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Selection of traditional medicines for study
Journal of E~hnopharmacolog~,
32
( 199 I ) 57-10
Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd.
Selection of traditional Nguygfi Xuh Faculties of Pharmacy and Chemistry,
University
DuAg and D6- T5f Lcji of Hanoi, 13-19
Vietnam is fortunate to have such varied climtic conditions that any medicinal plants can grow and be cultivated economically by selecting a suitable area for the required climatic conditions. In addition labor is also easily available in most of the areas. In Vietnam, as in many Third World countries, from generation to generation by oral tradition and through literature the people have collected a lot of medicinal plants and especially a lot of medicinal prescriptions based on a long empirical knowledge of medicinal and toxic plants. Prof. Dr. Do- T&f Ldi was busy for over 40 years compiling the medicinal plants of Vietnam into a book. Medicinal plants and drugs from Vietnam
This book is considered as a necessary document to be used as the base for further research. The book gives an over-view of the phytotherapeutic potentialities of the flora of Vietnam. A table presents various types of traditional plants grouped into treatments of diseases and with the following specifications: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
medicines for study
Scientific and local names of the plants Origin, distribution Nature of useful parts (root, bark, leaf etc.) Chemical composition Experiments (pharmacology, clinical test etc.) already carried out on the plants and uses
Presented at the First International Congress on Ethnopharmacology, Strasbourg, 5--9 June, 1990. Correspondence to: Nguygfi Xuan Duflg, University of Hanoi. 13-19 u Thzinh T6ng Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. 0378-8741/$03.50 0 1991 Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd Published and Printed in Ireland
LP Thrinh T6ng Street, Hunoi (Vietnam)
(6) Traditional
prescription
and medicinal use
The objectives of this report are as follows: to describe traditional medicine and the therapeutic value of the medicines used by the “native doctors”, because the use of plant drugs by “native doctors” for treatment of diseases in Vietnam was established a very long time ago. - to select medicinal plants and do animal research in order to produce pharmaceutical preparations, essential oils and pure naturally occurring compounds of pharmaceutical importance and to prepare national drug prescriptions. To make the selection the following points are important:
-
(1) The knowledge based on experience obtained from “native doctors” and our own work will be of more value when it is available in books. (2) When the information is collected from various places, it will provide confirmation of the effects; it will be best to collect it from places as far apart as possible and even better, from other countries. This selection is very important because we have not enough money, man power, time and especially instruments for research on all medicines. Nearly 50 years ago ethnopharmacology seemed not to be a scientific subject in Vietnam. Some papers introduced some medicinal plants and ingredients of Vietnam but did not draw any attention from scientists. In 1939 ethnopharmacological association of Vietnam was organized for the defence of “native doctors” and this organization had also its own journal for introducing some famous native doctors, medicinal plants, ingredients and prescriptions.
58
It was very difficult to know and study traditional medicines in Vietnam at that time because students do not have good methods for checking and studying the medicines and most of the native doctors keep their professional secrets. From these circumstances Dr. Ldi contacted directly patients who were treated by traditional medicine. From there he found really native doctors or ingredients, which patients used after the guidance of native doctors. The very important thing is that he spent a lot of time studying and collecting ingredients in the so-called Chinese shop and in the small shops of traditional medicine, who take fresh and dried medicinal plants from the countryside and sell in the streets, in the markets of Hanoi and other cities. These women know the medicinal herbs of Vietnam very well. He also made a systematical study of the scientific names and local names, origin and distribution of the medicinal plants. For choosing of prescriptions we respect the following principles: (1) Prescriptions using single medicinal plant are the best. (2) When the information on medicinal plants is collected from various places, it will provide confirmation of the effects; it will be best to collect information from places as far apart as possible and even better from other