- Email: [email protected]
Selected papers, by Bruce G. Johnston (edited)
Proposal on load combination for level I formats, 197 Quadratic complementary problem related to the optimal design of a pipeline freely resting on a rough sea bottom, 75 Quadratic complementarity problem related to the optimal design of a pipeline freely resting on a rough sea bottom, 186 Quadrilateral shell element for rotational shells, 129 RC buildings in Greece, Identification of understrength and overstress parameters for, 161
Sea bottom, A quadratic complementary problem related to the optimal design of a pipeline freely resting on a rough, 75 Shells, Quadrilateral shell element for rotational, 129 Steel beam columns, A probabilistic analysis of, 233 Structural analysis of assemblages of thinwalled members, 207 Structural reliability and cross-wind response of tall chimneys, 263 Surveillance of levels in Gloucester Cathedral, 106 Tall buildings, cross wind response of, 256
Three dimensional, finite deformation, elastic-plastic finite element analysis of ductile structures, 242 Tubular conveyor galleries, 1 l 9 Urban design in earthquake-prone areas, Physical development planning and, 153 Vibrational behaviour of three composite beam-slab bridges, 277 Wind engineering, Modern developments in (part 3), 66 Wind loads, Investigation on the vibrational behaviour of a cable-stayed bridge under, 99 Yield limits by mathematical programming, Indirect identification of, 86
B O O K REVIEWS Wind effects on buildings. Volume 1: Design applications. Volume 2: Statistics and meteorology 7-. V. Lawson Applied Science, Barking, Essex, UK, 1980, 318 pp. and 155 pp., £22.00 and £12.00 It is now 20 years since Davenport opened a new w i n d o w on the p r o b l e m of wind effects on structures, with publication of his statistical approach to the action of turbulence (gust loading). These 20 years have provided a m u c h i m p r o v e d understanding of the structure of turbulence in the natural wind, and the d e v e l o p m e n t of windtunnel techniques simulating the natural wind. Analytical techniques, synthesizing these developments are now available to the structural designer at various levels of c o m p l e x i t y . F o r m a n y cases these are sufficient, but the aerodynamics of buildings can be e x t r e m e l y difficult to generalize predictively. The object is a closed (but not i m p e r m e able) prism, typically of comparable dimensions in two directions perpendicular to the flow, situated in sheared turbulent flow which probably combines a statistically standard pattern with specific influences set up in the flow round discrete objects (other buildings) nearby. Mr Lawson's books make a major contribution in guiding the building designer through these pitfalls, indicating where a ' b o u n d a r y layer' windtunnel can best assist, and the best possible o u t p u t therefrom. His own work has m a d e a major c o n t r i b u t i o n in data processing and o u t p u t presentation, aiming to produce design values of appropriate probability of exceedence. This is n o w due for further integration in structural reliability analysis. In general, he advocates the T V L m e t h o d (not, of course, related to his own initials) to allow for the
291) Eng. Struct., 1982, Vol. 4, October
correlation of pressure over the structure, whereby data is averaged over a time selected according to the wind speed and size of the loaded area. This simple and practical proposal can also help to retain a consistent interpretation of results while the concensus value of the characteristic size (scale) of natural turbulence has increased as knowledge has increased, but may not be sufficient for design cases sensitive to correlation, such as torsionallysensitive buildings. Wind presents m a n y problems to the designer of buildings b e y o n d the basic question of structural strength. A b o u t half of v o l u m e 1 is devoted to such problems: heating and ventilation, pollution dispersal, and personal c o m f o r t and safety in relation to wind speeds around buildings. Particular contributions are made on data presentation and assessment criteria in the latter case. The second v o l u m e is only half the length of the first. Many basic statistical concepts, and standard results, are given a clear, elementary, i n t r o d u c t i o n , and in m a n y cases intermediate steps in the manipulations are shown in sufficient detail to make t h e m easy to follow. U n f o r t u n a t e l y the corollary is omission of m u c h that would make the material useful to a designer, and the impression given is that the author here is talking to wind-tunnel operators. Thus, the discussion of correlations in spectral terms becomes reduced to statement of the results; coherence is badly defined, and the normalized co-spectrum is not presented. The averaging time which is crucial to the T V L m e t h o d is presented as following directly and simplistically from the length scale of coherence, w i t h o u t discussion of the relation of the spectral transfer f u n c t i o n for spatial averaging to the coherence, or of the relation of the overall result to the input spectrum ; yet some of the
principles involved are outlined later in the text in relation to the u n w a n t e d time averaging by instrumentation. V o l u m e 1 is thus singled out. It does not duplicate existing texts, and indeed the designer should look elsewhere to get an overall appreciation of the m e t h o d s springing directly from Davenport's initiative, but the unique insight given into current applications of the wind-tunnel to assist building design makes it necessary reading for a n y o n e entering this field.
