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Reward positivity, but not feedback negativity, is sensitive to reward context in a gambling task
342
Symposia Abstracts / International Journal of Psychophysiology 85 (2012) 291–360
Reward positivity, but not feedback negativity, is sensitive to reward context in a gambling task S. Kothura, M. Cartebukea, S. Brewera, P. Collinsb, E. Bernata a Florida State University, FL, USA b University of Minnesota, MN, USA Recent work has identified two event-related potential (ERP) components in response to performance feedback in gambling tasks: feedback negativity (FN) and reward positivity (RP). Time–frequency (TF) analysis has indicated that the FN is maximal in the theta band (3–7 Hz), while the RP is maximal in the delta band (0–3 Hz) (Bernat et al., 2011). Theta/FN is larger for negative outcomes, and understood to index a simple response to primary, or most salient, feedback attributes (e.g. gain vs. loss). Similar to the theta/FN, delta/RP is sensitive to primary attributes (although greater for rewards); however, it is also sensitive to more complex feedback attributes (Bernat et al., in review). The current study aimed to further assess this idea by testing the hypothesis that delta, but not theta, would be sensitive to more complex reward context information formed by the outcome on the previous trial (i.e. current–previous: gain– gain, gain–loss, loss–gain, loss–loss). Results confirmed that delta was larger for consecutive gains than single gains, while theta amplitude was not modulated by consecutive relative to single losses. Further, delta magnitude scaled linearly with the amount of gain, where consecutive gains produced the largest response, followed by single gains, single losses, and consecutive losses. Theta magnitude, on the other hand, was characterized primarily by a qualitative and significant difference between current trial loss relative to current trial gain, i.e. relatively insensitive to the previous trial outcome, unlike delta. Findings bolster the idea that delta is sensitive to more complex secondary information, and newly suggest that delta is particularly sensitive to the amount of gain or reward context, while theta is sensitive primarily to immediate or local loss outcomes, and relatively insensitive to broader contextual parameters.
Fig. 1. Decomposition of feedback ERPs.
Fig. 2. Delta linear scaling by reward context.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.06.140
Similarities in time–frequency structure of ERPs from preadolescence to early adulthood S.M. Malonea, E.M. Bernatb, W.G. Iaconoa University of Minnesota, MN, USA b Florida State University, FL, USA
a
Principal component analysis (PCA) has been successfully used to derive meaningful dimensions from ERP data, including time– frequency representations of ERPs. However, studies using PCA have been primarily cross-sectional; it remains to be seen whether PCAbased decompositions are useful in longitudinal studies, particularly studies examining high-dimensional measures such as those produced by time–frequency transforms. In the present study we examined stability and change in time–frequency components derived from average ERPs using the reduced interference distribution of Cohen's class. ERPs were collected from a large (N = 1503) population-based sample of individuals studied longitudinally, beginning at age 11 and continuing at approximately 3-year intervals until they were in their mid-twenties. The sample consisted of the younger cohort of the Minnesota Twin Family Study (MTFS), an ongoing longitudinal study of substance abuse and related psychopathology. Their mean age was approximately 12, 15, 18, 21, and 25 at the different assessments. EEG was recorded as subjects performed a moderately difficult visual discrimination task, the rotated heads oddball task. Marked differences were evident in the grand mean ERPs across assessments. Despite this, PCA of ERPs from Pz followed by varimax rotation suggested 5 components for the time–frequency transforms at each assessment, which accounted for well over 80% of the total variance in each case. Because the sample consisted of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins, we were able to examine twin resemblance for components cross-sectionally. If the PCA-derived components reflect meaningful time–frequency features, one would expect substantial twin resemblance for them. Indeed, large intraclass correlations for MZ twins relative to DZ twins indicated that there were sizeable heritable individual differences in component scores. As with the grand mean ERP, there was evidence of developmental change in the PCA components (loadings). Nevertheless, congruence coefficients between loadings matrices obtained at successive ages indicated that each component at one age had a close match at the next; congruence coefficients between matching components were consistently large in magnitude, ranging from 0.87 to 1.00, with a median of 0.97. By contrast, coefficients between other pairs of loadings were near 0, with a median of 0.05. Components were thus unambiguously similar across age. To investigate further whether the components obtained at different ages truly reflected the same phenomenon, we analyzed growth curves in component peak amplitudes and latencies by treating matching components from the congruence analyses as identical. “Stability” correlations between component scores at successive ages were moderately large, ranging from .60 to over .75 (Mdn, .73). Growth curve analyses yielded plausible estimates of fixed effects (i.e., intercept and slope) as well as large and consistent individual differences in scores over time. Finally, we conducted biometric versions of these growth curve analyses, which indicated significant heritable and other familial influences on growth curve parameters. These findings convincingly indicate that the components obtained at the different assessments reflected the same source of time–frequency activity; they appear to be isomorphic. Change in time–frequency features across assessments was subtle, consisting of change in amplitude and timing (latency) of the components and their relative contributions, rather than in component configuration. The notable change in the grand mean ERP and its time–frequency representation from preadolescence into early adulthood appears to occur through a steady process of subtle change. That our sample consisted of twins allowed us in addition