countries. (3) If the experiences are eye-witness or oral accounts but described in the old books, it will be more trustworthy because they are through trial. IX- Tat Lgi’s book was published five times from 1962 to 1986, over 85,000 copies. This book introduces the base of philosophy and practice of clinical treatment and use of the medicinal plants and also gives experiences of combination between traditional medicine and modern medicine. We ciassify our medicinal plants f >600) in various groups according to disease groups, which can be treated by national drugs, for example: gynecological (77 plants), anti-inflammatory (117 plants), vermifugal (28 plants), antidysenteric (68 plants), diuretic and bile-diseases (86 plants), hemostatic (12 plants), blood pressure regulator (27 plants), anti-toxin (28 plants), intestinal diseases (52 plants), antidiarrheic (79 plants), laxative (55 plants), duodenal ulcer and stomach diseases (33
plants), rheumatic and gnawing pain (38 plants), wounds, snake-bite (28 plants), eye, ear, antipyretic, antimalaria f 108 plants), antitussive (106 plants), hypnotic tranquilizer (38 plants), tonic (70 plants and 12 animals), drugs from animals (36), drugs from minerals (18). We would like to introduce some plants which have been used very popularly in Vietnam for treatment of some diseases. Plants used for treatment of gynecological diseases Leonurus heterophyllus SW. (Labiatae) Artemisia vulgaris L. (Compositae) ~outtunia cor~ta Thumb. (Saururaceae) 3oehmeria nivea L. (Urticaceae) Typhonium divaricatum Decne (Araceae) Achyranthes bidentata Blume (Amaranthaceae) Sauropus androginus (L.) Merr. (Euphorbiaceae) Philydrum lanuginosum Banks Diels (Phylidraceae) Pleome~e cochinehinensis Merr. (Liliaceae) Bichofia trifoliata (Roxb.) Hook. f. (Euphorbiaceae) Telosma cordata (Burm. f.) Merr. (Asclepiadaceae) Clerodendron cyrtopholium Turoz. (Verbenaceae) Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) ~lerodendron fragrans Vent. (Ver~naceae) Carthamus t~netorius L. (Composiatae) Ageratum conizoides 1;. (Compositae) Gossipium sp. (Malvaceae) Cuesalpinia sappan L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Hodgsonia macrocarpa (Blume) Cogn. Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) (Umbelliferae) Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem (Curcurbitaceae) Cnicus japonicus (DC.) Maxim (Compositae) Paeonia lactzj7ora Pall. (Ranunculaceae) Artocarpus intergrzjolia L.f. (Moraceae)
Plants used as vermifuges Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Chenopoiaceae) Leucaene glauca Benth. (Mimosaceae) Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) Semen cucurbitae (Cucurbita~ae) Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) Mallotus philipinensis Mull. (Euphorbiaceae) Quisqualis indica L. (Combretaceae) Stemona tuberosa Lour. (Stemonaceae)
59
Embelia ribes Burn. (Myrsinaceae) Compretum quadrangulare Kurz (Combretaceae) Areca catechu L (Arecaceae) Diospyros mollis Griff. (Ebenaceae) Embelia
lacta Burn.
Eupatorium staechadosmum Hance. (Compositae) Suuropus rostratus Mig. (Euphorbiaceae)
Brucea javanica Merr. (Simarubaceae) Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. (Apocynaceae) Paederia tomentusa L. (Rubiaceae) Coptis-Rhizoma coptidis (Ranunculaceae)
Burm (Euphorbiaceae)
malaccecensis Lamk. (Cyperaceae) repens L. (Oenotheraceae)
Pandanus
tectorius Sol. (Pandanaceae)
(Leguminosae)
Randia tomentosa Blum. (Rubiaceae) Saccharum officinarum L. (Gramineae) Seeaginella
tamariscina
(Beauv.)
Spring
(Selaginellaceae) Polygonum
Terminaliu catappa L. (Combretaceae) Bixa orellana L. (Bixaceae) Psychotria reevessi Wall (Rubiaceae)
aviculare
L. (Polygonaceae) Planch. (Connaraceae) Petroselinum sativum Hoff. (Umbelliferae) Anisomeles indica R. Br. (Labiatae) Alisma plantago-aquatica L. (Alismataceae) Imperata cylindrica Beauv. (Gramineae) Zea mays L. (Graminae) Pork cocos Wolf. (Polyporaceae) Tetrupanax pupyrljera (Hook) Koch (Araliaceae) Curcumu longu L. (Zingiberaceae) Elephantopus scaber L. (Compositae) Biophytum sensitivum (Lour.) DC. (Oxahdaceae) Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. (Gramineae) Hemerocallis Fulva L. (Liliaceae) Rourea microphylla
Ailantus glandulosa
Desf. (Simarubaceae) Poir. (Polypodiaceae) Allium safivum L. (Liliaceae) Portulaca oleraceae L. (Portulaca oleraceae (Portulaceae) Camellia sinensis 0. Ktze (Theaceae) Berberis wallichiana DC. (Berberidaceae) Firbraurea tinctoria Lour. (Menispermaceae) Coscinium usitatum Pierre (Menispermaceae) Phellodendron amurence Rupr. (Rutaceae) Desmodium cephalotes Wall (Leguminosae) Canthium parvlfolium Roxb. (Rubiaceae) Zxora coccinea L. (Rubiaceae) Auricularia polytricha Sacc. (Auriculariaceae) Tinospora sagitata (Oliv.) Gagnep (Menispermaceae) Premna integrifolia L. (Verbenaceae)
Cyperus Jussiaea
Cajanus indicus Spreng.
