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Rock block modeling with interactive graphics
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES:ROCK BLOCKS between the two-dimensional analysis results are compared.
and
three-dimensional -from Authors
943203 Continuum models for layered and blocky rock H.-B. Muhlhaus, in: Comprehensive rock engineering. Vol. 2, ed I.A. Hudson, (Pergamon), 1993, pp 209-230. Firstly, an outline of the most important kinematic and static relationshi.'ps for.plan,e, infinitesimal deformations of Cosserat's continuum ~s gxvcn. The deformation measures introduced are used to model some salient aspects of the kinematics of granular and blocky materials. Next, the tangent stiffness matrix and the nodal force vector for finite element solutions of Cosscrat boundary value problems are derived. As an example the problem of a simple shear of an infinite layer is solved numerically and the results arc compared with the analytical solution of Schaefer. The derivation of a constitutive relationship for layered materials with bending stiffness is given. Following this, the yield criteria, flow rule and elasticities of a regular block structure are derived. Finally, the problem of localization of the deformation in connection with strain-softening materials is briefly discussed. -from Author 943204 Numerical modeling of discontinua P. A. Cundall & R. D. Hart, in: Comprehensive rock engineering. Vol. 2, cd J.A. Hudson, (Pergamon), 1993, pp 231-243. This chapter is not intended to be an exhaustive review or history of all the different approaches and applications of discrete element methods. The objective is to summarize important aspects in the modeling of systems of discrete bodies - both physical and numerical aspects - and to indicate the diversity of applications. Several applications arc illustrated. -from Authors 943205 An introduction to distinct element modeling for rock engineering
R. D. Hart, in: Comprehensive rock engineering. Vol. 2, ed J.A. Hudson, (Pergamon), 1993, pp 245-261. This chapter provides a general view and introduction to the distinct element method and its application in rock engineering projects. It begins with a revxew of the distinct element formulation and addresses some of the questions raised concerning the numerical basis for this technique. This is followed by general guidelines on the selection of parameters for a distract element model. The implications of parameter selection are also addressed. The chapter concludes with a discussion on a basic modeling dilemma for distinct element analysis in support of an engineering project: should the model include as much detail of the rock joint structure as possible, or should it focus primarily on simplified analysis? The effectiveness of a distract element model will depend on its selected role. -from Authors 943206 Some modern developments in block theory for rock engineering P. M. Warburton, in: Comprehensive rock engineering. Vol. 2, ed LA. Hudson, (Pergamon), 1993, pp 293-315. Stability analysis is outlined first, followed by a description of the capabilities of the program BLOCKS. Next comes a section on a laboratory assemblage of irregular wooden blocks, which was designed with the help of the Phrogram and showed up some interesting behavior beyond • scope of block theory. Finally, there is a novel rock bolt model, which assumes that a bolt supports a single block in much the same way that another block would. -from Author 943207 Rock block modeling with interactive graphics Dezhang Lin, in: Comprehensive rock engineering, Vol. 2, ed J.A. Hudson, (Pergamon), 1993, pp 317-347. A topological structure is developed to define three-dimensional fracture systems and block systems produced by these fracture systems. This structure provides a unified framework for the modeling and analysxs of the static and dynamic stability of blocky systems. A procedure for static analysis of blocky systems is also developed, based on the topological structure. The static stabili~ of the blocky system is analyzed using graph cormcctivxty. A procedure for dynamic analysis of a blocky system is developed, based
147A
on the same topological data structure used in the program for static analysis. The blocks are simulated as moving points in configuration space. The measures of both rotation and deformation are 'attached' to the moving blocks. -from Author 943208 Interactive computer graphics analysis of rock block movement M . D . Vocgele, in: Comprehensive rock engineering. Vol. 2, cd J.A. Hudson, (Pergamon), 1993, pp 371-385. The first part of this chapter summarizes several analyses to confirm the validity of solutions calculated by the block model. The models chosen for comparison am typically simple; some were based upon limit equilibrium principles, and the calculated solutions were seen to agree quite well with the limit equilibrium solutions. Following a discussion on the stability of Voussoir arches, the remainder of the chal~tcr is concerned with the behavior of a jointed mass wnen disturbed by an excavation. The discussion covers two broad topics: excavations that are stable without external support; and excavations that depend upon externally applied support for stability. The interactive capabilities of the graphics terminal are fully used in these studies, both