Risk assessment by exposure to fluorine through water consumption, by determining susceptibility biomarkers and effect in child population of San Luis Potosi

Abstracts / Toxicology Letters 259S (2016) S73–S247

PP9.11 Impact of pottery use in Tlaxcala population M. Acosta-Tlapalamatl 1 , E. Ortiz-Ortiz 2 , E. García-Nieto 1 , L. Juárez-Santacruz 1 1

Maestría en Ciencias en Sistemas del Ambiente, CIGyA, UATx, Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico 2 Facultad de Odontología, UATx, Tlaxcala, Mexico Introduction: Pottery activity is an environmental risk factor for the population of Tlaxcala, where there are still 13 towns engaged in this labor; it has several exposure routes such as the occupational exposure related to the application of lead-based enamels (greta, litharge and albayalde), the inhalation of smoke emitted by furnaces during the cooking of earthenware, and the use of glazed clay pots to cook, store and consume foods. Objective: The first interest of this work was to assess blood lead level (BLL) in paired samples from potters in order to verify the precision and reliability of the LeadCare II® System (LCS) in comparison to the results from the Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) with the principal goal to use the LCS in individuals without any occupational or environmental exposure history to pottery. Another aim was quantifying lead in 3 foods cooked in lead-glazed clay recipients. Materials and methods: BLL in pottery-glaze workers (25–50 years old; n = 25) from the municipality of San Pablo del Monte were quantified by GFAAS and LCS, this last method was used in the general population (adults: 22 to 36 years old, n = 9; and children: 3–14 years old, n = 38). The lead levels in Mexican food (rice, beans, and mole) cooked in lead-glazed clay recipients were quantified through GFAAS. Results: The paired data showed a significant correlation (r = 0.976; p < 0.001), a mean difference of 3.3 ␮g/dL (CL = −2.4 to 9), and an intraclass correlation coefficient value of 0.928; these results indicate a good concordance between both methods. The BLL in the pottery-glaze workers (32.0 ␮g/dL; IR = 16.1) was higher than the general population (children = 5.4 ␮g/dL; IR = 5.9, and adults = 8.3 ␮g/dL; IR = 2.7). Lead in food exceeded the maximum level include in the Codex Alimentarius. Conclusions: The use of pottery persists as a potential risk in Tlaxcala State population. It is therefore important that the inspection programs verify the changeover to enamel without lead and the compliance with the Mexican regulations are permanent and ongoing, as well as reinforcing the public health program of the State to reduce the exposure to this metal and to protect the population. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.315 PP9.12 Montevideo’s health care centers, mercury sources identification and quantification M. Méndez 1 , M. Perdomo 2 , D. Pose 1 , C. Lindner 2 , J. Torres 3 , A. Laborde 1 1

Departamento de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Montevideo, Uruguay 2 Red de Atención del Primer Nivel Metropolitana, Administración de los Servicios de Salud del Estado, Montevideo, Uruguay 3 Dirección Nacional de Medio Ambiente, Ministerio de Vivienda, Ordenamiento Territorial y Medio Ambiente, Montevideo, Uruguay Introduction: Health Centers are an important source of mercury emissions to the environment. Under the “Project for the

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Sound Management of Mercury Products”-FB/URU/10/001 in JulyAugust 2012 a survey of mercury-containing products in 6 health care centers of Montevideo was performed. Objective: To find out quantitatively mercury inputs and spill management protocols existence. Materials and methods: Descriptive study. Considering representative metropolitan area centers with different complexity and query volume, we chose four Primary Health Care Centers, a General Hospital and the Pediatric Hospital. Information arose from interviews, previous records and direct observation. The amounts of mercury were calculated based on the number of existing mercury-containing products at the time of the survey. Data processing was carried out with Excel. Results: From 2006 to 2008, mercury technology in all centers was gradually replaced. Total contributions of mercury (10.6 kg) according to different sources were, in use/stored respectively: clinical thermometers 40.5/494.5 g; sphyngomanometers 3000/5125 g; stock/waste mercury amalgams 1550/110 g; chemicals and pharmaceuticals 24.46/92 g; lamps 92.64/32.85 g. In use only: laboratory and equipment thermometers 57 g, button batteries (936 units) 5.05 g. In all centers sphyngomanometers were the primary mercury source. These and luminaire (25,490 units) were mainly found in hospitals. As second mercury source, 20–300 amalgams were prepared per year. No spills were reported. Only one Center had a written protocol for spills. Disposal was irregular in almost all cases. Conclusions: As in other studies the main contribution of mercury was sphyngomanometers (76.5%). Amalgams were the second source. Despite the large number of lamps and button batteries, their contribution in mercury was low. Mercury waste management programs and spill protocols are still needed. Financial support: Global Environment Facility (GEF) funds. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.316 PP9.13 Risk assessment by exposure to fluorine through water consumption, by determining susceptibility biomarkers and effect in child population of San Luis Potosi ˜ 1 , J. Mejía-Saavedra 1 , N. Molina-Frechero 2 , A. L. Jarquín-Yánez Pozos-Guillen 3 , G. Álvarez 3 1

Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, S.L.P, Mexico 2 División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México D.F., Mexico 3 Laboratorio de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, S.L.P, Mexico Introduction: Fluoride is one of the most common contaminants in water and high and prolonged consumption causes various diseases. Not all exposed individuals develop a medical conditions or symptoms related to the consumption of fluoride, suggesting that genetic variability is important. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the health risk from exposure to fluoride through drinking water by determining biomarkers of susceptibility and effect on child population of San Luis Potosi. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out that included 111 children residing in a community with high concentrations of fluoride in the drinking water. Fluoride exposure was determined by measuring urine fluoride concentration using the potentiometric method with an ion selective electrode. Samples of epithelial cells in the mouth, for the determination of polymorphic

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Abstracts / Toxicology Letters 259S (2016) S73–S247

variants associated with the health effects caused by fluoride, were taken. Amplification by PCR was performed for COL1A2 gene. The diagnosis of dental fluorosis was performed by clinical examination using Thylstrup-Fejerskov index. Results: The results showed an average concentration of fluoride in drinking water of 4.54 mg/L, an average exposure level of 3.14 mg/L, the prevalence of dental fluorosis of 100% and a prevalence of polymorphism in the COL1A2 gene of 47.5% in the population. Conclusions: The level of contamination is very high fluoride, dental fluorosis in the population is a serious public health and the presence of the polymorphism in the COL1A2 gene associated with the health effects of fluoride is an important finding in the Mexican population. More studies are needed to confirm the association of the polymorphism with dental fluorosis and to evaluate the health impact that the presence of the polymorphism causes. Financial support: Fondo sectorial SS/IMSS/ISSTE y CONACyT. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.317 PP9.14 Alteration in biochemical parameters and genotoxic damage in population exposed to nitrates in drinking water D.D. Gandarilla-Esparza, R. Pérez-Morales, C. Fraire-Galindo, S. Nieto-González, E.Y. Calleros-Rincón Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico Introduction: The environmental degradation caused by the inadequate managing of wastewater, manure, excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides have increased the levels of nitrate in drinking water. Ingested nitrate is reduced to nitrite promoting the formation of methemoglobin, as alterations at biochemical parameters as levels of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides. Through the metabolism of nitrate reactive species that can damage DNA and proteins are generated, or even disrupt the operation of target organs. Objective: Analyze the alterations in biochemical parameters and the genotoxic damage in a population exposed to nitrates in drinking water. Materials and methods: 148 volunteers (5 males and 143 females, age range 18–45 years) that are exposed to 12.5 mg/L N–NO3 − in drinking water. All volunteers had been living in Lerdo, Durango, Mexico for more than 1 year and shared similar dietary habits. Levels of NO2 /NO3 in plasma, methemoglobin percentage and biochemical parameters were determined by spectrophotometry. Genotoxic damage was determined by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus method. All individuals gave informed consent to participate in this study. Results: Exposure to nitrate increases the percentage of methemoglobin (2.6%) and was positively correlated with levels of NO2 /NO3 in plasma (r2 = 0.20, p = 0.01). The biochemical parameters levels of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides exceed reference levels (around of 35%). In genotoxic damage, the frequency of micronucleus was increased (39%); nuclear buds and nucleoplasmic bridges to (∼23%), all these values are out of the ranges reference. Conclusions: This study suggests an association between the intake of high concentrations of nitrates and the alterations in biochemical parameters and genotoxic damage. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.318

PP9.15 Effects of glutamine, caffeine and interferon-gamma on mercury compounds-induced SH-SY5Y cytotoxicity A.B. Engin 1 , E.D. Engin 2 , A.M. Tsatsakis 3,4 , K. Golokhvast 4 1 Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Hipodrom, Ankara, Turkey 2 Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey 3 Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece 4 Scientific Educational Center of Nanotechnology, Far Eastern Federal University, Engineering School, Vladivostok, Russia

Introduction: Mercury is a widespread environmental contaminant and well-known to be a neurotoxin. In particular, dopaminergic neurons are more susceptible to mercury compounds-induced cytotoxicity due to high amounts of uptake and accumulation in brain. The increased concentrations of mercury compounds in the brain accuse to contribute to the glutamate dyshomeostasis and oxidative stress. However, the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated. Objectives: The modulation of glutamate signal-transmission through the NMDA or AMPA receptors via caffeine and interferongamma on inorganic and organic mercury induced cell death were evaluated. Materials and methods: SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were exposed to 1–5 ␮M of mercury chloride and methylmercury at 24 and 48 h period in the absence or presence of glutamate and/or interferon-gamma. Additionally, mercury exposed cells were incubated with 10–50 ␮M caffeine. The mitochondrial metabolic activity was determined by MTT assay, while the cells were count after treatment with trypan blue dye. Nitric oxide levels were measured spectrophotometrically. Results: In the glutamine-free medium, mercury-induced oxidative stress was not significantly altered in neither first nor second 24 h, whereas toxic effects of mercury compounds were significantly increased in L-glutamine containing medium especially during the second cell cycle. More importantly, we demonstrated that caffeine substantially inhibited mercury-induced oxidative stress. IFN-gamma addition to microglia-free culture resulted in decreased SH-SY5Y cells survival and increased oxidative stress. Conclusions: These data suggest that mercury-induced neuronal death is dependent on glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. Adenosine receptors blockage by caffeine equivalent doses of daily coffee consumption may reduce the vulnerability to mercuryinduced oxidative stress. IFN-gamma addition to microglia-free culture resulted in decreased SH-SY5Y cells survival and increased oxidative stress. Financial support: Supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, 214S112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.319