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Satellite Reliability, a users point of view
World Abstracts on Microeleetronics and Reliability of the introduction of digital systems into existing analog networks. The system architecture discussed provides flexibility as regards future advances in technology and adaptation to changing requirements. This has been possible with only a slight reduction in system throughput. All these objectives have been achieved by carefully combining a number of new design techniques. Failure analysis methods. R. F. READ. Proc. Syrup. lEE. Heriot-Watt University, Edinburoh (March 31, 1977) p. 5. This paper deals with the methods used and developed by the Electrical Quality Assurance Directorate (EQD) of the Ministry of Defence for the analysis of failure mechanisms in Semiconductors and Semiconductor Integrated Circuits. With the advent of the BS 9000 system for electronic components of assessed quality, it became necessary for EQD, acting as the National Supervising Inspectorate for the system, to establish quality assurance arrangements involving the following activities: (a) The participation in the formulation of the necessary technical specifications required by the system. (b) The appraisal and continued surveillance of the quality assurance arrangements implemented by component manufacturers approved under the system. (c) The independent assessment of product quality by laboratory tests to monitor the effectiveness of the system and provide adequate corrective feedback. If the EQD assessment of product quality was to provide corrective feedback which was effective in maintaining the standard required by the BS 9000 system then inherent weaknesses and failure mechanisms had to be recognised. It was with these factors in mind that the EQD facility for failure analysis was set up.
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the power generation field, and also briefly covers transmission, and distribution systems. An engineering approach to the availability evaluation of complex systems. A. WILD. Microelectron. Reliab. 15 (Suppl.), 55 (1976). The computerized event tree analysis is presented as a tool for engineering evaluation of system availability. It is also shown how computer calculations are organized and how basic data are obtained. Implementation of the Anik satellite product assurance requirement~ R. A. BRENAN. Microelectron. Reliab. 15 (Suppl.), 93 (1976). The Anik spacecraft program is of national and international significance. The production of high reliability long life satellites is the result of many techniques practiced during design, manufacture, and test. All of these techniques are affected by emphasis on the discipline called "Product Assurance". Several key aspects of the Anik Product Assurance Program are cited as positive contributors to high reliability and long life achievement. Fault tree analysls-an efficient reduction algorithm. N. N. BENGIAMIN and B. A. BOWEN. Microelectron. Reliab. 15 (Suppl.), 47 (1976). A new algorithm for reducing the complexity in the analysis of fault trees, caused by the presence of repeated events, is presented. The algorithm is quite amenable for hand calculations as well as computer implementation. Compared to the conventional method, the new algorithm yielded a reduction of computing time from about 15% to 80% when programmed. A typical fault tree is analyzed to illustrate the steps and the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Reliability analysis of logic circuits. P. DESMARAISand M. KmEGER. Microelectron. Reliab. 16, 29 (1977). An efficient Satellite Reliabifity, a users point of view. W. ZATYCHEC. algorithm is presented for computing the reliability matrix Microelectron. Reliab. 15 (Suppl.), 87 (1976). Reliability of of a logic network whose components are characterized the space segment of a communications satellite system by a known probability of malfunctioning. Using the conranks at least equal, in terms of importance, to its com- cept of path sensitizing, a graphical representation of error munications performance ability. This paper considers propagation is derived. Through the computation of Boomeans of achieving satellite reliability, limitations on utiliz- lean path functions, the information provided by these ing such means, cost factors and rationale, for current graphs is put into a malfunction table from which the approaches to the achievement of practical levels of reliabi- matrix entries are directly computed. The method not only lity. offers computational efficiency but also provides further physical insight into the reliability problem. AFSATCOM terminal segment reliability test program. ROBERT P. HASSETTand EDWARD C. JONSON. Proc. IEEE Color TV fires: a persistent problem. GERALD A. BERMAN. Reliab. Maintainab. Symp., Philadelphia (Jan. 18-20, 1977) Proc. IEEE Reliab. Maintainab. Symp., Philadelphia (Jan. p. 372. The development program for the AFSATCOM 18-20, 1977) p. 27. In June 1970, the National Commission terminal equipment and the next generation of high reliabi- on Product Safety (NCPS) published its final report. It lity airborne UHF radios included an extensive reliability identified a variety of consumer items deemed hazardous, test effort consisting of nine separate MIL-STD-781 tests. and presented statistics citing the frequency and type of Achievement of satisfactory reliability growth was a pri- accidents sustained by their use. Among the so-called mary objective of the test program. This paper describes hazardous items were color television receivers. Problems the significant reliability requirements and features of the of fire incidence were discussed and a figure was presented equipment and of the reliability program and presents an which indicated that 10,000 fires resulted annually from analysis of the results of the testing to date. faulty sets in the year 1969. Since publication of that document, much activity has Reliabifity and maintainability in nuclear power genera- ensued on the part of manufacturers and consumer groups. tion-viewpoint of a utility. J. KRASNODEBSKIand R. BIL- Numerous hearings have been held in which opposing LINTON. Microelectron. Reliab. 15 (Suppl.), 117 (1976). The views were presented. Manufacturers challenged the valifunction of a modern power system is to satisfy the system dity of the statistics. Consumers countered with a barrage load as economically as possible and with a reasonable of personal experiences. This paper addresses some of the assurance of continuity and quality. The determination of outcomes of those hearings, reviews the case history of what is a reasonable assurance of continuity, and how to an incipient TV fire, and assesses the future situation of achieve it, has always been of considerable concern to television safety. power system engineers and management. Quantitative reliability evaluation techniques have been applied in the Fault diagnosis in sequential circuits. W. A. DAviS and V. power industry for over forty years. Most of these appli- F. BERKA.Microelectron. Reliab. 15 (Suppl.), 15 (1976). This cations have been in the area of generating capacity re- paper is concerned with the diagnosis of faults in synquirements and only within the last decade there has been chronous sequential machines. Faults are defined and any significant development in the utilization of probabilis- classified, the problems of detection and diagnosis are distic techniques in the transmission and distribution systems. cussed, and a previously presented algorithm for fault This paper illustrates the levels of reliability activity in detection is outlined. This method obtains testing
549.
