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Sarcosporidiosis in man
266
CORRESPONDENCE
association of a high concentration of microfilariae in the anterior chamber with active fundal lesions, suggests that microfilariae may enter the anterior chamber along a similar route, i.e. via the sheaths of the anterior ciliary vessels. Thus the hypothesis that microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus enter the eye along the sheaths of penetrating scleral vessels or nerves is supported by the pathological evidence of NEUMANN and GUNDERS (1973), the clinicoanatomical evidence of BUDDEN (1973) and the case history of DUKE (1976). I am, etc., F. H. BUDDEN Ophthalmic Department, Coventry & Warnickshire Hospital, Coventry 5th March 1976 References Budden, F. H. (1962). Ocular lesions of onchocerciasis. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 46, l-l 1. Budden, F. H. (1973). Ocular onchocerciasis. American Journalof Oohthalmologv. 76.1027-1028. Duke, B. b. “L. (1976).Routk of entry of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae into the eye. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 70, 90-91. Neumann, E. & Gunders, A. E. (1973). Pathogenesis of the posterior segment lesion of ocular onchocerciasis. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 75, 82-89. Ridley, H. (1945). Ocular onchocerciasis. British Journal of Ophthalmology, Monograph Supplement 10, Pulman, London. Northward spread of visceral leishmaniasis in the Sudan SIR-Visceral leishmaniasis is a common disease in the central and eastern Sudan but in the past its distribution did not extend as far north as Khartoum (KIRK and LEWIS, 1955). On the other hand some cases of cutaneous and mucosal .leishmaniasis were reported from the northern parts of the Sudan (ABDALLA et al, 1973; MILOSEV et al, 1969). Recently we have discovered the visceral disease in an area along the main Nile River north of Khartoum. So far we have seen 22 patients who were all children aged 4 to 15 years: 14 were males and eight were females. Eleven of these patients came from four families. Phlebotomus orientalis, the known vector of leishmaniasis in the Sudan (HOOGSTRAAL and HEYNEMAN, 1969) has not yet been found but P. papatasi is common in the area. Examination of local rodents and sandflies has not yet revealed the presence of the infection. This study is still in progress and findings will be reported in due course. We are, etc., Y. 0. HAMZA R. E. ABDALLA M. A. M. AHMED S. M. ABDELWAHAB A. OMER 0. M. ABDELNUR A. M. EL HASSAN
Institute of Tropical Medicine, PO. Box 1304, Khartoum, Sudan 23rd November 1975
References Abdalla, R. E., Ali M., Wasfi, A. I. & El Hassan, A. M. (1973). Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 67,549-559. Hoogstraal, H. & Heyneman, D. (1969). Leishmaniasis in the Sudan Republic: 30. Final epidemiologic report. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 18, Supplement, 1091-1210. Kirk, R. & Lewis, D. J. (1955). Studies in leishmaniasis in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. XI. Phlebotomw in relation to leishmaniasis in the Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 49,229-240. Milosev, B., Daoud, E. H., El Hadi, A., El Hassan, A. M. & Sati, M. H. (1969). Mucosal leishmaniasis in the Sudan.. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 63, 123-12s. Sarcosporidiosis in Man SIR-JEFFREY (1974) has published two human cases of
sarcosporidiosis and critically reviewed the casespublished as sarcosporidiosis in man. This account has no mention of the case report of human sarcosporidiosis, published previously by MANDOUR (1965). I am grateful to Professor P. C. C. Garnham for kindly advising me to write this letter when I brought this fact to his notice. I am, etc., TARA N. GHOSH
Department of Protozoology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta 700073, India 21st February, 1976 References Jeffrey, H. C. (1974). Sarcosporidiosis in man. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 68,17-29. Mandour, A. M. (1965). Pathology and symptomatology of Sarcocystis infection in man. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 59, 432-435. American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) demonstrates preference for the Transactions SIR-I understand the Transactions is to appear in a new format. It will be interesting to see whether the large colony of American cockroaches in my laboratory find the binding of the new issue as acceptable as the old. Of 15 issues of the Transactions on my shelves 11 have had the spine eaten off entirely. Twelve other types of journal on my shelves, including the Annals and the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, are untouched. Although the page edges are occasionally eaten and there is much faecal soiling of the volumes it is the spine of the Transactions which is destroyed making it unusable. This suggests a flour paste or fish glue has been used in the binding which the cockroaches find acceptable as a source of food. I am, etc., PHILIP D. MARSDEN Faculty of Health Science, University of Brasilia 12th February, 1976
