environment friendly power generation technologies, which are also discussed in brief.
2. World energy scenario Renewable energy technologies are considered as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these resources minimize environmental impacts, produce minimum secondary wastes and are sustainable based on current and future economic and social needs [9]. The power generation in green manner may be seen as a means of encouragement for renewable energy resources (RER) [10]. The term green energy is also used for green energy produced from cogeneration, energy from municipal waste, natural gas and even conventional energy sources [11]. No doubt that electric power generation sector in many countries has contributed the huge amount of greenhouse gas emissions, and therefore, a major target of climate changes regulation [12]. Global power generation scenario from all possible sources is presented in Fig. 1. It is clear from Fig. 1 that from 2007 to 2035, world renewable energy use for electricity generation grows by an average of 3.0% per year, and the renewable share of world electricity generation increases from 18% in 2007 to 23% in 2035. Coal-fired generation increases by an annual average of 2.3% in the reference case, making coal the second fastest-growing source for electricity generation in the projection [13]. There are a number of scientists and researchers across the world striving for sustainable development. A comprehensive
Fig. 1. World net electricity generation by fuel (Trillion kWh) during 2007–2035 [13].
Fig. 2. World renewable electricity generation by energy source, excluding wind and hydropower, 2007–2035 (billion kWh) [13].
definition for sustainability was worked out for the first time by the Brundtland Commission, adopted by the Rio Conference 1992, and has since been refined, and interpreted. The Brundtland report defines sustainable development as a development that ‘‘meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’’. Energy plays a crucial role in sustainable development [14]. The sustainable development is possible only when there is optimum use of renewable energy sources. Global prospects of renewable energy application for electricity generation show that, much of this is fueled by hydropower and wind power. Fig. 2 reveals that the 4.5 trillion kWh of increased renewable generation over the projection period, 2.4 trillion kWh (54%) are attributed to hydroelectric power and 1.2 trillion kWh (26%) to wind. Except for these two sources, most of the renewable energy technologies are not economically competitive with fossil fuels over the projection period, outside a limited number of niche markets. Typically, government incentives or policies provide the primary support for construction of renewable generation facilities. Although they remain a small part of total renewable power generation, renewable other than hydroelectricity and wind including solar, geothermal, biomass, waste, and tidal/wave/ oceanic energy does increase at a rapid rate over the projection period.
3. Indian power scenario India’s net cumulative installed power generation capacity from various sectors is 207006.04 MW (Aug 2012). Fig. 3 reveals
V.Siva Reddy et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 18 (2013) 43–48
45
Fig. 4. Annual growth in power generation during 11th plan. Fig. 3. Sector wise installed capacity in MW.
3.1. Hydro-power generation scenario Table 1 Fuel wise installed capacity in MW [7]. Fuel
MW
%
Total thermal Coal Gas Oil Hydro (renewable) Nuclear RES Total
137936.18 117833.38 18903.05 1199.75 39291.40 4780.00 24998.46 207006.04
66.63 56.92 9.13 0.57 18.98 2.30 12.07 100.00
Renewable energy sources (RES) include SHP, BG, BP, U and I and wind energy SHP¼ small hydro-project, BG ¼biomass gasifier, BP¼ biomass power, U and I ¼ urban and industrial waste power, RES¼ renewable energy sources
that private sector contributing 27% of the total installed capacity, whereas state and central government contributing about 41% and 27% respectively [7]. The installed capacity can be further bifurcated on the basis of fuel as shown in Table 1. Thermal based power generation (coal, gas and oil) contribute 66.63% in total. In that coal fired thermal power plants have the installed capacity of 117833.38 MW percentage of share in total power generation is 56.92%. But, the coal availability in India not at all sufficient for long run of thermal power plant, at present they are importing cola from Asian countries. Gas fired combined cycle power plants have the installed capacity 18903.05 MW percentage of share in total power generation is 9.13%. Now in India CNG resources are found varies river basins so, more scope to increase the power generation capacity by gas fired combined cycle in India. Diesel oil based power plants have the 0.57% share on total power generation. These plants are used for pick load demand condition only, because the power generation cost is high compared to coal and gas fired power plants. renewable energy sources (RES) contributing significantly in total installed capacity. Presently, 12.07% power produces from different renewable energy sources such as small hydro-power project, biomass gasifier, industrial and urban waste and biomass power etc. The installed capacity of renewable energy based power station is less than 25 MW. The growth rate in net power generation unit is above 5.5% on annual basis in the 11th plan, but it is clear from Fig. 4 that in the year 2008–09 the growth rate was about 2.7%. This may be due to the commissioning and operation of new power station and at the same it is also affected by shortage of fuel. State wise electricity generation form different fuel sources are presented in Fig. 5. Maharastra state having maximum electricity generation about 21604.24 MW and lowest generation in Manipur state about 157.8 MW.
