- Email: [email protected]
Search Methods
Search Methods To investigate the epidemiological association between cigarette smoking and various neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, we searched PubMed using the following keywords: ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
PD: “Cigarette smoking” AND “Parkinson's Disease” AND “Epidemiology” with filter “Species = Human” AD: “Cigarette smoking” AND “Alzheimer's Disease” AND “Epidemiology” with filter “Species = Human” MS: “Cigarette smoking” AND “Multiple sclerosis” AND “Epidemiology” with filter “Species = Human” Schizophrenia: “Cigarette smoking” AND “Schizophrenia” AND “Epidemiology” with filter “Species = Human” Tourette's Syndrome: “Cigarette smoking” AND “Tourette's Syndrome” AND “Epidemiology” with filter “Species = Human” ADHD: “Cigarette smoking” AND “Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder” AND “Epidemiology” with filter “Species = Human” Depression: “Cigarette smoking” AND “Depression” or “Depressive disorder” AND “Epidemiology” with filter “Species = Human” Anxiety: “Cigarette smoking” AND “Anxiety” AND “Epidemiology” with filter “Species = Human”
The search results included articles published through Mar. 2017. Articles that were not written in English or were irrelevant to the topic were excluded. Of the remaining results, we first reviewed publications describing a meta-analysis of the historical studies. Where additional relevant studies were identified that were subsequent to the latest meta-analyses reported, they were also included. We then consolidated the data into disease-specific tables. Since we performed the searches only in PubMed, studies published in articles not referenced in PubMed are not represented. To collect information on past and ongoing clinical trials using nicotine as an intervention in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, we performed searches in both PubMed and Clinicaltrials.gov, using the following keywords: PubMed search: ●
PD: “Nicotine” AND “Parkinson's Disease” with filters “Species = Human” and “Article type = Clinical trial”
xxiii
xxiv Search Methods ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
AD: “Nicotine” AND “Alzheimer's Disease” with filters “Species = Human” and “Article type = Clinical trial” MS: “Nicotine” AND “Multiple sclerosis” with filters “Species = Human” and “Article type = Clinical trial” Schizophrenia: “Nicotine” AND “Schizophrenia” with filters “Species = Human” and “Article type = Clinical trial” Tourette's Syndrome: “Nicotine” AND “Tourette's Syndrome” with filters “Species = Human” and “Article type = Clinical trial” ADHD: “Nicotine” AND “Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder” with filters “Species = Human” and “Article type = Clinical trial” Depression: “Nicotine” AND “Depression” or “Depressive disorder” with filters “Species = Human” and “Article type = Clinical trial” Anxiety: “Nicotine” AND “Anxiety” with filters “Species = Human” and “Article type = Clinical trial”
Clinicaltrials.gov search: We searched for studies with “nicotine” as a keyword. The results were then sorted “by topic,” and entries under each of the pertinent diseases were reviewed. We extracted the relevant results from both database searches, up through Mar. 2017. The data were used to build disease-specific tables. In order to retrieve the information on other nicotinic receptor agonists that entered clinical trials or are on the market, we first searched the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) database and “AdisInsight” database to identify the nicotinic receptor agonists. The name of the identified compounds was then used to search against “Clinicaltrials.gov” and “PubMed” to review their clinical development status. Compounds that did not appear in these databases were not included in the book. To review past studies demonstrating nicotine's effects in animal models for various neurodegenerative/neuropsychiatric diseases, we searched PubMed using the following keywords: ●
●
●
●
●
●
PD: “Nicotine” AND “Parkinson's Disease” with filter “Species = Other animals” AD: “Nicotine” AND “Alzheimer's Disease” with filter “Species = Other animals” MS: “Nicotine” AND “Multiple sclerosis” with filter “Species = Other animals” Schizophrenia: “Nicotine” AND “Schizophrenia” with filter “Species = Other animals” Tourette's Syndrome: “Nicotine” AND “Tourette's Syndrome” with filter “Species = Other animals” ADHD: “Nicotine” AND “Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder” with filter “Species = Other animals”
Search Methods xxv
●
●
Depression: “Nicotine” AND “Depression” or “Depressive disorder” with filter “Species = Other animals” Anxiety: “Nicotine” AND “Anxiety” with filter “Species = Other animals”
We evaluated the search results up through Mar. 2017 and cited the relevant studies. In addition, review papers summarizing past animal studies on nicotine effects were also used as sources to extract relevant studies. However, it should be noted that the search results may not cover all animal models that have been used for studying these diseases, since the keywords used were the name of the disease rather than the name of the animal model. These searches although likely to identify the majority of the relevant literature are not intended to be absolutely inclusive. Nevertheless, it can be expected that the majority of studies in these areas have been identified and thus the review seems likely to be reasonably representative of the current state of the science in these areas.
