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Sea water: Cycle of the major elements
84
appendices on the Zoepritz equations, and on spherically symmetrical acoustic waves. Then follows a chapter on sources and receivers. This naturally emphasises non-explosive sources and arrays of detectors for use on land and at sea. This contains an appendix on the air cushion v i b r a t o r and a most valuable one of t w e n t y pages on the vibroseis system. The chapter on the description of wave trains and the reflection processes introduces the concepts of time and frequency domain, sampling, Fourier integrals, the delta f u n c t i o n , and describes the p r o d u c t i o n and use of synthetic seismic records from well-log characteristics. The use of complex velocities is covered in an appendix. Data gathering methods are dealt w i t h in a brief chapter on linear methods, 2-D CDP coverage, and elevation and weathering corrections. The chapters on data processing deals entirely with the application of digital techniques of enhancement. It discusses m u l t i p l e x i n g and d e m u l t i p l e x i n g procedures, N M O corrections, stacking, gain c o n t r o l , filtering, d e c o n v o l u t i o n , 2-D filtering of seismic cross-sections and has an appendix on adaptive filters. Then there is a valuable chapter on obtaining auxiliary i n f o r m a t i o n on l i t h o l o g y , porosity and hydrocarbon content. This includes the measurement of average and interval v e l o c i t y , the effects of pore fluids on velocities, seismic wave a t t e n u a t i o n , and the use of similarity coefficients as indicators of changes of sedimentary pattern favourable for the occurrence of stratigraphic traps. Here there is an appendix on m a x i m u m e n t r o p y spectral analysis, Discussions of vertical and lateral resolution, and the 13roblems of scattering and d i f f r a c t i o n are covered in a separate chapter. A n o t h e r chapter deals w i t h the subject of migration, This includes the 2-D methods using wave fronts, d i f f r a c t i o n stacking, and finite differences as well as 3-D methods w i t h a discussion on acoustic holography. An appendix shows the calculation of d i f f r a c t i o n curves for a given velocity depth f u n c t i o n . The actual procedures for making near-surface corrections are described in Chapter 10. The interpretation problem in the digital era forms the subject of Chapter 11 which covers c o m p u t e r modelling and the ray path m e t h o d for
determining structure, b u t stratigraphic trap location is also outlined. The b o o k concludes with a l o o k into the future -- the use of shear waves, higher frequencies to increase resolution, three-dimensional mapping, finite difference models and new display methods including the use of color. This b o o k succeeds admirably in spanning the range of the subject from the description of the principles to the final interpretation in a b o o k of reasonable size. Key relevant sources are cited at the end of each chapter. It takes us to the frontier of knowledge of the art. Mr. Waters will provide a valuable service if he achieves the aim declared in the epilogue of updating it from time to time. It will surely find a place on the shelves of all w h o practice and teach the subject. It is d o u b t f u l if the price will perm i t university students to accommodate it. M . A . Khan, Leicester
SEA WATER J.I. Drever (Editor), 1977.Sea Water: Cycle o f the Major Elements. Benchmark Papers in Geology, 45. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, Penn., 344 pp., £ 21.00, U.S. $ 35.00. Sea water, its origin and composition, has perplexed geologists and chemists for well over 150 years, at least those w h o did n o t simply take it for granted. Why that particular c o m p o s i t i o n , so unvarying througho u t the w o r l d oceans? H o w long has it been that way? Once the recognition came that the sea could n o t simply be an accumulator of salt, as envisioned b y 18th and 19th cent u r y scientists, the stage was set for its consideration as a steady-state reservoir w i t h inputs and outputs. Geochemical cycles were explored by Goldschmidt and Vernadsky near the beginning of the 20th cent u r y and so were ideas on the outgassing of the Earth. Yet it t o o k until almost the second half of this century before the modern approach that we n o w k n o w so well was enunciated, first by Conway in 1943, then by Rubey in 1951, and most impressively by Sill~n at the International Ocean-
85 ographic Congress in 1959. All of these ideas finally came together in a synthesis that showed how the oceans are one of the great reservoirs that mediate exchanges among the interior and the exterior of the Earth, the land surface and the atmosphere. James Drever has selected a group of papers that illustrate the modern development of the field, starting with Conway and ending with a group of recent papers. He has divided the papers into groups to show the historical evolution of thought. Part l consists of Conway's original paper 'The Chemical Evolution of the Ocean' and an extract from Barth's textbook on Theoretical Petrology dealing with geochemical cycles. Rubey's paper is o m i t t e d - it appears in another volume of this series. Part II includes the well-known papers that explored the equilibrium model of the ocean, those by Sill~n, Garrels and Mackenzie, and Holland. These are representative of the first flush of youth and excitement concerning the many possibilities of mineral-water reactions to explain the overall composition of sea water. This is followed by Part I l l , The Clay Mineral Approach, which brings together some of the important papers by Ralph Grim and coworkers, Weaver, and others. These papers were not written with any idea of contributing to ideas of the origin of sea water; rather they were designed to explain the origin of clays. Their inclusion is certainly part of the story but perhaps more tangential than the following papers in Part IV, The Chemical Approach. Here are papers by Drever and another student of Holland's, Russell, on the bearing of clay mineral diagenesis in an estuary on the possibility of clay minerals buffering sea water with respect to major elements. Also in this section is one paper on interstitial waters by Sayles and Manhelm. Lastly, in Part V, Drever has selected a varied group of papers by Broecker, Relgeson and MacKenzie, Perry, Drever, Hart, and Bischoff and Dickson to illustrate the divergent viewpoints and approaches taken in the maturity of the field. Most of the important papers are here, though not all, obviously. Any of us probably would have selected a slightly different set but Drever has picked a group that illus-
trates as well as any the different approaches and the historical evolution of the field. His introductions are brief notes about the authors and the significance of the papers in a larger context. Anyone who would learn about this subject from the origginal sources should find this book most useful. A t the minimum it makes readily available Conway's paper, not always the easiest to come by, and still interesting. A minor defect: my copy was bound with the cover on backwards. A carp: one paper was reproduced so reduced that I could hardly read it. I'm glad I have the original. Raymond Siever, Cambridge, Mass.