A hydroelectric power plant converts the inherent energy of water under pressure into electric energy. It has the installed power generation capacity of 38748.40 MW (Dec, 2011). There is about 20% contribution of hydro-power of total power generation capacities. India is blessed with the immense amount of hydroelectric potential and ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydropotential on the global scenario. As per assessment made by CEA, India is endowed with economically exploitable hydro-power potential to the tune of 148700 MW of installed capacity [15]. The basin/rivers wise assessment of the potential has been shown in Table 2. Still India has the scope to install hydro-power capacity more than 0.1 million MW. Mini- and micro-hydro-power generation is quite possible on small rivers, canals etc. as it could be beneficial in utilization of all existing water reservoirs and streams so as to generate hydropower which is renewable in nature [16]. 3.2. Wind power generation scenario The Wind power program in India was initiated towards the end of the Sixth Plan, in 1983–84. A notable feature of the Indian program has been the interest among private investors/developers in setting up of commercial wind power projects [17]. Wind energy power projects are capital intensive and hence investors have to be provided continuous support [18]. The gross potential is 48,561 MW and a total of about 14158 MW of commercial projects have been established until March 31, 2009 is shown in Table 3. 3.3. Nuclear power generation scenario India is still seeking more power generation from nuclear power generation because it has plenty of Uranium reserves. Presently India has 4780 MW Nuclear power capacity and 2.57% share in the total power generation. An excellent safety culture and robust regulatory mechanism have been established. On the year 1969, Two boiler water reactors (BWR) were set up on turnkey basis by the General Electric USA at Tarapur to demonstrate the viability of nuclear power in India. Presently India is installing the pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWR) based nuclear power plants only. Nuclear Power Corporation India Ltd., (NPCIL) has been monitoring nuclear power plants which are shown in Table 4.
4. Improvement potentials of power generation capacities In 12th plan, India needs to establish 0.1 million MW capacity of new power plants. The excessive use of coal and other fossil fuels has led to accumulation of the enormous amount of greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere and a resultant global
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Fig. 5. State wise installed capacity in MW.
Table 2 The basin/rivers wise assessed potential of hydroelectric power [15]. Basin/rivers
Probable installed capacity (MW)
Indus basin 33,832 Ganga basin 20,711 Central Indian river system 4152 Western Flowing rivers of southern India 9430 Eastern Flowing rivers of southern India 14,511 Brahmaputra basin 66,065 Total 148,701
Table 3 India state-wise wind power installed capacity in India [17]. State
Gross potential (MW)
Total capacity (MW) till 31.03.2011
Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Others Total (all India)
8968 10,645 11,531 1171 1019 4584 255 4858 5530 – 48,561
200.2 2175.6 1730.1 32.8 275.5 2310.7 – 1524.7 5904.4 4 14,158
warming. There is scope for increment in the hydro-power plant capacity by 0.1 million MW. However, it requires large storages, which will have to be constructed if the flow of rivers is too regulated to secure a large amount of firm power. There is a limit to the construction of storages, as they involve heavy cost, submerging of large area etc. Further, during monsoon, uncontrolled discharges flow in the rivers, and these could be harnessed, provided the hydro stations are linked with thermal stations located within reasonable distance. Wind power has a potential of 0.03 million MW capacity, but this one is also
intermittent only. Amongst the renewable energy sources, solar power generation undoubtedly offers the most promising and viable option for electricity generation for the present and future. The average intensity of solar radiation received in India is 200 MW/km2, with a geographical area of 3.287 million km2. Thus, only 12.5% of the land area amounting to 0.413 million km2 can be used for solar energy installations. Even if 10% of this area can be used, the available solar energy would be 8 million MW, which is equivalent to 5909 mt (million tons of oil equivalents) per annum [20]. Gupta and Kaushik [21] have carried out a case study of a typical 50 kW solar thermal power plant, and a 220 MW coal fired thermal power plant. The effect of using the same input, solar thermal energy of a typical solar thermal power plant, if used as an aided source in a 220 MW coal fired thermal power plant for feed water preheating was investigated. Reddy et al. [22] has studied solar aided feed water heating option for 210 MW thermal power plant, they found an instantaneous increase in power generation capacity of about 35% is observed by substituting turbine bleed streams to all the low pressure and high pressure feed water heaters by solar feed water heaters. However, the efficiency of the power plant is decreasing. Reedy et al. [23] studied the performance of solar aided natural gas fired based power plant. An instantaneous increase in power generation capacity of about 10% is observed by substituting solar thermal energy for feed water heater and low pressure steam generation. By the solar aided options, it requires more land area and large storage capacity. At present, IIT Bombay, IOCL and Sun Borne Energy pvt. Ltd. have been establishing pilot projects of the solar alone thermal power plants at solar energy center (SEC), Delhi for research and development purpose. It will be helpful for further research and establishment of commercial solar alone thermal plant across the India.