7-. A. Wyatt
Selected papers, by Bruce G. Johnston (edited) Fritz Engineering Research Society and Structural Stability Research Council, Lehigh University, USA, 1981,564 pp., $25.00 This substantial v o l u m e was published in c o n n e c t i o n with the celebration of Dr J o h n s t o n ' s 75th birthday in May 1981. Out of his m o r e than 70 publications it contains the 24 which the editors considered most i m p o r t a n t , spanning the period 1936-77. His research accomplishments do not represent Bruce J o h n s o n ' s only contributions to structural engineering, particularly of steel structures. As one of the founders and early chairmen of the C o l u m n Research Council ( n o w the Structural Stability Research Council) he has contributed a great deal to this i m p o r t a n t organization. His directorship of Lehigh's Fritz Engineering Laboratory 1 9 3 8 - 5 0 greatly helped to raise the quality and standing of that institution. And among his PhD students, both at Lehigh University and at the University of Michigan, are m a n y outstanding professionals, testifying to his
effectiveness as a teacher. This volume, of course, reflects only his research contributions. The volume starts with a fairly detailed biography, apart from his professional career, it shows Bruce Johnston's attractive personality, his easy way of interacting with people and his versatility. His research initiative and leadership in various areas of steel structures is well represented in the volume. Thus, a total of five papers, spanning the time from 1936 to 1969, deal with various phases of torsion. An early paper (1942) provides a solid basis for the analysis of frames with semi-rigid connections. In their conclusion the authors state: 'The methods presented in this paper represent a refinement in the analysis of building frames. It may be questioned whether such refinement is warranted, etc., etc.' This attitude of always keeping in mind the practical design implications of a piece of research is typical of Bruce Johnston. In a brief paper 'An aware-
ness of reality' (1965) he elaborates on the designer's need to combine the findings of research with an awareness, in part intuitive, of the reality of the structure and warns the researchers not to lose sight of this reality: 'The research workers in the field of column behavior were mistaking the formula for the column and forgetting to think about the column itself.' This attitude pervades all of the research reflected in this volume. Among the areas represented by papers in this volume are: plastic behaviour of simple and continuous flexural members and a paper which essentially lays the groundwork for what is now known as 'plastic design'. Characteristically, the summary states: 'If plastic analysis can be applied to design to realize these goals (of "maximum possible economy"), it will be so applied, for the laws of evolution work as surely in the history of man made structures as they do in the field of biology.' Several papers deal with various
phases of column behaviour, a field in which Bruce Johnston is particularly well known. The most important and pioneering of these, with R. H. Batterman as co-author, is 'Behavior and maximum strength of metal columns' (1967). In this paper computer-simulation rather than testing is used on a broad scale to determine the maximum strength of aluminium alloy and steel column as influenced by imperfections, such as crookedness and residual cooling stresses, separately and in combination. This work, which was started in 1962, has strongly affected the approach now widely accepted for devising column design formulae and curves. This brief review cannot do justice to the varied content of this volume. It merely attempts, to suggest the scope and the type of approach represented in these papers.
G. Winter
computer-aideddesign the leading international journal for users and developers of the computer as a design aid Coverage includes: eBuilding design • CAD/CAM syste ms • Chemical engineering • Civil and structural engineering • Electrical, electronic and logic design • Geometric modelling • Mechanical 'engineering
9st mobile me (250 tons) d by GROVE. d drawn using by GMWComputers.
