- Email: [email protected]
Seeing with light, sound, microwaves, X-rays, gamma rays, etc.
probability of detection (POD) for a CrMoV welded joint (28 mm thick) with induced thermo-mechanical cracks. POD depends on film type and film density. The major influences of unsharpness and irradiation angle upon POD are also presented. A correlation between slit IQI parameter (depth=width) and DIN (wire) IQI diameter was found. An experimental formula between CDI and total unsharpness for X-rays and film density was also found. 46093
Wade, G.
Seeing w i t h light, sound, microwaves, X-rays, gamma rays, etc. R e v i e w of P r o g r e s s in Q u a n t i t a t i v e N o n d e s t r u c t i v e E v a l u a t i o n , B r u n s w i c k , M a i n e ( U n i t e d S t a t e s ) , 23-28 Jul. 1989. Vol. 9 A , pp. 1-28. E d i t e d by D . O . T h o m p s o n a n d D . E . C h i m e n t i . P l e n u m Press (1990) A broad review of various methods of image formation for a range of application including nondestructive testing is offered in this paper. Waveforms as diverse as light, sound, microwaves x and gamma rays can be used to gather image data by means of appropriate detectors. This data can then be manipulated using computers. A discussion of human levels of perception with light and sound is compared to sensitivities and resolutions offered by other image formation techniques, especially acoustic and electron microscopy. Image processing and enhancement techniques such as tomography are essential to extract comprehensible information from these complex images. The advantages of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging over X-ray radiography for medical applications are also discussed. 45975
Anon.
The use of gamma-rays for the radiography of thin steel specimens British J o u r n a l of N o n - D e s t r u c t i v e Testing, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 75-76 (Feb. 1991) The author questions rigid standards of comparison of flaw sensitivity in X and gamma ray radiography. While, generally gamma radiography flaw sensitivity does not compare favourably with that obtained using X-radiography, high contrast techniques with fine grain film and high film density does much to remedy this. With thin steel specimens, such as small-diameter pipe welds no proper comparisons have been made, which would justify excluding the gamma technique. Both iridium 192 and ytterbium 169 have been successfully used as gamma sources. 45943
MacCuaig, N.
The industrial application of low cost gamma-ray tomography British J o u r n a l of N o n - d e s t r u c t i v e Testing, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 111114 (Mar. 1991) The industrial application of Computerised Tomography (CT) has not developed at the same rate as the medical application. A range of will be presented whereby such low cost systems can be used to obtain high quality images of objects. These applications will include defect location, defect characterization, internal dimensional measurement and internal density measurement. 45742
Evans, H. W.
always emit gamma-radiation too. This gamma-radiation can be detected simultaneously with the fast neutrons and therefore a gamma CT-image can be measured along with the neutron image. Thermal neutron tomography may be used to test small samples or objects containing materials with great differences in the linear attenuation coefficients like aluminium and its corrosion products. A spatial resolution and a density resolution of 0.1 mm and about 2% respectively could be achieved in CT-images with fast neutrons and 40 m u m with thermal neutrons. CT-images measured with fast and thermal neutrons are presented in this paper. 45572
Mann, J.; Sieniewicz, P.
Advanced rov for underwater inspection and maintenance I R M 90, A b e r d e e n , S c o t l a n d ( U n i t e d K i n g d o m ) , 6-9 Nov. 1990, D a y 4, 12 pp. T h e S p e a r h e a d G r o u p (1990) Advanced Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) offer safety, economic and efficiency improvements over diver-based inspection and maintenance for the underwater offshore structures used in the petroleum industry. This article looks at the development of ROVs from the earlier optical inspection devices to the most advanced, multi-task vehicles currently available. These use a variety of nondestructive techniques to perform an impressive list of functions. One particular system, the Rigworker R3000s ROV is described in some detail. 45512
TavaCorp
Coating thickness measuring method irradiating target detecting fluorescent X-ray and compton yields and comparing with reference data E u r o p e a n Patent No. 380,226 (1 A u g . 1990) 45219
Humphries, L.L.
Non-destructive testing of materials with the differential gamma scattering spectroscopy (DGSS) D i s s e r t a t i o n A b s t r a c t s I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 1470 (Sep. 1990) ( O A 9021212) The Differential Gamma Scattering Spectroscopy (DGSS) technique is a novel means of non-destructive testing using Compton scattering to determine local density perturbations in a test sample. A test sample is irradiated with a narrow collimated beam of gamma-rays and the scattered radiation field is detected in a transversely placed high purity germanium detector. This detector provides excellent energy resolution so that a detailed energy spectrum can be obtained. This spectrum is then subtracted from a reference spectrum that was collected from a well-known unflawed sample to obtain the differential spectrum. This differential spectrum contains all information characterizing the flaw. A prominent feature of this study that distinguishes it from other Compton scattering research is the examination of the ability to detect flaws both on and off the primary beam path. A series of experiments was conducted to assess the sensitivity of the technique for detecting different sizes of flaws located throughout the sample.
