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Safety in the use of woodworking machines
some ranges of maximum distances with respect to percent contrast or luminance ratio of a landolt ring to its background; (b) visible distance threshold increases with the increase of luminance of which field except with percent contrast of 100%, (c) dynamic acuity decreases with the increase of target speed under all conditions of luminance of target; (d) in night driving, readability for the road sign decreases with the increase of car speed at relative small luminance difference between the road sign and its surrounding field.
2.4.208 (57987)
of each transducer's circumaural cushions along the audible spectrum, a probe attached to a sound pressure level meter, was inserted in the external ear, both prior to wearing, and after headset was in place. These results indicated that the Navy ' N A F ' cushions were the most inferior in this respect, and was excelled by the TRACOR Company 'Octocup' and the Koss 'PRO-4A' cushion.
2.4.204 (57490) Tejmar, J. The driver in a city foreign to him (In German)
Hanoaka, T. Kitchen equipment
Japanese Journal of Ergonomics, 1967, 3.3, 1 75-180
Workspace layout and equipment design 2.4.206 (57978)
Kikuhara, S. and Tokuda, K. Man-machine problems in aircraft
Zeitschrift [fir Verkehrssicherheit, 1970, design Japanese Journal' of Ergonomics, ] 970, 16.4, 293-296 6.3, 119-123 Drivers not familiar with traffic regulations and directions within cities foreign to them experience growing difficulties to find a safe and quick way through, mainly due to poor marking of traffic situations relevant to them. The authors puts forward some recommendations intended to make signals and signs regulating the city-traffic clearly readable during the approach to them giving more time for necessary decisions of the driver.
Auditory displays 2.4.205 (57963)
Riehards, A.M. Consideration of some Hi-Fi earphones for submarine sonar
US Naval Submarine Medical Center, Naval Submarine Base, Groton, Connecticut, Memorandum Report No. 68-14, July 1968, 5pp In order to ascertain the optimal headset unit for sonar listening, standard procedures were used to obtain the frequency response characteristics of three Navy issue H-3/ARR-3 headsets, as well as six commercially available units Regarding the obtained functions, for overall sensitivity, the Koss 'Stereophones' were superior in that they responded with superior sound pressure level (SPL) readings for the 0.5 volt constant input. With respect to overall flatness of response, the Koss 'PRO-4A' phones were the superior unit. In contrast to these above headsets, the Navy H-3/ARR-3 units proved to be relatively insensitive in the most sensitive part of the audible spectrum, and exhibited unnecessary peaks between 3 - 8 kiloHertz (kHz). To determine the attentuation properties
In designing an aircraft as a manmachine combination, it is necessary to find the best compromise among various requirements, such as performance, reliability, economy, etc, which may conflict with each other. The problem is made increasingly difficult by requirements for interior aceomodations such as seat comfort, illumination, etc; protecting the crew from temperature and pressure change, and from noise; providing the aircraft with suitable automatic equipment to ease the work load and adaptability of the crew; and finally making the aircraft really pleasant to fly. From the standpoint of an aircraft designer it is highly desirable that for each requirement mentioned above suitable h u m a n engineering theories or data are furnished. Human engineering must be a joint consideration with aircraft engineering for a successful aircraft design.
The reports on the functional analysis of table-ware (cups, dishes and cutlery) are rather rare in Japan. Yokoyama et al. (1959) reported results on tea pot handles and Yanase et al. (1964) examined kettle handles from various view points of ergonomics. It is very important to know the actual hand size of the Japanese and extensive researches were carried out by Yanase et al (1962) and Uchimura et al (1967). The feeling test of the handle of a kitchen knife (Japanese style) was done by Suematsu et al (1967). On the ergonomic aspects of kitchen furniture, Omori (1964) and Inaba et al (1966) determined the height of kitchen work tables as 80cm for Japanese women from metabolic tests. Kurimasa et al (1967) insist that 80cm height is rather too low for Japanese women on the basis of experiments in which they employed such light work as dish-washing, while Omori and Inaba et al used rather heavy task-work in their metabolic research. 2.4.209 (57988)
Chiku, A. and Yoshida, T. Ergonomic studies on electric vacuum cleaners
Japanese Journal o f Ergonomics, 1967, 3.3, 181-188
2.4.207 (57985)
Kohara, J. Furniture
Japanese Journal of Ergonomics, 1967, 3.3, 214-219 A short history of h u m a n factors studies on furniture was reviewed. The author paid special attention to the design of seats, desks and beds. As a practical example, the revision of the Japanese Industrial Standard for school furniture based on an ergonomic group study can be cited. In the near future the dynamic somatometry, comprehensive examination of the furniture layout, application of feeling tests and studies on quantification of cushion characters and others should be promoted.