to observe the behavior of the mass and to modify the model while the program is mrming. -from Author 943209 Analysis of explosions in h a r d rocks: the power of discrete element modeling F . E . Heuze, O. R. Walton, D. M. Maddix, R. J. Shaffer & T. R. Butkovich, in: Comprehensive rock engineering. Vol. 2, cd J.A. Hudson, (Pergamon), 19q3, pp 387-413. Presents in detail the attributes of discrete clement (DE) modelling. Theoretical aspects of block contact laws are discussed, allowing prediction of shock attenuation. A detailed section on simulations of near-surface explosions is given, with reference to the real datasets SULKY and STARMET. Both are analysed by DIBS, (discrete interaction block system), a 2 dimension polygonal model. Underground explosions (eg PILEDRIVER) are also simulated and analysed by DIBS. -R.Gower 943210 Rock mechanics in the 1990s: experimental techniques and l a b o r a t o r y investigations ed B. C. Haimson, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 30(7), 1993, pp 669-750. These papers were originally presented at the 34th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics, June 1993. Fifteen papers prowde an insight into current work in this field. Included within this section are papers on: mechanical properties and microstructure of tufts and shales; strength and deformation characteristics of sands and chalk; rock failure criteria; a description of a new surface microscope; and modelling of piers in soft rocks. -R.Gower 943211 Rock mechanics in the 1990s: block theory cd B. C. Haimson, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 30(7), 1993, pp 1575-1604. These p.apers were originally presented at the 34th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics, June 1993. Five papers discuss the following topics: water influence on key block behaviour; stability of multiple block sliding surfaces; joint orientation variation analysis; block failure likelihood; and computing 3 D key blocks delimited by joint traces on tunnel surfaces. -R.Gower 943212 Offset shotholes in west Texas: evidence for neotectonics, stress relief, or blasting phenomenon? H. W. Meinardus, N. A. Jasek, G. E. Grisak & G. J. Saulnier Jr, Bulletin Association of Engineering Geologists, 30(4), 1993, pp 427-442. The Downic Roadcut on US Highway 285, 9 mi north of Sanderson in Terrell County, Texas, exposes the gently dippin~ Cretaceous Santa Elena Formation. On the northcm thtrd of the east wall of the roadcut, some shothole traces are offset along three prominent bedding planes in an apparent updip direction. In order to determine the most plausxble mechanism for shothole offset, an extensive field investigation consisting of detailed structural mapping and fracture orientation measurements was conducted, and a
and
three-dimensional -from Authors
943203 Continuum models for layered and blocky rock H.-B. Muhlhaus, in: Comprehensive rock engineering. Vol. 2, ed I.A. Hudson, (Pergamon), 1993, pp 209-230. Firstly, an outline of the most important kinematic and static relationshi.'ps for.plan,e, infinitesimal deformations of Cosserat's continuum ~s gxvcn. The deformation measures introduced are used to model some salient aspects of the kinematics of granular and blocky materials. Next, the tangent stiffness matrix and the nodal force vector for finite element solutions of Cosscrat boundary value problems are derived. As an example the problem of a simple shear of an infinite layer is solved numerically and the results arc compared with the analytical solution of Schaefer. The derivation of a constitutive relationship for layered materials with bending stiffness is given. Following this, the yield criteria, flow rule and elasticities of a regular block structure are derived. Finally, the problem of localization of the deformation in connection with strain-softening materials is briefly discussed. -from Author 943204 Numerical modeling of discontinua P. A. Cundall & R. D. Hart, in: Comprehensive rock engineering. Vol. 2, cd J.A. Hudson, (Pergamon), 1993, pp 231-243. This chapter is not intended to be an exhaustive review or history of all the different approaches and applications of discrete element methods. The objective is to summarize important aspects in the modeling of systems of discrete bodies - both physical and numerical aspects - and to indicate the diversity of applications. Several applications arc illustrated. -from Authors 943205 An introduction to distinct element modeling for rock engineering
R. D. Hart, in: Comprehensive rock engineering. Vol. 2, ed J.A. Hudson, (Pergamon), 1993, pp 245-261. This chapter provides a general view and introduction to the distinct element method and its application in rock engineering projects. It begins with a revxew of the distinct element formulation and addresses some of the questions raised concerning the numerical basis for this technique. This is followed by general guidelines on the selection of parameters for a distract element model. The implications of parameter selection are also addressed. The chapter concludes with a discussion on a basic modeling dilemma for distinct element analysis in support of an engineering project: should the model include as much detail of the rock joint structure as possible, or should it focus primarily on simplified analysis? The effectiveness of