Symposia Abstracts / International Journal of Psychophysiology 85 (2012) 291–360
Reward positivity, but not feedback negativity, is sensitive to reward context in a gambling task S. Kothura, M. Cartebukea, S. Brewera, P. Collinsb, E. Bernata a Florida State University, FL, USA b University of Minnesota, MN, USA Recent work has identified two event-related potential (ERP) components in response to performance feedback in gambling tasks: feedback negativity (FN) and reward positivity (RP). Time–frequency (TF) analysis has indicated that the FN is maximal in the theta band (3–7 Hz), while the RP is maximal in the delta band (0–3 Hz) (Bernat et al., 2011). Theta/FN is larger for negative outcomes, and understood to index a simple response to primary, or most salient, feedback attributes (e.g. gain vs. loss). Similar to the theta/FN, delta/RP is sensitive to primary attributes (although greater for rewards); however, it is also sensitive to more complex feedback attributes (Bernat et al., in review). The current study aimed to further assess this idea by testing the hypothesis that delta, but not theta, would be sensitive to more complex reward context information formed by the outcome on the previous trial (i.e. current–previous: gain– gain, gain–loss, loss–gain, loss–loss). Results confirmed that delta was larger for consecutive gains than single gains, while theta amplitude was not modulated by consecutive relative to single losses. Further, delta magnitude scaled linearly with the amount of gain, where consecutive gains produced the largest response, followed by single gains, single losses, and consecutive losses. Theta magnitude, on the other hand, was characterized primarily by a qualitative and significant difference between current trial loss relative to current trial gain, i.e. relatively insensitive to the previous trial outcome, unlike delta. Findings bolster the idea that delta is sensitive to more complex secondary information, and newly suggest that delta is particularly sensitive to the amount of gain or reward context, while theta is sensitive primarily to immediate or local loss outcomes, and relatively insensitive to broader contextual parameters.
Fig. 1. Decomposition of feedback ERPs.
Fig. 2. Delta linear scaling by reward context.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.06.140
Similarities in time–frequency structure of ERPs from preadolescence to early adulthood S.M. Malonea, E.M. Bernatb, W.G. Iaconoa University of Minnesota, MN, USA b Florida State University, FL, USA
a
Principal component analysis (PCA) has been successfully used to derive meaningful dimensions from ERP data, including time– frequency representations of ERPs. However, studies using PCA have been primarily cross-sectional; it remains to be seen whether PCAbased decompositions are useful in longitudinal studies, particularly studies examining high-dimensional measures such as those produced by time–frequency transforms. In the present study we examined stability and change in time–frequency components derived from average ERPs using the reduced interference distribution of Cohen's class. ERPs were collected from a large (N = 1503) population-based sample of individuals studied longitudinally, beginning at age 11 and continuing at approximately 3-year intervals until they were in their mid-twenties. The sample consisted of the younger cohort of the Minnesota Twin Family Study (MTFS), an ongoing longitudinal study of substance abuse and related psychopathology. Their mean age was approximately 12, 15, 18, 21, and 25 at the different assessments. EEG was recorded as subjects performed a moderately difficult visual discrimination task, the rotated heads oddball task. Marked differences were evident in the grand mean ERPs across assessments. Despite this, PCA of ERPs from Pz followed by varimax rotation suggested 5 components for the time–frequency transforms at each assessment, which accounted for well over 80% of the total variance in each case. Because the sample consisted of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins, we were able to examine twin resemblance for components cross-sectionally. If the PCA-derived components reflect meaningful time–frequency features, one would expect substantial twin resemblance for them. Indeed, large intraclass correlations for MZ twins relative to DZ twins indicated that there were sizeable heritable individual differences in component scores. As with the grand mean ERP, there was evidence of developmental change in the PCA components (loadings). Nevertheless, congruence coefficients between loadings matrices obtained at successive ages indicated that each component at one age had a close match at the next; congruence coefficients between matching components were consistently large in magnitude, ranging from 0.87 to 1.00, with a median of 0.97. By contrast, coefficients between other pairs of loadings were near 0, with a median of 0.05. Components were thus unambiguously similar across age. To investigate further whether the components obtained at different ages truly reflected the same phenomenon, we analyzed growth curves in component peak amplitudes and latencies by treating matching components from the congruence analyses as identical. “Stability” correlations between component scores at successive ages were moderately large, ranging from .60 to over .75 (Mdn, .73). Growth curve analyses yielded plausible estimates of fixed effects (i.e., intercept and slope) as well as large and consistent individual differences in scores over time. Finally, we conducted biometric versions of these growth curve analyses, which indicated significant heritable and other familial influences on growth curve parameters. These findings convincingly indicate that the components obtained at the different assessments reflected the same source of time–frequency activity; they appear to be isomorphic. Change in time–frequency features across assessments was subtle, consisting of change in amplitude and timing (latency) of the components and their relative contributions, rather than in component configuration. The notable change in the grand mean ERP and its time–frequency representation from preadolescence into early adulthood appears to occur through a steady process of subtle change. That our sample consisted of twins allowed us in addition