Room cleaning work by an electric vacuum cleaner was studied. Cleaning performance, respiration rate and pulse rate during cleaning work using various types of electric cleaners were compared. A cleaner with its motor part built in the wall showed the least cleaning load. Floor type or shoulder type cleaners were demonstrated to be less fatiguable than stick type or hand type cleaners. One hand control cleaner could be used with lower pulse rate level. The angle of the suction nozzle should be variable. A handle with an angle of 22.5 and height of around 7 5 0 m m was considered to be the best.
2.4.210 (57990)
Department of Employment and Productivity Safety in the use of woodworking machines
Department of Employmen t and Productivity, HMSO, London, 1970, ] 40pp; abstr, in Training Abstracts The physical characteristics of woodworking machines, the methods of operating them, and the wide range of work for which they are capable
Applied Ergonomics December 1971
245
ones which were often unsuited to result in hazards which, while not unique, are greater in degree than those present-day requirements. Such mechanisation brings new and higher associated with other classes or accident risks, and unless hdequate machinery. Most of the accidents safeguards are incorporated during the involve manual injuries from contact development of the plant, there is likely with the cutters. The cutters of many to be an increase in machinery woodworking machines must be exposed to some extent if t h e y are to accidents. This booklet has been do the work for which they are produced to focus attention on a number of machines which are designed, and, for efficient cutting, commonly used in bakeries, which are the edges of the cutters must be very known to figure highly in accident sharp, and the cutters must run at a causation and to show methods whereby high speed. Because wood is a they may be made safe. There are comparatively soft material, it can be paragraphs on legal requirements and presented to the cutters by hand at a high rate of feed, but, because of knots, new machinery. Other paragraphs deal with the hazards arising from the use shakes, ere, the material can jerk as it of the following kinds of machinery: meets the cutting edges. When these dough dividers, bun and roll dividers, variations are hidden the unexpected dough moulding machines, pie and tart movements have given rise to many machines, dough brakes mixing accidents, involving amputation or, machines, bread slicing and wrapping at least, permanent disfigurement. In machines, mincing machines, sack the larger undertakings, there are many elevators, miscellaneous machines and specialised and complicated machines. plant. A further section deals with These usually have mechanical feeding machinery in motion by virtue of the arrangements which present the work inertia of its moving parts. The final to the cutters automatically, and after paragraph deals with maintenance and setting the machines, the machinist an appendix gives legal requirements is able to load the work at a safe including fencing, construction and distance from the danger points. All woodworking factories, however, have sale of new machinery, training and some simpler machines at which the supervision of young persons, and wood is presented to the cutters b y notification of accidents. hand. The purpose of this b o o k l e t is to draw attention to the danger points on woodworking machines, and to conditions which tend to increase the risks. It explains how accidents can be prevented by the provision and use of 2.4.212 (58002) adequate guards and other safety Berounsky, B. devices, by the adoption of safe The most important hygienic methods of working and the avoidance requirements on l i g h t i n g o f work places of dangerous practices, and by the (In Czech) maintenance of good working Pracovni Lekarstvi, 1969, 21.4, 1 6 0 - 1 6 7 conditions. Safeguards for the machines abstr, in Scientific Reports on in most common use, and also for Industrial Hygiene and Occupational machines in less general use which Diseases in Czechoslovakia involve particularly well known dangers, are considered in some detail, but the A brief but very comprehensive widely differing types of work which survey deals with the importance of one machine may have to do preclude lighting, with its basic units and consideration of all the possible variables, with most significant hygienic circumstances; the principles laid down requirements concerning lighting, its should be used as a basis to be maintenance and evaluation, and control modified or elaborated to suit a of lighting. The paper is supplemented particular case, (see page 248). by a selection of the most important standards and by references to some 2.4.211 (57991) important available publications. Department of Employment and
building construction, which allow o p t i m u m design and economic utilisation of lighting installations in industry, ie in factories, stores and offices. The author bases his considerations especially on conditions obtaining in the metallurgical and mechanical engineering industries. He is guided by the 'General recommendations on lighting' put out by the Swiss Lighting Committee in 1965.