the power generation field, and also briefly covers transmission, and distribution systems. An engineering approach to the availability evaluation of complex systems. A. WILD. Microelectron. Reliab. 15 (Suppl.), 55 (1976). The computerized event tree analysis is presented as a tool for engineering evaluation of system availability. It is also shown how computer calculations are organized and how basic data are obtained. Implementation of the Anik satellite product assurance requirement~ R. A. BRENAN. Microelectron. Reliab. 15 (Suppl.), 93 (1976). The Anik spacecraft program is of national and international significance. The production of high reliability long life satellites is the result of many techniques practiced during design, manufacture, and test. All of these techniques are affected by emphasis on the discipline called "Product Assurance". Several key aspects of the Anik Product Assurance Program are cited as positive contributors to high reliability and long life achievement. Fault tree analysls-an efficient reduction algorithm. N. N. BENGIAMIN and B. A. BOWEN. Microelectron. Reliab. 15 (Suppl.), 47 (1976). A new algorithm for reducing the complexity in the analysis of fault trees, caused by the presence of repeated events, is presented. The algorithm is quite amenable for hand calculations as well as computer implementation. Compared to the conventional method, the new algorithm yielded a reduction of computing time from about 15% to 80% when programmed. A typical fault tree is analyzed to illustrate the steps and the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Reliability analysis of logic circuits. P. DESMARAISand M. KmEGER. Microelectron. Reliab. 16, 29 (1977). An efficient Satellite Reliabifity, a users point of view. W. ZATYCHEC. algorithm is presented for computing the reliability matrix Microelectron. Reliab. 15 (Suppl.), 87 (1976). Reliability of of a logic network whose components are characterized the space segment of a communications satellite system by a known probability of malfunctioning. Using the conranks at least equal, in terms of importance, to its com- cept of path sensitizing, a graphical representation of error munications performance ability. This paper considers propagation is derived. Through the computation of Boomeans of achieving satellite reliability, limitations on utiliz- lean path functions, the information provided by these ing such means, cost factors and rationale, for current graphs is put into a malfunction table from which the approaches to the achievement of practical levels of reliabi- matrix entries are directly computed. The method not only lity. offers computational efficiency but also provides further physical insight into the reliability problem. AFSATCOM terminal segment reliability test program. ROBERT P. HASSETTand EDWARD C. JONSON. Proc. IEEE Color TV fires: a persistent problem. GERALD A. BERMAN. Reliab. Maintainab. Symp., Philadelphia (Jan. 18-20, 1977) Proc. IEEE Reliab. Maintainab. Symp., Philadelphia (Jan. p. 372. The development program for the AFSATCOM 18-20, 1977) p. 27. In June 1970, the National Commission terminal equipment and the next generation of high reliabi- on Product Safety (NCPS) published its final report. It lity airborne UHF radios included an extensive reliability identified a variety of consumer items deemed hazardous, test effort consisting of nine separate MIL-STD-781 tests. and presented statistics citing the frequency and type of Achievement of satisfactory reliability growth was a pri- accidents sustained by their use. Among the so-called mary objective of the test program. This paper describes hazardous items were color television receivers. Problems the significant reliability requirements and features of the of fire incidence were discussed and a figure was presented equipment and of the reliability program and presents an which indicated that 10,000 fires resulted annually from analysis of the results of the testing to date. faulty sets in the year 1969. Since publication of that document, much activity has Reliabifity and maintainability in nuclear power genera- ensued on the part of manufacturers and consumer groups. tion-viewpoint of a utility. J. KRASNODEBSKIand R. BIL- Numerous hearings have been held in which opposing LINTON. Microelectron. Reliab. 15 (Suppl.), 117 (1976). The views were presented. Manufacturers challenged the valifunction of a modern power system is to satisfy the system dity of the statistics. Consumers countered with a barrage load as economically as possible and with a reasonable of personal experiences. This paper addresses some of the assurance of continuity and quality. The determination of outcomes of those hearings, reviews the case history of what is a reasonable assurance of continuity, and how to an incipient TV fire, and assesses the future situation of achieve it, has always been of considerable concern to television safety. power system engineers and management. Quantitative reliability evaluation techniques have been applied in the Fault diagnosis in sequential circuits. W. A. DAviS and V. power industry for over forty years. Most of these appli- F. BERKA.Microelectron. Reliab. 15 (Suppl.), 15 (1976). This cations have been in the area of generating capacity re- paper is concerned with the diagnosis of faults in synquirements and only within the last decade there has been chronous sequential machines. Faults are defined and any significant development in the utilization of probabilis- classified, the problems of detection and diagnosis are distic techniques in the transmission and distribution systems. cussed, and a previously presented algorithm for fault This paper illustrates the levels of reliability activity in detection is outlined. This method obtains testing