MARINE MICROPALEONTOLOGY Bilal U. Haq and Anne Boersma (Editors), 1978. Introduction to Marine Micropaleontology. Elsevier/North-Holland Inc., New York, N .Y., 376 pp., U .S. $ 24.00. There can be no doubt about the need for a modern, concise, introductory text on micropaleontology, a field of investigations which are indispensable for the advancement of knowledge of the oceans as well as of marine rocks found on the continents. The organization of this textbook is sensible and practical and it is provided with abundant and well-reproduced illustrations. Each chapter is followed by an annotated reading list and a list of references. An introduction by W.A. Berggren briefly sketches the past, present and future scope and trends of micropaleontology. It reflects the great experience of the author who has made fundamental contributions to the application of micropaleontology to modern stratigraphic problems. Fourteen chapters on calcareous, siliceous, phosphatic and organic-walled microfossils follow. This division usefully reflects the different techniques used for their collection and preparation. In the first 58 pages A. Boersma attempts to introduce the reader to the present state of knowledge and use of foraminifera. The historical part overlaps with Berggren's lucid introduction but unfortunately fails to sustain his level of
appendices on the Zoepritz equations, and on spherically symmetrical acoustic waves. Then follows a chapter on sources and receivers. This naturally emphasises non-explosive sources and arrays of detectors for use on land and at sea. This contains an appendix on the air cushion v i b r a t o r and a most valuable one of t w e n t y pages on the vibroseis system. The chapter on the description of wave trains and the reflection processes introduces the concepts of time and frequency domain, sampling, Fourier integrals, the delta f u n c t i o n , and describes the p r o d u c t i o n and use of synthetic seismic records from well-log characteristics. The use of complex velocities is covered in an appendix. Data gathering methods are dealt w i t h in a brief chapter on linear methods, 2-D CDP coverage, and elevation and weathering corrections. The chapters on data processing deals entirely with the application of digital techniques of enhancement. It discusses m u l t i p l e x i n g and d e m u l t i p l e x i n g procedures, N M O corrections, stacking, gain c o n t r o l , filtering, d e c o n v o l u t i o n , 2-D filtering of seismic cross-sections and has an appendix on adaptive filters. Then there is a valuable chapter on obtaining auxiliary i n f o r m a t i o n on l i t h o l o g y , porosity and hydrocarbon content. This includes the measurement of average and interval v e l o c i t y , the effects of pore fluids on velocities, seismic wave a t t e n u a t i o n , and the use of similarity coefficients as indicators of changes of sedimentary pattern favourable for the occurrence of stratigraphic traps. Here there is an appendix on m a x i m u m e n t r o p y spectral analysis, Discussions of vertical and lateral resolution, and the 13roblems of scattering and d i f f r a c t i o n are covered in a separate chapter. A n o t h e r chapter deals w i t h the subject of migration, This includes the 2-D methods using wave fronts, d i f f r a c t i o n stacking, and finite differences as well as 3-D methods w i t h a discussion on acoustic holography. An appendix shows the calculation of d i f f r a c t i o n curves for a given velocity depth f u n c t i o n . The actual procedures for making near-surface corrections are described in Chapter 10. The interpretation problem in the digital era forms the subject of Chapter 11 which covers c o m p u t e r modelling and the ray path m e t h o d for
determining structure, b u t stratigraphic trap location is also outlined. The b o o k concludes with a l o o k into the future -- the use of shear waves, higher frequencies to increase resolution, three-dimensional mapping, finite difference models and new display methods including the use of color. This b o o k succeeds admirably in spanning the range of the subject from the description of the principles to the final interpretation in a b o o k of reasonable size. Key relevant sources are cited at the end of each chapter. It takes us to the frontier of knowledge of the art. Mr. Waters will provide a valuable service if he achieves the aim declared in the epilogue of updating it from time to time. It will surely find a place on the shelves of all w h o practice and teach the subject. It is d o u b t f u l if the price will perm i t university students to accommodate it. M . A . Khan, Leicester