2.4.214 (58007) Lyons, S. Lighting in the paper industry Light and Lighting, 1971, 64,•, 10-14 Special problems occur when providing suitable lighting for the papermaking industry because of the high humidity and vibration levels in some areas and the need for good colour rendering in others. 2.4.215(58189) Ne'eman, E. and Hopkinson, R.G. Critical minimum acceptable window size: a study o f window design and provision of a view Lighting Research and Technology, 1970, 2.1, 1 7-27; abstr, in Building Science Abstracts
Illumination
Productivity; Safety, Health and Welfare Division
2.4.213 (58003)
Safety in the use of machinery in bakeries Department of Employment and Productivity, Health and Welfare Series No. 9, HMSO, London, 1968, 78pp; abstr, in Training Abstracts
Planning of lighting systems for industrial buildings. (Principles of artificial lighting) (In German) lndustrielle Organisation, 1970, 39.2, 6 7 - 72; abstr, in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts
In recent years there has been a tendency for large fully mechanised bakeries to take the place of small
The author reviews the principles, based on modern notions of lighting technique, working practice and
246
Braxmaier, U.
Applied Ergonomics December 1971
Reports a study which was carried out to establish whether a critical minimum size of window could be assessed subjectively. It was found that a criterion could be recognised, and that this critical minimum size was governed more by the visual information provided by the view outside than by the a m o u n t of daylight or sunlight which penetrates the room, by the level of interior artificial lighting or by the viewing position in the room.
Noise 2.4.216 (58013)
Gabelmann, J. Noise measurement in work places for oxyacetylene welding and cutting, and at a plasma-cutting apparatus (In German) Zentralblatt ffir Arbeitsmedizin und Arbeitsschutz, 1969, 19.4, 114-119 At workplaces for autogenous welding and cutting techniques high noise levels can occur. Measurements with different work processes should give a summary of the intensity and the frequency of noise. It will be discovered how far noises on the senses can cause a risk of hearing damage.
2.4.208 (57987)
of each transducer's circumaural cushions along the audible spectrum, a probe attached to a sound pressure level meter, was inserted in the external ear, both prior to wearing, and after headset was in place. These results indicated that the Navy ' N A F ' cushions were the most inferior in this respect, and was excelled by the TRACOR Company 'Octocup' and the Koss 'PRO-4A' cushion.
2.4.204 (57490) Tejmar, J. The driver in a city foreign to him (In German)
Hanoaka, T. Kitchen equipment
Japanese Journal of Ergonomics, 1967, 3.3, 1 75-180
Workspace layout and equipment design 2.4.206 (57978)
Kikuhara, S. and Tokuda, K. Man-machine problems in aircraft
Zeitschrift [fir Verkehrssicherheit, 1970, design Japanese Journal' of Ergonomics, ] 970, 16.4, 293-296 6.3, 119-123 Drivers not familiar with traffic regulations and directions within cities foreign to them experience growing difficulties to find a safe and quick way through, mainly due to poor marking of traffic situations relevant to them. The authors puts forward some recommendations intended to make signals and signs regulating the city-traffic clearly readable during the approach to them giving more time for necessary decisions of the driver.