Mahonia bealii Carr. (Berberidaceae) Cyclea peltata Hook. et Thw. (Menispermaceae) Thalictrum foliolosum DC. (Ranunculaceae) thymifoliu
Stephania longa Lour. (Menispermaceae) Sapium sebiferum (L.), Roxb. (Euphorbiaceae) Pyrrhosia lingua (Thumb.) Farwell (Polypodiaceae) Tetracera scandens (L.) (Dilleniaceae)
(Myrsinaceae)
Plants used as antidysenterics
Euphorbia
Marsilea quadrzfolia L. (Marsileaceae) Vigna cylindiric Skeels. (Leguminosae)
Pteris multifida
L.
Plants used as diuretics and for bile-diseases Plantago asiatia L. (Plantaginaceae) Cynodon dactylon Pers. (Gramineae)
Equisetum arvense L. (Equisetaceae) Dischidia acuminata Cost. (Asclepiadaceae) Oldenlandia corymbosa L. (Rubiaceae) Lygodium Solanum
jleuosum melongena
SW. (Schizaeaceae)
L. (Solanaceae)
Solanum spirule Roxb. (Solanaceae) Sambucus javanica Reinw. (Caprifoliaceae) Ananas sativa Lindl. (Bromeliaceae) Ficus elastica Roxb. (Moraceae) Phuseolus anguluris Wight. (Leguminosae) Borussus fluhellifer L. (Palmaceae) Desmodium styrucifolium (Osb.) Merr.
Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. (Labiatae) Cynara scolymus L. (Compositae) Junus effusus L. var. decipicus Buch. (Juncaceae) Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae)
Cissampelos pareiru L. (Menispermaceae) Heleocharis plantaginea R. (Cyperaceae)
Glochidion eriocarpum Champ. (Euphorbiaceae) Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae)
Phytolaccu esculenta Van Hout. (Phytolaceaceae) Agave americana L. (Amaryllidaceae)
(Leguminosae) Callicarpa
canu L. (Verbenaceae)
60
Plants used as hemostatics Eclipta alba Hassk. (Compositae) Typha orientalis G.A. Stuart. (Typhaceae) Cordyline terminalis Kunth (Liliaceae) Panax pseudo-ginseng Wall. (Araliaceae) Celosia cristata L. (Amaranthaceae) Enhydra fluctuans Lour. (Compositae) Polygonum hydropiper L. (Polygonaceae) Agrimonia nepanlensis D. Don (Rosaceae) Thuja orientalis L. (Cupressaseae) Celosia argentea L. (Amaranthaceae) Pulvis Fumi carbonisatus Rubia Cordtfolia’L. (Rubiaceae) Plants used as blood pressure regulators Sophora japonica L. (Leguminosae) Rauwolfia verticillata (Lour.) (Apocynaceae) Morinda officinalis How. (Rubiaceae) Morinda citrtfolia L. (Rubiaceae) Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. (Eucommiaceae) Schizocapsa plantaginea Hance. (Taccaceae) Fagopirum esculentum Moench. (Polygonaceae) Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. (Apocynaceae) Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) (Rubiaceae) Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (Apocynaceae) Scutellaria baicalensis Georg. (Labiatae) Apium graveolens L. (Umbelliferae) Plants used for intestinal
diseases
Crataegus pinnattfida Bunge (Rosaceae) Carica papaya L. (Papayaceae) Citrus sp. (Rutaceae) Zingiber officinale Rose. (Zingiberaceae) Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) Gentiana scabra Bunge (Gentianaceae) Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth (Rutaceae) Capsicum annuum L. (Solanaceae) Alpinia officinarum Hance (Zingiberaceae) Lablab vulgaris Sav. L. (Leguminosae) Atractylodes lancea (Thumb.) DC. (Compositae) Rubus cochinchinesis Tratt. (Rosaceae) Radix Saussureae lappae (Compositae) Corchorus olitorius L. (Liliaceae) Amomum cardamomurn L. (Zingiberaceae)