5. Energetic and exergetic based performance assessment of power generation options Number of thermodynamic relations between energy and exergy losses and capital costs for thermal systems have been
V.Siva Reddy et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 18 (2013) 43–48
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Table 4 Nuclear power plants installed capacity in India [19]. Plant
Unit
Type
Capacity (MWe)
Date of commercial operation
Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS), Maharashtra Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS), Maharashtra Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS), Maharashtra Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS), Maharashtra Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS), Rajasthan Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS), Rajasthan Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS), Rajasthan Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS), Rajasthan Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS), Rajasthan Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS), Rajasthan Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS), Tamil Nadu Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS), Tamil Nadu Kaiga Generating Station, Karnataka Kaiga Generating Station, Karnataka Kaiga Generating Station, Karnataka Kaiga Generating Station, Karnataka Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS), Uttar Pradesh Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS), Uttar Pradesh Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS), Gujarat Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS), Gujarat
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 1 2
BWR BWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR PHWR
160 160 540 540 100 200 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220
October 28, 1969 October 28, 1969 August 18, 2006 September 12, 2005 December 16,1973 April 1,1981 June 1, 2000 December 23, 2000 February 4, 2010 March 31, 2010 January 27,1984 March 21,1986 November 16, 2000 March 16, 2000 May 6, 2007 January 20, 2011 January 1,1991 July 1,1992 May 6, 1993 September 11,995
proposed and developed and applied to a modern coal fired electrical generating station. Rosen and Dincer [24] discussed the thermo-economic analysis of power plants and concluded that the thermodynamic losses considered (energy and exergy loss), a significant parameter appears to be the ratio of the thermodynamic loss rate to the capital cost. A systematic correlation appears to exist between exergy loss rate and capital cost but not between energy loss rate and capital cost. This conclusion is based on the observation that the relative spread in the value of thermodynamic loss rate to capital cost ratio for different devices is large when based on energy loss and smaller when based on exergy loss. Devices in modern coal fired electrical generating stations appear to conform approximately to a particular value of the thermodynamic loss rate to the capital cost ratio (based on exergy loss), which reflects the ‘‘appropriate’’ trade-off between exergy losses and capital costs that is practiced in successful plant designs. The most effective energy conversion technology is, at present, the arrangement of a gas turbine with a steam turbine bottoming cycle [25]. A 240 MW combined cycle power plant with a large gas turbine (150 MW) was optimized using evolutionary algorithms by Koch et al. [26]. Different values of the structural variables used during the study represent different interconnections among the plant components. The stochastic search strategy tool was used to find an optimal solution. It was found that the application of the exergy to the analysis and evaluation of intermediate results and of the final solution increases the understanding of the process. Exergy is closely related to the economic value of an energy carrier as supported by Bejan et al.[27]. Economic optimization and its assessment on the basis of the unit costs of electricity production is very tedious task. In this connection a strategy for simplifying the resolution of the rigorous economic optimization problem of power plants has been proposed by Godoy et al. [28], which is based on the economic optima distinctive characteristics and it describes the behavior of the decision variables of the power plant on its optima. Ahmadi and Dincer [29] discussed a combined cycle power plant (CCPP) with a supplementary firing system and thermodynamically analyzed through energy and exergy. They applied a generic algorithm (GA) type optimization method to obtain optimum efficiency. The influences of changes in the demand power and fuel cost are studied by considering three different output powers (i.e., 160, 180 and 200 MW). They compared their results obtained from developed model with actual data. The results show that the