Tuzi, S.; Sato, O.
Advances in low energy gamma radiography
45216
C S N D T J o u r n a l , Vol. II, No. 6, pp. 26-29 ( N o v . - D e c . 1990) This paper describes the use and advantages of low energy gamma ("leg") radiography using ytterbium 169 as a source. Leg sources offer applications unavailable with existing X-ray units and are widely commercially available. The portability of leg radiography equipment adds greatly to its job productivity. On-line inspection of operating plant may be a valuable future application of leg radiography, where water filled pipes are used.
Locating the positions of reinforcing bars in reinforced concrete using backscattered gamma rays
45717 Anon. Source-to-film d i s t a n c e in radiography British J o u r n a l of N o n - D e s t r u c t i v e Testing, Vol. 32, No. 12, pp. 634636 ( D e c . 1990) This paper discussion what constitutes good radiographic technique and whether current standards in the United Kingdom are adequate. Image contrast, sharpness and noise all influence the quality of a film radiograph and the ability to detect small flaws from it. Better crack sensitivity can often be achieved by using a larger source-to-film distance and this alone may improve radiography results. 45662
Fischer, C.O.; Leuther, W.; Laurenze, C.; Slusallek, K.
Autoradiography of oil paintings N e u t r o n R a d i o g r a p h y (3), O s a k a ( J a p a n ) , 14-18 M a y 1989. pp. 781-786. E d i t e d by S. F u j i n e , K. K a n d a , G. M a t s u m o t o a n d J.P. B a r t o n . K l u w e s A c a d e m i c P u b l i s h e r s (1990) In cooperation between the Berlin State Museum SMPK and the HahnMeitner-lnstitute a research project about paintings of Rembrandt and his time was started in 1984. After neutron activation in Berlin and Grenoble 185 radiography were taken from 19 paintings. More than 300 gamma-spectra were determined for pigment analysis. The actual status of the project is presented. 45660
Schatz, A.; Pfister, G.; Koch, D.; Stier, G.; Siegel, C.
A p p l i e d R a d i a t i o n a n d I s o t o p e s , Vol. 41, No. 10/11, pp. 1013-1018 (1990) A method for locating the positions of reinforcing bars in reinforced concrete by backscattercd gamma rays was investigated using 57 Co and 133Ba. From the backscattered counting rate obtained by scanning the surface of reinforced concrete, thc spacing, the size and the dcpth of the reinforcing bars can be determined. The method, computer simulation and future problems for miniaturization are prcsented. 44985
GeneralElectric Company; (Schoenig, F.C.; Kaiser, B.J.)
Non-destructive testing of nuclear fuel r o d s U.S. P a t e n t No. 4, 902, 467 (20 F e b . 1990) Differential attenuation of gamma rays is used to distinguish between poisoned and non-poisoned nuclear fuel rods in this patent. Two linear, parallel test channels convey the rods to the test area. Poison concentration is measured at several points along the rod by detecting variations in fuel paramagnetic susceptibility. Gamma ray attenuation measurements provide density data for each rod. Background radio activity is also measured along the test channels. Neutron-induced radioactivity is also measured at several points along the fuel rod length. Enrichment data is then processed on a computer. 44740
Aliotti, A.; Benhamou, A.
Nondestructive assay of the plutonium content of mixed-oxide fuels by gamma-induced X-ray fluorescence (In French) R e v u e G e n e r a l e N u c l e a i r e , No. 2, pp. 141-144 ( M a r . - A p r . 1990) 44529 Dea Mineraloel Ag Pipeline corrosion check by gamma or X - r a y s w i t h specified location of
Computer-tomography w i t h fast and thermal neutrons
source and receiver
N e u t r o n R a d i o g r a p h y (3), O s a k a ( J a p a n ) , 14-18 M a y 1989. pp. 805-812. E d i t e d b y S. F u j i n e , K. K a n d a , G. M a t s u m o t o a n d J.P. B a r t o n . K l u w e s A c a d e m i c P u b l i s h e r s (1990) A transportable neutron tomography scanner was developed which can be used at different neutron sources. In non-destructive material testing fast neutrons can be used to examine thick metallic samples or to show small differences in the concentration of light nuclei. Furthermore neutron sources
P a t e n t C o o p e r a t i o n T r e a t y No. W O . 9004,168 (19 A p r . 1990)
N DT & E International June 1 991
44462 Anghaie, S.; Humphries, L.L.; Diaz, N.J. M a t e r i a l characterization and flaw detection, sizing, and location by the differential gamma scattering spectroscopy technique. P a r t h
development of theoretical basis N u c l e a r T e c h n o l o g y , Vol. 91, No. 3, pp. 361-37,5 (Sep. 1990)
151
Wade, G.