Alpinia galanga Willd. (Zingiberaceae) Myristica tragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae) Amomum tsao-ko Crev. et Lem. (Zingiberaceae) Euricoma longifolia Jack. (Simarubaceae) Symplocos racemosa Rosb. (Symplocaceae) Coriandrum sativum L. (Umbelliferae) Cordia obliqua Willd. (Boraginaceae) Anethum graveolens L. (Umbelliferae) Mosla dianthera Maxim. (Labiatae) Curanga amara Juss. (Scrophulariaceae) Corium stomachichum Galli. Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) Zanthoxylum nitidum DC. (Rutaceae) Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Labiatae) Curcuma zedoaria Rose. (Zingiberaceae) Acanthopanax aculeatus Seem. (Araliaceae) Citrus deliciosa Tenore (Rutaceae) Acorus gramineus Soland (Araceae) Attractylodes macrecephala Koidz. (Compositae) Excoecaria cochinchinesis Lour. (Euphorbiaceae) Rubus alcceaefolius Poir. (Rosaceae) Znula helenium L. (Compositae) Amomum villosum Lour. (Zingiberaceae) Alpinia katsumadai Hayt. (Zingiberaceae) Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. (Zingiberaceae) Cratoxylon prunifolium Dyer (Hypericaceae) Diospiros decandra Lour. (Ebenaceae) Humulus japonicus Sieb. et Zucc. (Cannabinaceae) Asarum maximum Hemsl. (Aristolochiaceae) Agaricus rhinozetis Jungh (Agaricaceae) Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. (Guttiferae) Cleistocalyx operculatus (Roxb.) (Myrtaceae) Dillenia indica L. (Dilleniaceae) Plants used as antidiarrbetics Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) Galla sinensis (Anacardiaceae) Lindera myrrha (Lour.) Merr. (Lauraceae) Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. (Thymelacaceae) Terminalis nigrovenulosa Pierre. (Copretaceae) Litchi sinesis Radlk. (Sapindaceae) Garcinia mangostena L. (Guttiferae) Psidium guyava L. (Myrtaceae) Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Wight (Myrtaceae) Daucus carota L. (Umbelliferae) Dioscorea cirrhosa Lour. (Dioscoreaceae)
61
Plants used as laxatives Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. (Convolvulaceae) Plumeria acuttfolia Poir. (Apocynaceae) Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae) Rheum sp. (Polygonaceae) Cussiu aluta L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Cussiu tot-a L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Busella rubru L. (Basellaceae) Hura crepitans L. (Euphorbiaceae) Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) Mercurialis indica Lour. (Euphorbiaceae) Zpomoea batatas (L.) Poir. (Convolvulaceae) Croton tiglium L. (Euhorbiaceae) Rumex wallichii Meisen. (Polygonaceae) Aloe sp. (Liliaceae) Cassia angusttfolia Vahl. (Caesalpiniaceae) Cassia occidentalis L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Mirabilis jalapa L. (Nyctaginaceae) Garcinia hanburyi Hook.f. (Guttiferae) Aleurites mollucana Willd (Euphorbiaceae) Tamarindus indica L. (Caesapliniaceae)
Plants and medicines of animal origins used for duodenal ulcer and stomach diseases Ardisia sylvestris Pitard. (Myrsinaceae) Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) Sepia esculenta Hoyel (Spiidae) Oldenlandia capitellata Kuntz (Rubiaceae) Ostrea sp. (Ostreidae) Haliotis sp. (Haliotidae)