a distract element model will depend on its selected role. -from Authors 943206 Some modern developments in block theory for rock engineering P. M. Warburton, in: Comprehensive rock engineering. Vol. 2, ed LA. Hudson, (Pergamon), 1993, pp 293-315. Stability analysis is outlined first, followed by a description of the capabilities of the program BLOCKS. Next comes a section on a laboratory assemblage of irregular wooden blocks, which was designed with the help of the Phrogram and showed up some interesting behavior beyond • scope of block theory. Finally, there is a novel rock bolt model, which assumes that a bolt supports a single block in much the same way that another block would. -from Author 943207 Rock block modeling with interactive graphics Dezhang Lin, in: Comprehensive rock engineering, Vol. 2, ed J.A. Hudson, (Pergamon), 1993, pp 317-347. A topological structure is developed to define three-dimensional fracture systems and block systems produced by these fracture systems. This structure provides a unified framework for the modeling and analysxs of the static and dynamic stability of blocky systems. A procedure for static analysis of blocky systems is also developed, based on the topological structure. The static stabili~ of the blocky system is analyzed using graph cormcctivxty. A procedure for dynamic analysis of a blocky system is developed, based
147A
on the same topological data structure used in the program for static analysis. The blocks are simulated as moving points in configuration space. The measures of both rotation and deformation are 'attached' to the moving blocks. -from Author 943208 Interactive computer graphics analysis of rock block movement M . D . Vocgele, in: Comprehensive rock engineering. Vol. 2, cd J.A. Hudson, (Pergamon), 1993, pp 371-385. The first part of this chapter summarizes several analyses to confirm the validity of solutions calculated by the block model. The models chosen for comparison am typically simple; some were based upon limit equilibrium principles, and the calculated solutions were seen to agree quite well with the limit equilibrium solutions. Following a discussion on the stability of Voussoir arches, the remainder of the chal~tcr is concerned with the behavior of a jointed mass wnen disturbed by an excavation. The discussion covers two broad topics: excavations that are stable without external support; and excavations that depend upon externally applied support for stability. The interactive capabilities of the graphics terminal are fully used in these studies, both to observe the behavior of the mass and to modify the model while the program is mrming. -from Author 943209 Analysis of explosions in h a r d rocks: the power of discrete element modeling F . E . Heuze, O. R. Walton, D. M. Maddix, R. J. Shaffer & T. R. Butkovich, in: Comprehensive rock engineering. Vol. 2, cd J.A. Hudson, (Pergamon), 19q3, pp 387-413. Presents in detail the attributes of discrete clement (DE) modelling. Theoretical aspects of block contact laws are discussed, allowing prediction of shock attenuation. A detailed section on simulations of near-surface explosions is given, with reference to the real datasets SULKY and STARMET. Both are analysed by DIBS, (discrete interaction block system), a 2 dimension polygonal model. Underground explosions (eg PILEDRIVER) are also simulated and analysed by DIBS. -R.Gower 943210 Rock mechanics in the 1990s: experimental techniques and l a b o r a t o r y investigations ed B. C. Haimson, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 30(7), 1993, pp 669-750. These papers were originally presented at the 34th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics, June 1993. Fifteen papers prowde an insight into current work in this field. Included within this section are papers on: mechanical properties and microstructure of tufts and shales; strength and deformation characteristics of sands and chalk; rock failure criteria; a description of a new surface microscope; and modelling of piers in soft rocks. -R.Gower 943211 Rock mechanics in the 1990s: block theory cd B. C. Haimson, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 30(7), 1993, pp 1575-1604. These p.apers were originally presented at the 34th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics, June 1993. Five papers discuss the following topics: water influence on key block behaviour; stability of multiple block sliding surfaces; joint orientation variation analysis; block failure likelihood; and computing 3 D key blocks delimited by joint traces on tunnel surfaces. -R.Gower 943212 Offset shotholes in west Texas: evidence for neotectonics, stress relief, or blasting phenomenon? H. W. Meinardus, N. A. Jasek, G. E. Grisak & G. J. Saulnier Jr, Bulletin Association of Engineering Geologists, 30(4), 1993, pp 427-442. The Downic Roadcut on US Highway 285, 9 mi north of Sanderson in Terrell County, Texas, exposes the gently dippin~ Cretaceous Santa Elena Formation. On the northcm thtrd of the east wall of the roadcut, some shothole traces are offset along three prominent bedding planes in an apparent updip direction. In order to determine the most plausxble mechanism for shothole offset, an extensive field investigation consisting of detailed structural mapping and fracture orientation measurements was conducted, and a