Further details and subscription rates from: Christine Mullins Butterworth Scientific Limited - - Journals Division PO Box 63 Westbury House Bury Street Guildford Surrey GU2 5BH England Telephone: 0483 31261 Telex: 8 5 9 5 5 6 SCITEC G
Eng. Struct., 1982, Vol. 4, October 291
Sea bottom, A quadratic complementary problem related to the optimal design of a pipeline freely resting on a rough, 75 Shells, Quadrilateral shell element for rotational, 129 Steel beam columns, A probabilistic analysis of, 233 Structural analysis of assemblages of thinwalled members, 207 Structural reliability and cross-wind response of tall chimneys, 263 Surveillance of levels in Gloucester Cathedral, 106 Tall buildings, cross wind response of, 256
Three dimensional, finite deformation, elastic-plastic finite element analysis of ductile structures, 242 Tubular conveyor galleries, 1 l 9 Urban design in earthquake-prone areas, Physical development planning and, 153 Vibrational behaviour of three composite beam-slab bridges, 277 Wind engineering, Modern developments in (part 3), 66 Wind loads, Investigation on the vibrational behaviour of a cable-stayed bridge under, 99 Yield limits by mathematical programming, Indirect identification of, 86
B O O K REVIEWS Wind effects on buildings. Volume 1: Design applications. Volume 2: Statistics and meteorology 7-. V. Lawson Applied Science, Barking, Essex, UK, 1980, 318 pp. and 155 pp., £22.00 and £12.00 It is now 20 years since Davenport opened a new w i n d o w on the p r o b l e m of wind effects on structures, with publication of his statistical approach to the action of turbulence (gust loading). These 20 years have provided a m u c h i m p r o v e d understanding of the structure of turbulence in the natural wind, and the d e v e l o p m e n t of windtunnel techniques simulating the natural wind. Analytical techniques, synthesizing these developments are now available to the structural designer at various levels of c o m p l e x i t y . F o r m a n y cases these are sufficient, but the aerodynamics of buildings can be e x t r e m e l y difficult to generalize predictively. The object is a closed (but not i m p e r m e able) prism, typically of comparable dimensions in two directions perpendicular to the flow, situated in sheared turbulent flow which probably combines a statistically standard pattern with specific influences set up in the flow round discrete objects (other buildings) nearby. Mr Lawson's books make a major contribution in guiding the building designer through these pitfalls, indicating where a ' b o u n d a r y layer' windtunnel can best assist, and the best possible o u t p u t therefrom. His own work has m a d e a major c o n t r i b u t i o n in data processing and o u t p u t presentation, aiming to produce design values of appropriate probability of exceedence. This is n o w due for further integration in structural reliability analysis. In general, he advocates the T V L m e t h o d (not, of course, related to his own initials) to allow for the
291) Eng. Struct., 1982, Vol. 4, October
correlation of pressure over the structure, whereby data is averaged over a time selected according to the wind speed and size of the loaded area. This simple and practical proposal can also help to retain a consistent interpretation of results while the concensus value of the characteristic size (scale) of natural turbulence has increased as knowledge has increased, but may not be sufficient for design cases sensitive to correlation, such as torsionallysensitive buildings. Wind presents m a n y problems to the designer of buildings b e y o n d the basic question of structural strength. A b o u t half of v o l u m e 1 is devoted to such problems: heating and ventilation, pollution dispersal, and personal c o m f o r t and safety in relation to wind speeds around buildings. Particular contributions are made on data presentation and assessment criteria in the latter case. The second v o l u m e is only half the length of the first. Many basic statistical concepts, and standard results, are given a clear, elementary, i n t r o d u c t i o n , and in m a n y cases intermediate steps in the manipulations are shown in sufficient detail to make t h e m easy to follow. U n f o r t u n a t e l y the corollary is omission of m u c h that would make the material useful to a designer, and the impression given is that the author here is talking to wind-tunnel operators. Thus, the discussion of correlations in spectral terms becomes reduced to statement of the results; coherence is badly defined, and the normalized co-spectrum is not presented. The averaging time which is crucial to the T V L m e t h o d is presented as following directly and simplistically from the length scale of coherence, w i t h o u t discussion of the relation of the spectral transfer f u n c t i o n for spatial averaging to the coherence, or of the relation of the overall result to the input spectrum ; yet some of the
principles involved are outlined later in the text in relation to the u n w a n t e d time averaging by instrumentation. V o l u m e 1 is thus singled out. It does not duplicate existing texts, and indeed the designer should look elsewhere to get an overall appreciation of the m e t h o d s springing directly from Davenport's initiative, but the unique insight given into current applications of the wind-tunnel to assist building design makes it necessary reading for a n y o n e entering this field.