Auditory displays 2.4.205 (57963)
Riehards, A.M. Consideration of some Hi-Fi earphones for submarine sonar
US Naval Submarine Medical Center, Naval Submarine Base, Groton, Connecticut, Memorandum Report No. 68-14, July 1968, 5pp In order to ascertain the optimal headset unit for sonar listening, standard procedures were used to obtain the frequency response characteristics of three Navy issue H-3/ARR-3 headsets, as well as six commercially available units Regarding the obtained functions, for overall sensitivity, the Koss 'Stereophones' were superior in that they responded with superior sound pressure level (SPL) readings for the 0.5 volt constant input. With respect to overall flatness of response, the Koss 'PRO-4A' phones were the superior unit. In contrast to these above headsets, the Navy H-3/ARR-3 units proved to be relatively insensitive in the most sensitive part of the audible spectrum, and exhibited unnecessary peaks between 3 - 8 kiloHertz (kHz). To determine the attentuation properties
In designing an aircraft as a manmachine combination, it is necessary to find the best compromise among various requirements, such as performance, reliability, economy, etc, which may conflict with each other. The problem is made increasingly difficult by requirements for interior aceomodations such as seat comfort, illumination, etc; protecting the crew from temperature and pressure change, and from noise; providing the aircraft with suitable automatic equipment to ease the work load and adaptability of the crew; and finally making the aircraft really pleasant to fly. From the standpoint of an aircraft designer it is highly desirable that for each requirement mentioned above suitable h u m a n engineering theories or data are furnished. Human engineering must be a joint consideration with aircraft engineering for a successful aircraft design.
The reports on the functional analysis of table-ware (cups, dishes and cutlery) are rather rare in Japan. Yokoyama et al. (1959) reported results on tea pot handles and Yanase et al. (1964) examined kettle handles from various view points of ergonomics. It is very important to know the actual hand size of the Japanese and extensive researches were carried out by Yanase et al (1962) and Uchimura et al (1967). The feeling test of the handle of a kitchen knife (Japanese style) was done by Suematsu et al (1967). On the ergonomic aspects of kitchen furniture, Omori (1964) and Inaba et al (1966) determined the height of kitchen work tables as 80cm for Japanese women from metabolic tests. Kurimasa et al (1967) insist that 80cm height is rather too low for Japanese women on the basis of experiments in which they employed such light work as dish-washing, while Omori and Inaba et al used rather heavy task-work in their metabolic research. 2.4.209 (57988)
Chiku, A. and Yoshida, T. Ergonomic studies on electric vacuum cleaners
Japanese Journal o f Ergonomics, 1967, 3.3, 181-188
2.4.207 (57985)
Kohara, J. Furniture
Japanese Journal of Ergonomics, 1967, 3.3, 214-219 A short history of h u m a n factors studies on furniture was reviewed. The author paid special attention to the design of seats, desks and beds. As a practical example, the revision of the Japanese Industrial Standard for school furniture based on an ergonomic group study can be cited. In the near future the dynamic somatometry, comprehensive examination of the furniture layout, application of feeling tests and studies on quantification of cushion characters and others should be promoted.
Room cleaning work by an electric vacuum cleaner was studied. Cleaning performance, respiration rate and pulse rate during cleaning work using various types of electric cleaners were compared. A cleaner with its motor part built in the wall showed the least cleaning load. Floor type or shoulder type cleaners were demonstrated to be less fatiguable than stick type or hand type cleaners. One hand control cleaner could be used with lower pulse rate level. The angle of the suction nozzle should be variable. A handle with an angle of 22.5 and height of around 7 5 0 m m was considered to be the best.
2.4.210 (57990)
Department of Employment and Productivity Safety in the use of woodworking machines
Department of Employmen t and Productivity, HMSO, London, 1970, ] 40pp; abstr, in Training Abstracts The physical characteristics of woodworking machines, the methods of operating them, and the wide range of work for which they are capable
Applied Ergonomics December 1971
245
ones which were often unsuited to result in hazards which, while not unique, are greater in degree than those present-day requirements. Such mechanisation brings new and higher associated with other classes or accident risks, and unless hdequate machinery. Most of the accidents safeguards are incorporated during the involve manual injuries from contact development of the plant, there is likely with the cutters. The cutters of many to be an increase in machinery woodworking machines must be exposed to some extent if t h e y are to accidents. This booklet has been do the work for which they are produced to focus attention on a number of machines which are designed, and, for efficient cutting, commonly used in bakeries, which are the edges of the cutters must be very known to figure highly in accident sharp, and the cutters must run at a causation and to show methods whereby high speed. Because wood is a they may be made safe. There are comparatively soft material, it can