CORRESPONDENCE
association of a high concentration of microfilariae in the anterior chamber with active fundal lesions, suggests that microfilariae may enter the anterior chamber along a similar route, i.e. via the sheaths of the anterior ciliary vessels. Thus the hypothesis that microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus enter the eye along the sheaths of penetrating scleral vessels or nerves is supported by the pathological evidence of NEUMANN and GUNDERS (1973), the clinicoanatomical evidence of BUDDEN (1973) and the case history of DUKE (1976). I am, etc., F. H. BUDDEN Ophthalmic Department, Coventry & Warnickshire Hospital, Coventry 5th March 1976 References Budden, F. H. (1962). Ocular lesions of onchocerciasis. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 46, l-l 1. Budden, F. H. (1973). Ocular onchocerciasis. American Journalof Oohthalmologv. 76.1027-1028. Duke, B. b. “L. (1976).Routk of entry of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae into the eye. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 70, 90-91. Neumann, E. & Gunders, A. E. (1973). Pathogenesis of the posterior segment lesion of ocular onchocerciasis. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 75, 82-89. Ridley, H. (1945). Ocular onchocerciasis. British Journal of Ophthalmology, Monograph Supplement 10, Pulman, London. Northward spread of visceral leishmaniasis in the Sudan SIR-Visceral leishmaniasis is a common disease in the central and eastern Sudan but in the past its distribution did not extend as far north as Khartoum (KIRK and LEWIS, 1955). On the other hand some cases of cutaneous and mucosal .leishmaniasis were reported from the northern parts of the Sudan (ABDALLA et al, 1973; MILOSEV et al, 1969). Recently we have discovered the visceral disease in an area along the main Nile River north of Khartoum. So far we have seen 22 patients who were all children aged 4 to 15 years: 14 were males and eight were females. Eleven of these patients came from four families. Phlebotomus orientalis, the known vector of leishmaniasis in the Sudan (HOOGSTRAAL and HEYNEMAN, 1969) has not yet been found but P. papatasi is common in the area. Examination of local rodents and sandflies has not yet revealed the presence of the infection. This study is still in progress and findings will be reported in due course. We are, etc., Y. 0. HAMZA R. E. ABDALLA M. A. M. AHMED S. M. ABDELWAHAB A. OMER 0. M. ABDELNUR A. M. EL HASSAN
Institute of Tropical Medicine, PO. Box 1304, Khartoum, Sudan 23rd November 1975
References Abdalla, R. E., Ali M., Wasfi, A. I. & El Hassan, A. M. (1973). Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 67,549-559. Hoogstraal, H. & Heyneman, D. (1969). Leishmaniasis in the Sudan Republic: 30. Final epidemiologic report. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 18, Supplement, 1091-1210. Kirk, R. & Lewis, D. J. (1955). Studies in leishmaniasis in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. XI. Phlebotomw in relation to leishmaniasis in the Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 49,229-240. Milosev, B., Daoud, E. H., El Hadi, A., El Hassan, A. M. & Sati, M. H. (1969). Mucosal leishmaniasis in the Sudan.. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 63, 123-12s. Sarcosporidiosis in Man SIR-JEFFREY (1974) has published two human cases of
sarcosporidiosis and critically reviewed the casespublished as sarcosporidiosis in man. This account has no mention of the case report of human sarcosporidiosis, published previously by MANDOUR (1965). I am grateful to Professor P. C. C. Garnham for kindly advising me to write this letter when I brought this fact to his notice. I am, etc., TARA N. GHOSH
Department of Protozoology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta 700073, India 21st February, 1976 References Jeffrey, H. C. (1974). Sarcosporidiosis in man. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 68,17-29. Mandour, A. M. (1965). Pathology and symptomatology of Sarcocystis infection in man. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 59, 432-435. American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) demonstrates preference for the Transactions SIR-I understand the Transactions is to appear in a new format. It will be interesting to see whether the large colony of American cockroaches in my laboratory find the binding of the new issue as acceptable as the old. Of 15 issues of the Transactions on my shelves 11 have had the spine eaten off entirely. Twelve other types of journal on my shelves, including the Annals and the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, are untouched. Although the page edges are occasionally eaten and there is much faecal soiling of the volumes it is the spine of the Transactions which is destroyed making it unusable. This suggests a flour paste or fish glue has been used in the binding which the cockroaches find acceptable as a source of food. I am, etc., PHILIP D. MARSDEN Faculty of Health Science, University of Brasilia 12th February, 1976