7-. A. Wyatt
Selected papers, by Bruce G. Johnston (edited) Fritz Engineering Research Society and Structural Stability Research Council, Lehigh University, USA, 1981,564 pp., $25.00 This substantial v o l u m e was published in c o n n e c t i o n with the celebration of Dr J o h n s t o n ' s 75th birthday in May 1981. Out of his m o r e than 70 publications it contains the 24 which the editors considered most i m p o r t a n t , spanning the period 1936-77. His research accomplishments do not represent Bruce J o h n s o n ' s only contributions to structural engineering, particularly of steel structures. As one of the founders and early chairmen of the C o l u m n Research Council ( n o w the Structural Stability Research Council) he has contributed a great deal to this i m p o r t a n t organization. His directorship of Lehigh's Fritz Engineering Laboratory 1 9 3 8 - 5 0 greatly helped to raise the quality and standing of that institution. And among his PhD students, both at Lehigh University and at the University of Michigan, are m a n y outstanding professionals, testifying to his
effectiveness as a teacher. This volume, of course, reflects only his research contributions. The volume starts with a fairly detailed biography, apart from his professional career, it shows Bruce Johnston's attractive personality, his easy way of interacting with people and his versatility. His research initiative and leadership in various areas of steel structures is well represented in the volume. Thus, a total of five papers, spanning the time from 1936 to 1969, deal with various phases of torsion. An early paper (1942) provides a solid basis for the analysis of frames with semi-rigid connections. In their conclusion the authors state: 'The methods presented in this paper represent a refinement in the analysis of building frames. It may be questioned whether such refinement is warranted, etc., etc.' This attitude of always keeping in mind the practical design implications of a piece of research is typical of Bruce Johnston. In a brief paper 'An aware-
ness of reality' (1965) he elaborates on the designer's need to combine the findings of research with an awareness, in part intuitive, of the reality of the structure and warns the researchers not to lose sight of this reality: 'The research workers in the field of column behavior were mistaking the formula for the column and forgetting to think about the column itself.' This attitude pervades all of the research reflected in this volume. Among the areas represented by papers in this volume are: plastic behaviour of simple and continuous flexural members and a paper which essentially lays the groundwork for what is now known as 'plastic design'. Characteristically, the summary states: 'If plastic analysis can be applied to design to realize these goals (of "maximum possible economy"), it will be so applied, for the laws of evolution work as surely in the history of man made structures as they do in the field of biology.' Several papers deal with various
phases of column behaviour, a field in which Bruce Johnston is particularly well known. The most important and pioneering of these, with R. H. Batterman as co-author, is 'Behavior and maximum strength of metal columns' (1967). In this paper computer-simulation rather than testing is used on a broad scale to determine the maximum strength of aluminium alloy and steel column as influenced by imperfections, such as crookedness and residual cooling stresses, separately and in combination. This work, which was started in 1962, has strongly affected the approach now widely accepted for devising column design formulae and curves. This brief review cannot do justice to the varied content of this volume. It merely attempts, to suggest the scope and the type of approach represented in these papers.
G. Winter
computer-aideddesign the leading international journal for users and developers of the computer as a design aid Coverage includes: eBuilding design • CAD/CAM syste ms • Chemical engineering • Civil and structural engineering • Electrical, electronic and logic design • Geometric modelling • Mechanical 'engineering
9st mobile me (250 tons) d by GROVE. d drawn using by GMWComputers.
Further details and subscription rates from: Christine Mullins Butterworth Scientific Limited - - Journals Division PO Box 63 Westbury House Bury Street Guildford Surrey GU2 5BH England Telephone: 0483 31261 Telex: 8 5 9 5 5 6 SCITEC G
Eng. Struct., 1982, Vol. 4, October 291