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
PD: “Cigarette smoking” AND “Parkinson's Disease” AND “Epidemiology” with filter “Species = Human” AD: “Cigarette smoking” AND “Alzheimer's Disease” AND “Epidemiology” with filter “Species = Human” MS: “Cigarette smoking” AND “Multiple sclerosis” AND “Epidemiology” with filter “Species = Human” Schizophrenia: “Cigarette smoking” AND “Schizophrenia” AND “Epidemiology” with filter “Species = Human” Tourette's Syndrome: “Cigarette smoking” AND “Tourette's Syndrome” AND “Epidemiology” with filter “Species = Human” ADHD: “Cigarette smoking” AND “Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder” AND “Epidemiology” with filter “Species = Human” Depression: “Cigarette smoking” AND “Depression” or “Depressive disorder” AND “Epidemiology” with filter “Species = Human” Anxiety: “Cigarette smoking” AND “Anxiety” AND “Epidemiology” with filter “Species = Human”
The search results included articles published through Mar. 2017. Articles that were not written in English or were irrelevant to the topic were excluded. Of the remaining results, we first reviewed publications describing a meta-analysis of the historical studies. Where additional relevant studies were identified that were subsequent to the latest meta-analyses reported, they were also included. We then consolidated the data into disease-specific tables. Since we performed the searches only in PubMed, studies published in articles not referenced in PubMed are not represented. To collect information on past and ongoing clinical trials using nicotine as an intervention in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, we performed searches in both PubMed and Clinicaltrials.gov, using the following keywords: PubMed search: ●
PD: “Nicotine” AND “Parkinson's Disease” with filters “Species = Human” and “Article type = Clinical trial”
xxiii
xxiv Search Methods ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
AD: “Nicotine” AND “Alzheimer's Disease” with filters “Species = Human” and “Article type = Clinical trial” MS: “Nicotine” AND “Multiple sclerosis” with filters “Species = Human” and “Article type = Clinical trial” Schizophrenia: “Nicotine” AND “Schizophrenia” with filters “Species = Human” and “Article type = Clinical trial” Tourette's Syndrome: “Nicotine” AND “Tourette's Syndrome” with filters “Species = Human” and “Article type = Clinical trial” ADHD: “Nicotine” AND “Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder” with filters “Species = Human” and “Article type = Clinical trial” Depression: “Nicotine” AND “Depression” or “Depressive disorder” with filters “Species = Human” and “Article type = Clinical trial” Anxiety: “Nicotine” AND “Anxiety” with filters “Species = Human” and “Article type = Clinical trial”
Clinicaltrials.gov search: We searched for studies with “nicotine” as a keyword. The results were then sorted “by topic,” and entries under each of the pertinent diseases were reviewed. We extracted the relevant results from both database searches, up through Mar. 2017. The data were used to build disease-specific tables. In order to retrieve the information on other nicotinic receptor agonists that entered clinical trials or are on the market, we first searched the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) database and “AdisInsight” database to identify the nicotinic receptor agonists. The name of the identified compounds was then used to search against “Clinicaltrials.gov” and “PubMed” to review their clinical development status. Compounds that did not appear in these databases were not included in the book. To review past studies demonstrating nicotine's effects in animal models for various neurodegenerative/neuropsychiatric diseases, we searched PubMed using the following keywords: ●
●
●
●
●
●
PD: “Nicotine” AND “Parkinson's Disease” with filter “Species = Other animals” AD: “Nicotine” AND “Alzheimer's Disease” with filter “Species = Other animals” MS: “Nicotine” AND “Multiple sclerosis” with filter “Species = Other animals” Schizophrenia: “Nicotine” AND “Schizophrenia” with filter “Species = Other animals” Tourette's Syndrome: “Nicotine” AND “Tourette's Syndrome” with filter “Species = Other animals” ADHD: “Nicotine” AND “Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder” with filter “Species = Other animals”
Search Methods xxv
●
●
Depression: “Nicotine” AND “Depression” or “Depressive disorder” with filter “Species = Other animals” Anxiety: “Nicotine” AND “Anxiety” with filter “Species = Other animals”
We evaluated the search results up through Mar. 2017 and cited the relevant studies. In addition, review papers summarizing past animal studies on nicotine effects were also used as sources to extract relevant studies. However, it should be noted that the search results may not cover all animal models that have been used for studying these diseases, since the keywords used were the name of the disease rather than the name of the animal model. These searches although likely to identify the majority of the relevant literature are not intended to be absolutely inclusive. Nevertheless, it can be expected that the majority of studies in these areas have been identified and thus the review seems likely to be reasonably representative of the current state of the science in these areas.