be paragraphs on legal requirements and presented to the cutters by hand at a high rate of feed, but, because of knots, new machinery. Other paragraphs deal with the hazards arising from the use shakes, ere, the material can jerk as it of the following kinds of machinery: meets the cutting edges. When these dough dividers, bun and roll dividers, variations are hidden the unexpected dough moulding machines, pie and tart movements have given rise to many machines, dough brakes mixing accidents, involving amputation or, machines, bread slicing and wrapping at least, permanent disfigurement. In machines, mincing machines, sack the larger undertakings, there are many elevators, miscellaneous machines and specialised and complicated machines. plant. A further section deals with These usually have mechanical feeding machinery in motion by virtue of the arrangements which present the work inertia of its moving parts. The final to the cutters automatically, and after paragraph deals with maintenance and setting the machines, the machinist an appendix gives legal requirements is able to load the work at a safe including fencing, construction and distance from the danger points. All woodworking factories, however, have sale of new machinery, training and some simpler machines at which the supervision of young persons, and wood is presented to the cutters b y notification of accidents. hand. The purpose of this b o o k l e t is to draw attention to the danger points on woodworking machines, and to conditions which tend to increase the risks. It explains how accidents can be prevented by the provision and use of 2.4.212 (58002) adequate guards and other safety Berounsky, B. devices, by the adoption of safe The most important hygienic methods of working and the avoidance requirements on l i g h t i n g o f work places of dangerous practices, and by the (In Czech) maintenance of good working Pracovni Lekarstvi, 1969, 21.4, 1 6 0 - 1 6 7 conditions. Safeguards for the machines abstr, in Scientific Reports on in most common use, and also for Industrial Hygiene and Occupational machines in less general use which Diseases in Czechoslovakia involve particularly well known dangers, are considered in some detail, but the A brief but very comprehensive widely differing types of work which survey deals with the importance of one machine may have to do preclude lighting, with its basic units and consideration of all the possible variables, with most significant hygienic circumstances; the principles laid down requirements concerning lighting, its should be used as a basis to be maintenance and evaluation, and control modified or elaborated to suit a of lighting. The paper is supplemented particular case, (see page 248). by a selection of the most important standards and by references to some 2.4.211 (57991) important available publications. Department of Employment and
building construction, which allow o p t i m u m design and economic utilisation of lighting installations in industry, ie in factories, stores and offices. The author bases his considerations especially on conditions obtaining in the metallurgical and mechanical engineering industries. He is guided by the 'General recommendations on lighting' put out by the Swiss Lighting Committee in 1965.
2.4.214 (58007) Lyons, S. Lighting in the paper industry Light and Lighting, 1971, 64,•, 10-14 Special problems occur when providing suitable lighting for the papermaking industry because of the high humidity and vibration levels in some areas and the need for good colour rendering in others. 2.4.215(58189) Ne'eman, E. and Hopkinson, R.G. Critical minimum acceptable window size: a study o f window design and provision of a view Lighting Research and Technology, 1970, 2.1, 1 7-27; abstr, in Building Science Abstracts
Illumination
Productivity; Safety, Health and Welfare Division
2.4.213 (58003)
Safety in the use of machinery in bakeries Department of Employment and Productivity, Health and Welfare Series No. 9, HMSO, London, 1968, 78pp; abstr, in Training Abstracts
Planning of lighting systems for industrial buildings. (Principles of artificial lighting) (In German) lndustrielle Organisation, 1970, 39.2, 6 7 - 72; abstr, in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts
In recent years there has been a tendency for large fully mechanised bakeries to take the place of small
The author reviews the principles, based on modern notions of lighting technique, working practice and
246
Braxmaier, U.
Applied Ergonomics December 1971
Reports a study which was carried out to establish whether a critical minimum size of window could be assessed subjectively. It was found that a criterion could be recognised, and that this critical minimum size was governed more by the visual information provided by the view outside than by the a m o u n t of daylight or sunlight which penetrates the room, by the level of interior artificial lighting or by the viewing position in the room.
Noise 2.4.216 (58013)
Gabelmann, J. Noise measurement in work places for oxyacetylene welding and cutting, and at a plasma-cutting apparatus (In German) Zentralblatt ffir Arbeitsmedizin und Arbeitsschutz, 1969, 19.4, 114-119 At workplaces for autogenous welding and cutting techniques high noise levels can occur. Measurements with different work processes should give a summary of the intensity and the frequency of noise. It will be discovered how far noises on the senses can cause a risk of hearing damage.