average difference between the model results and the actual data is about 1.41%. Kaushik et al. [30] discuss the energy and exergy analyses of different components of coal based thermal power plants. They mentioned that most of the power plants are designed on the basis of energetic performance which is based on first law of thermodynamics only. By energetic performance, the real useful energy loss cannot be justified because; it does not differentiate between the quality of energy. So there is need to assess the realistic performance of power, it should be based on exergetic assessment. Suresh et al. [31] proposed the optimization approach based on artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA) to assess the performance of a high ash coal-fired supercritical power plant. They discuss that the efficiency of the coal-fired power plants depends on various operating parameters such as main steam/ reheat steam pressures and temperatures, turbine extraction pressures, and excess air ratio for a given fuel. However, simultaneous optimization of all these operating parameters to achieve the maximum plant efficiency is a challenging task. The power plant simulation data obtained from a flow-sheet program, ‘‘CycleTempo’’ is used to train the artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the energy input through fuel (coal). A unit size of 800 MW currently under development in India is considered to carry out the thermodynamic analysis based on energy and exergy. Limited literature are available on exergetic analysis of the solar concentrators aided natural gas fired combined cycle power plant. Reedy et al. [23] studied the performance of the solar concentrators aided natural gas fired based power plant on exergetic basis. An instantaneous increase in power generation capacity of about 10% is observed by substituting solar thermal energy for feed water heater and low pressure steam generation. It was found that the utilization of solar energy for feed water heating, and low pressure steam generation was more effective based on exergetic analysis rather than energetic analysis. Efficiencies of solar concentrator aided coal fired thermal power plant and combined cycle power plant appear high as compared to solar alone thermal power plant and low as compared to commercial power plants. Furthermore scope in the solar aided option for research. Solar alone thermal power uses concentrated solar radiation as a high temperature energy source to produce electricity through heat engine cycles. There are basically four types of high temperature
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solar concentrating collectors (linear Fresnel reflector system (673 K), parabolic trough system (653 K), central tower receiver system (1273 K) and parabolic dish system (1273 K)) [32]. Hydroelectric plants have an efficiency of about 75%, i.e, 3/4th of energy going into the plants is converted to electricity, and the efficiency of the conventional electric power plant is only about 30%. Two-thirds of energy in these plants is lost that goes up the smoke stack or is carried away by the water used to cool the exhaust steam [33]. Wind power has been utilized by mankind since thousands of years to propel boats and mill grain. In the areas where the wind blows consistently at speeds in excess of 8–16 kph, it is possible to build wind mills that generate electricity [32].
6. Conclusion India’s energy-mix comprises both fossil fuels (coal, lignite, petroleum and natural gas) and renewable energy sources (wind, solar, small hydro, biomass etc.). The fossil fuels, with about three-fifths of the country’s power generation capacity being dependent on vast indigenous reserves of coal. However, electricity demand is higher during crop irrigation time and in summer when cooling load for human comfort is extremely higher than the supply. Ultimately, it leads unpredicted power cut and sometime whole power generating systems shutdown; many time blackouts have been pointed out in India. This is because of infrastructure problems. The blackout ‘‘is symbolic of the infrastructure bottlenecks of the country. On the hand, India faces the problem of coal to feed all its new coal-burning power plants. The coal supply has not been matching with power sector demand sometime hardy getting any kind of coal [34]. Natural gas based generation capacity has also grown very rapidly in the last decade due to lower capital requirements, shorter construction periods, and higher efficiencies have a 1/12th share in the overall capacity. Power generation from nuclear fuel is still limited due to security and safety view point. Fortunately, India is rich enough as far as renewable energy source is concerned. The sustainable development is impossible without using renewable energy sources. Among the renewable energy sources, solar power generation undoubtedly offers the most promising and viable option for electricity generation for the present and future. References [1] Jaber JO, Badran OO, Abu-Shikhah N. Sustainable energy and environmental impact: role of renewable as clean and secure source of energy for the 21st century in Jordan. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 2004;6:174–86. [2] Sanpasertparnich T, Aroonwilas A. Simulation and optimization of coal-fired power plants. Energy Procedia 2009;1:3851–8. [3] Erdem HH, Dagdas A, Sevilgen SH, Cetin B, Akkaya AV, Sahin B, et al. Thermodynamic analysis of an existing coal-fired power plant for district heating/cooling application. Applied Thermal Engineering 2010;30:181–7. [4] BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2010. British petroleum, /http:// www.bp.com/productlanding.do?categoryId=6929&contentId=7044622S; 2010 [accessed 15.03.11]. [5] Central Electricity Authority (CEA), 2010. Monthly generation report, /http:// www.cea.nic.in/god/opm/Monthly_Generation_Report/18col_A_10_03/ actual-mar10.htmS; 2011 [accessed 15.03.11]. [6] Indian renewable energy status report. NREL/TP 6A20-48948 _ October. /http:// www.nrel.gov/S; 2010.
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