SEA WATER J.I. Drever (Editor), 1977.Sea Water: Cycle o f the Major Elements. Benchmark Papers in Geology, 45. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, Penn., 344 pp., £ 21.00, U.S. $ 35.00. Sea water, its origin and composition, has perplexed geologists and chemists for well over 150 years, at least those w h o did n o t simply take it for granted. Why that particular c o m p o s i t i o n , so unvarying througho u t the w o r l d oceans? H o w long has it been that way? Once the recognition came that the sea could n o t simply be an accumulator of salt, as envisioned b y 18th and 19th cent u r y scientists, the stage was set for its consideration as a steady-state reservoir w i t h inputs and outputs. Geochemical cycles were explored by Goldschmidt and Vernadsky near the beginning of the 20th cent u r y and so were ideas on the outgassing of the Earth. Yet it t o o k until almost the second half of this century before the modern approach that we n o w k n o w so well was enunciated, first by Conway in 1943, then by Rubey in 1951, and most impressively by Sill~n at the International Ocean-
85 ographic Congress in 1959. All of these ideas finally came together in a synthesis that showed how the oceans are one of the great reservoirs that mediate exchanges among the interior and the exterior of the Earth, the land surface and the atmosphere. James Drever has selected a group of papers that illustrate the modern development of the field, starting with Conway and ending with a group of recent papers. He has divided the papers into groups to show the historical evolution of thought. Part l consists of Conway's original paper 'The Chemical Evolution of the Ocean' and an extract from Barth's textbook on Theoretical Petrology dealing with geochemical cycles. Rubey's paper is o m i t t e d - it appears in another volume of this series. Part II includes the well-known papers that explored the equilibrium model of the ocean, those by Sill~n, Garrels and Mackenzie, and Holland. These are representative of the first flush of youth and excitement concerning the many possibilities of mineral-water reactions to explain the overall composition of sea water. This is followed by Part I l l , The Clay Mineral Approach, which brings together some of the important papers by Ralph Grim and coworkers, Weaver, and others. These papers were not written with any idea of contributing to ideas of the origin of sea water; rather they were designed to explain the origin of clays. Their inclusion is certainly part of the story but perhaps more tangential than the following papers in Part IV, The Chemical Approach. Here are papers by Drever and another student of Holland's, Russell, on the bearing of clay mineral diagenesis in an estuary on the possibility of clay minerals buffering sea water with respect to major elements. Also in this section is one paper on interstitial waters by Sayles and Manhelm. Lastly, in Part V, Drever has selected a varied group of papers by Broecker, Relgeson and MacKenzie, Perry, Drever, Hart, and Bischoff and Dickson to illustrate the divergent viewpoints and approaches taken in the maturity of the field. Most of the important papers are here, though not all, obviously. Any of us probably would have selected a slightly different set but Drever has picked a group that illus-
trates as well as any the different approaches and the historical evolution of the field. His introductions are brief notes about the authors and the significance of the papers in a larger context. Anyone who would learn about this subject from the origginal sources should find this book most useful. A t the minimum it makes readily available Conway's paper, not always the easiest to come by, and still interesting. A minor defect: my copy was bound with the cover on backwards. A carp: one paper was reproduced so reduced that I could hardly read it. I'm glad I have the original. Raymond Siever, Cambridge, Mass.
MARINE MICROPALEONTOLOGY Bilal U. Haq and Anne Boersma (Editors), 1978. Introduction to Marine Micropaleontology. Elsevier/North-Holland Inc., New York, N .Y., 376 pp., U .S. $ 24.00. There can be no doubt about the need for a modern, concise, introductory text on micropaleontology, a field of investigations which are indispensable for the advancement of knowledge of the oceans as well as of marine rocks found on the continents. The organization of this textbook is sensible and practical and it is provided with abundant and well-reproduced illustrations. Each chapter is followed by an annotated reading list and a list of references. An introduction by W.A. Berggren briefly sketches the past, present and future scope and trends of micropaleontology. It reflects the great experience of the author who has made fundamental contributions to the application of micropaleontology to modern stratigraphic problems. Fourteen chapters on calcareous, siliceous, phosphatic and organic-walled microfossils follow. This division usefully reflects the different techniques used for their collection and preparation. In the first 58 pages A. Boersma attempts to introduce the reader to the present state of knowledge and use of foraminifera. The historical part overlaps with Berggren's lucid introduction but unfortunately fails to sustain his level of