Seeing w i t h light, sound, microwaves, X-rays, gamma rays, etc. R e v i e w of P r o g r e s s in Q u a n t i t a t i v e N o n d e s t r u c t i v e E v a l u a t i o n , B r u n s w i c k , M a i n e ( U n i t e d S t a t e s ) , 23-28 Jul. 1989. Vol. 9 A , pp. 1-28. E d i t e d by D . O . T h o m p s o n a n d D . E . C h i m e n t i . P l e n u m Press (1990) A broad review of various methods of image formation for a range of application including nondestructive testing is offered in this paper. Waveforms as diverse as light, sound, microwaves x and gamma rays can be used to gather image data by means of appropriate detectors. This data can then be manipulated using computers. A discussion of human levels of perception with light and sound is compared to sensitivities and resolutions offered by other image formation techniques, especially acoustic and electron microscopy. Image processing and enhancement techniques such as tomography are essential to extract comprehensible information from these complex images. The advantages of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging over X-ray radiography for medical applications are also discussed. 45975
Anon.
The use of gamma-rays for the radiography of thin steel specimens British J o u r n a l of N o n - D e s t r u c t i v e Testing, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 75-76 (Feb. 1991) The author questions rigid standards of comparison of flaw sensitivity in X and gamma ray radiography. While, generally gamma radiography flaw sensitivity does not compare favourably with that obtained using X-radiography, high contrast techniques with fine grain film and high film density does much to remedy this. With thin steel specimens, such as small-diameter pipe welds no proper comparisons have been made, which would justify excluding the gamma technique. Both iridium 192 and ytterbium 169 have been successfully used as gamma sources. 45943
MacCuaig, N.
The industrial application of low cost gamma-ray tomography British J o u r n a l of N o n - d e s t r u c t i v e Testing, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 111114 (Mar. 1991) The industrial application of Computerised Tomography (CT) has not developed at the same rate as the medical application. A range of will be presented whereby such low cost systems can be used to obtain high quality images of objects. These applications will include defect location, defect characterization, internal dimensional measurement and internal density measurement. 45742
Evans, H. W.
always emit gamma-radiation too. This gamma-radiation can be detected simultaneously with the fast neutrons and therefore a gamma CT-image can be measured along with the neutron image. Thermal neutron tomography may be used to test small samples or objects containing materials with great differences in the linear attenuation coefficients like aluminium and its corrosion products. A spatial resolution and a density resolution of 0.1 mm and about 2% respectively could be achieved in CT-images with fast neutrons and 40 m u m with thermal neutrons. CT-images measured with fast and thermal neutrons are presented in this paper. 45572
Mann, J.; Sieniewicz, P.
Advanced rov for underwater inspection and maintenance I R M 90, A b e r d e e n , S c o t l a n d ( U n i t e d K i n g d o m ) , 6-9 Nov. 1990, D a y 4, 12 pp. T h e S p e a r h e a d G r o u p (1990) Advanced Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) offer safety, economic and efficiency improvements over diver-based inspection and maintenance for the underwater offshore structures used in the petroleum industry. This article looks at the development of ROVs from the earlier optical inspection devices to the most advanced, multi-task vehicles currently available. These use a variety of nondestructive techniques to perform an impressive list of functions. One particular system, the Rigworker R3000s ROV is described in some detail. 45512
TavaCorp
Coating thickness measuring method irradiating target detecting fluorescent X-ray and compton yields and comparing with reference data E u r o p e a n Patent No. 380,226 (1 A u g . 1990) 45219
Humphries, L.L.
Non-destructive testing of materials with the differential gamma scattering spectroscopy (DGSS) D i s s e r t a t i o n A b s t r a c t s I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 1470 (Sep. 1990) ( O A 9021212) The Differential Gamma Scattering Spectroscopy (DGSS) technique is a novel means of non-destructive testing using Compton scattering to determine local density perturbations in a test sample. A test sample is irradiated with a narrow collimated beam of gamma-rays and the scattered radiation field is detected in a transversely placed high purity germanium detector. This detector provides excellent energy resolution so that a detailed energy spectrum can be obtained. This spectrum is then subtracted from a reference spectrum that was collected from a well-known unflawed sample to obtain the differential spectrum. This differential spectrum contains all information characterizing the flaw. A prominent feature of this study that distinguishes it from other Compton scattering research is the examination of the ability to detect flaws both on and off the primary beam path. A series of experiments was conducted to assess the sensitivity of the technique for detecting different sizes of flaws located throughout the sample.
