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River profiles
37 °
Wales a n d Comments.
[J. F. 1.,
say t h a t it consists essentially in a d o p t i n g for t h e submerged portion of the b r e a k w a t e r a cross-section determined by t h e action of t h e sea itself, instead of a m u c h flatter slope, such as was previously supposed (without experim e n t a l reason) to be necessary. Lieutenant-Colonel Charles W. Raymond, t h e e n g i n e e r in charge, is entitled to the credit of h a v i n g proposed this bold innovation, secured for it, by his a r g u m e n t s a n d e x p e r i m e n t a l proofs, the approval o f t h e Board of U n i t e d States Engineers, a n d supervised its e x e c u tion with vigilance a n d intelligence. I n t h e words of General Gillespie the work is " a m o n u m e n t to his efficiency a n d skill as an e n g i n e e r . " During t h e progress of its construction t h e new Delaware Breakwater has been visited by m a n y engineers and has been watched w i t h great interest, as certain~ if successful, to m a r k a memorable advance in the methods of h a r b o r engineering. Thus far t h e m i n n t e s t observations have failed to detect the least sign of weakness or inadequacy in t h e novel submarine section employed. F o r the local conditions t h e r e is no doubt t h a t t h e plan is successful. W h e t h e r it can be employed, and how it would have to be modified for other localities a n d conditions remains to be determined. T h e t h e o r y of i t - - n a m e l y , t h a t in any locality t h e sea itself should b e allowed to d e t e r m i n e the s u b m e r g e d section for a breakwater, or, in o t h e r words, t h a t the talus of the b r o k e n stone should b e t h a t w h i c h the sea has been f o u n d t o form, and thereafter not to d i s t u r b - - s e e m s to be universally applicable. At all events, no great structures of this class will be u n d e r t a k e n hereafter in t h e civilized world w i t h o u t careful consideration of this new American precedent.--Engineerbzg and 3lining Journal. RIVER PROFILES. An interesting and valuable publication of t h e D e p a r t m e n t of Hydrogr a p h y of t h e United States Geological Survey on t h e " P r o f i l e s of Rivers in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , " by H e n r y Gannet, has just been published, and is n o w available for distribution. It embodies w i t h i n ioo pages t h e leading facts of about 15o of t h e most i m p o r t a n t rivers a n d streams of t h e country, noting t h e i r length, drainage area, t h e location of water power in t h e i r course, their peculiarities of flow a n d t h e nature of t h e i r drainage basins. T h e rivers selected are those which are t h e largest in size and bear most directly upon t h e varied interests of t h e country, such as t h e Connecticut, Hudson, S n s q u e h a n n a , ~ Ohio, Potomac, Mississippi, Missouri, Platte, Colorado, Sacramento, Columbia a n d others. T h e figures for the tables showing h e i g h t above sea level a n d fall per mile were collected from various sources. Some were obtained from the reports of t h e Chief ]~ngineer of t h e United States Army, some from railroad companies w h e n t h e i r lines cross t h e stream, a n d some from t h e atlas sheets of t h e U n i t e d States Geological Survey. I n t h e case of such rivers as the Connecticut, Susquehanna, Mississippi a n d Colorado, where t h e s u r r o u n d i n g c o u n t r y is in part or whole of peculiar p h y s i o g r a p h i c interest, very excellent a n d vivid descriptions of its leading physical characteristics are given, w h i c h add to t h e interest and render it valuable from a n educational s t a n d p o i n t in geographic a n d physiographic instruction. T h e p a m p h l e t is t h e result of m u c h careful work, and is the first a t t e m p t to collect and compile this information in its present form. W.
Wales a n d Comments.
[J. F. 1.,
say t h a t it consists essentially in a d o p t i n g for t h e submerged portion of the b r e a k w a t e r a cross-section determined by t h e action of t h e sea itself, instead of a m u c h flatter slope, such as was previously supposed (without experim e n t a l reason) to be necessary. Lieutenant-Colonel Charles W. Raymond, t h e e n g i n e e r in charge, is entitled to the credit of h a v i n g proposed this bold innovation, secured for it, by his a r g u m e n t s a n d e x p e r i m e n t a l proofs, the approval o f t h e Board of U n i t e d States Engineers, a n d supervised its e x e c u tion with vigilance a n d intelligence. I n t h e words of General Gillespie the work is " a m o n u m e n t to his efficiency a n d skill as an e n g i n e e r . " During t h e progress of its construction t h e new Delaware Breakwater has been visited by m a n y engineers and has been watched w i t h great interest, as certain~ if successful, to m a r k a memorable advance in the methods of h a r b o r engineering. Thus far t h e m i n n t e s t observations have failed to detect the least sign of weakness or inadequacy in t h e novel submarine section employed. F o r the local conditions t h e r e is no doubt t h a t t h e plan is successful. W h e t h e r it can be employed, and how it would have to be modified for other localities a n d conditions remains to be determined. T h e t h e o r y of i t - - n a m e l y , t h a t in any locality t h e sea itself should b e allowed to d e t e r m i n e the s u b m e r g e d section for a breakwater, or, in o t h e r words, t h a t the talus of the b r o k e n stone should b e t h a t w h i c h the sea has been f o u n d t o form, and thereafter not to d i s t u r b - - s e e m s to be universally applicable. At all events, no great structures of this class will be u n d e r t a k e n hereafter in t h e civilized world w i t h o u t careful consideration of this new American precedent.--Engineerbzg and 3lining Journal. RIVER PROFILES. An interesting and valuable publication of t h e D e p a r t m e n t of Hydrogr a p h y of t h e United States Geological Survey on t h e " P r o f i l e s of Rivers in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , " by H e n r y Gannet, has just been published, and is n o w available for distribution. It embodies w i t h i n ioo pages t h e leading facts of about 15o of t h e most i m p o r t a n t rivers a n d streams of t h e country, noting t h e i r length, drainage area, t h e location of water power in t h e i r course, their peculiarities of flow a n d t h e nature of t h e i r drainage basins. T h e rivers selected are those which are t h e largest in size and bear most directly upon t h e varied interests of t h e country, such as t h e Connecticut, Hudson, S n s q u e h a n n a , ~ Ohio, Potomac, Mississippi, Missouri, Platte, Colorado, Sacramento, Columbia a n d others. T h e figures for the tables showing h e i g h t above sea level a n d fall per mile were collected from various sources. Some were obtained from the reports of t h e Chief ]~ngineer of t h e United States Army, some from railroad companies w h e n t h e i r lines cross t h e stream, a n d some from t h e atlas sheets of t h e U n i t e d States Geological Survey. I n t h e case of such rivers as the Connecticut, Susquehanna, Mississippi a n d Colorado, where t h e s u r r o u n d i n g c o u n t r y is in part or whole of peculiar p h y s i o g r a p h i c interest, very excellent a n d vivid descriptions of its leading physical characteristics are given, w h i c h add to t h e interest and render it valuable from a n educational s t a n d p o i n t in geographic a n d physiographic instruction. T h e p a m p h l e t is t h e result of m u c h careful work, and is the first a t t e m p t to collect and compile this information in its present form. W.