Tuzi, S.; Sato, O.
Advances in low energy gamma radiography
45216
C S N D T J o u r n a l , Vol. II, No. 6, pp. 26-29 ( N o v . - D e c . 1990) This paper describes the use and advantages of low energy gamma ("leg") radiography using ytterbium 169 as a source. Leg sources offer applications unavailable with existing X-ray units and are widely commercially available. The portability of leg radiography equipment adds greatly to its job productivity. On-line inspection of operating plant may be a valuable future application of leg radiography, where water filled pipes are used.
Locating the positions of reinforcing bars in reinforced concrete using backscattered gamma rays
45717 Anon. Source-to-film d i s t a n c e in radiography British J o u r n a l of N o n - D e s t r u c t i v e Testing, Vol. 32, No. 12, pp. 634636 ( D e c . 1990) This paper discussion what constitutes good radiographic technique and whether current standards in the United Kingdom are adequate. Image contrast, sharpness and noise all influence the quality of a film radiograph and the ability to detect small flaws from it. Better crack sensitivity can often be achieved by using a larger source-to-film distance and this alone may improve radiography results. 45662
Fischer, C.O.; Leuther, W.; Laurenze, C.; Slusallek, K.
Autoradiography of oil paintings N e u t r o n R a d i o g r a p h y (3), O s a k a ( J a p a n ) , 14-18 M a y 1989. pp. 781-786. E d i t e d by S. F u j i n e , K. K a n d a , G. M a t s u m o t o a n d J.P. B a r t o n . K l u w e s A c a d e m i c P u b l i s h e r s (1990) In cooperation between the Berlin State Museum SMPK and the HahnMeitner-lnstitute a research project about paintings of Rembrandt and his time was started in 1984. After neutron activation in Berlin and Grenoble 185 radiography were taken from 19 paintings. More than 300 gamma-spectra were determined for pigment analysis. The actual status of the project is presented. 45660
Schatz, A.; Pfister, G.; Koch, D.; Stier, G.; Siegel, C.
A p p l i e d R a d i a t i o n a n d I s o t o p e s , Vol. 41, No. 10/11, pp. 1013-1018 (1990) A method for locating the positions of reinforcing bars in reinforced concrete by backscattercd gamma rays was investigated using 57 Co and 133Ba. From the backscattered counting rate obtained by scanning the surface of reinforced concrete, thc spacing, the size and the dcpth of the reinforcing bars can be determined. The method, computer simulation and future problems for miniaturization are prcsented. 44985
GeneralElectric Company; (Schoenig, F.C.; Kaiser, B.J.)
Non-destructive testing of nuclear fuel r o d s U.S. P a t e n t No. 4, 902, 467 (20 F e b . 1990) Differential attenuation of gamma rays is used to distinguish between poisoned and non-poisoned nuclear fuel rods in this patent. Two linear, parallel test channels convey the rods to the test area. Poison concentration is measured at several points along the rod by detecting variations in fuel paramagnetic susceptibility. Gamma ray attenuation measurements provide density data for each rod. Background radio activity is also measured along the test channels. Neutron-induced radioactivity is also measured at several points along the fuel rod length. Enrichment data is then processed on a computer. 44740
Aliotti, A.; Benhamou, A.
Nondestructive assay of the plutonium content of mixed-oxide fuels by gamma-induced X-ray fluorescence (In French) R e v u e G e n e r a l e N u c l e a i r e , No. 2, pp. 141-144 ( M a r . - A p r . 1990) 44529 Dea Mineraloel Ag Pipeline corrosion check by gamma or X - r a y s w i t h specified location of
Computer-tomography w i t h fast and thermal neutrons
source and receiver
N e u t r o n R a d i o g r a p h y (3), O s a k a ( J a p a n ) , 14-18 M a y 1989. pp. 805-812. E d i t e d b y S. F u j i n e , K. K a n d a , G. M a t s u m o t o a n d J.P. B a r t o n . K l u w e s A c a d e m i c P u b l i s h e r s (1990) A transportable neutron tomography scanner was developed which can be used at different neutron sources. In non-destructive material testing fast neutrons can be used to examine thick metallic samples or to show small differences in the concentration of light nuclei. Furthermore neutron sources
P a t e n t C o o p e r a t i o n T r e a t y No. W O . 9004,168 (19 A p r . 1990)
N DT & E International June 1 991
44462 Anghaie, S.; Humphries, L.L.; Diaz, N.J. M a t e r i a l characterization and flaw detection, sizing, and location by the differential gamma scattering spectroscopy technique. P a r t h
development of theoretical basis N u c l e a r T e c h n o l o g y , Vol. 91, No. 3, pp. 361-37,5 (Sep. 1990)
151