Plants used for rheumatic disease and gnawing pain Cibotium barometz (L.) J.Sm. (Dicksoniaceae) Tinospora sinensis Merr. (Menispermaceae) Siegesbeckia orientalis L. (Compositae) Homalomena aromatica (Roxb.) Schott. (Araceae) Helitropium indicum L. (Boraginaceae) Cissus modeccoides Plauch. Sieb. (Ampelidaceae) Crinum asiaticum L. (Amaryllidaceae) Phyllanthus distichus Muell. (Euphorbiaceae) Psychotria montana Bl. (Rubiaceae) Gaultheria jiragrantissima Wall. (Ericaceae) Xylopia vielana Pierre. (Anonaceae) Strychnos gauthieruna Pierre. (Longaniaceae)
Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae) Cinnamomum camphora L. (Lauraceae) Chaenomeles lagenaeria (Lois.) Koidz (Rosaceae) Mussaenda pubescens Ait. f. (Rubiaceae) Berchemia lineatu (L.) DC. (Rhamnaceae) Drynaria fortunei J. Sem. (Polypodiaceae) Saururus sinensis Bail]. (Saururaceae) Ficus glomeruta Roxb. (Moraceae) Smilux glubra Roxb. (Liliaceae) Fel ursi (Urcidae) Polygonum cuspidatum Radix Angelicaepubescentis Maxim (Umbelliferae) Aristolochia westlandi Hems]. (Aristolochiaceae) Piper lolot C.DC. (Piperaceae) Stixis elongata Pierre. (Capparidaceae) Solanum dulcamara L. (Solanaceae) Leea rubra Blume (Leeaceae) Zllicium verum Hook. f. (Illiciaceae) Micromelum falcatum (Lout-.) (Rutaceae) Strychnos nux vomica L. (Loganiaceae) Caesalpinia minax Hance. (Caesalpiniaceae) Artocarpus tonkinensis A. Chev. (Moraceae) Tulauma gioi Chev. (Magnoliaceae)
Plants used for the treatment of wounds and snake-bites Hypericum aponicum Thumb. (Hypericacee) Thunbegiu grandtfloru (Rottl et Willd.)
(Acanthaceae) Solanum torvum Swartz (Solanaceae) Hiptage madaplota Gaertn. (Malpighiaceae) Gossampinus malubarica (DC.) Merr. (Bombaceae) Polygonum odoratum Lour. (Polygonaceae) Phrynium parvtjlorum Roxb. (Marantaceae) Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. (Euphorbiaceae) Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae) Choerospondis axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill
(Anaardiaceae) Litsea glutinosa C.B. Rob. (Lauraceae) Cudrunia tricuspiduta (Carr.) (Moraceae) Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) Podophyllum tonkinense Gagnep (Berberidaceae) Solanum procumbens Lour. (Solanaceae) Hibisbus abelmoschus L. (Malvaceae) Pleione bulbocodioides (Franch.) Rolfe
(Orchidaceae)
61
Sterculia
platanifolia
Anacardium
L. (Sterculiaceae) L. (Anacardiaceae)
occidentale
Ocimum gratissimum L. (Labiatae) Zizania lutifolia Turcz. (Gramineae) Tetrastigma
Plants used for the treatment of eye, ear, nose, teeth and throat diseases Eriocaulon sexangulare L. (Eriocaulaceae) Spilanthes acmella L. Murr. (Compositae) Euphorbia antiquorum L. (Euphorbiaceae) Aralia armata
(Wall.)
(Araliaceae)
Mangcfera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) Tinospora capillipes Gagnep. (Menispermaceae) Buddleja officinalis Maxim. (Loganiaceae) Euphorbia tirucalli L. (Euphorbiaceae) Asarum sieboldii Miq. (Aristolochiaceae) Costus speciosus Smith. (Zingiberaceae) Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb. (Leguminosae) Streblus
asper Lour.
(Moraceae)
Plants used for heart disease Cerbera odollam Gaertn. (Apocynaceae) Thevetia nerrtfolia Juss. (Apocynaceae) Rhodes japonica Roth. (Liliaceae) Strophanthus divaricatus (Lour.) (Apocynaceae) Nerium
oleander
Scilla maritima
L. (Apocynaceae) L. (Liliaceae)
Plants used as antipyretics
and antimalarials
Mentha arvensis L. (Labiatae) Abutilon indicum (L.) G. Don
(Malvaceae) Chrysanthemum sinense Sabine (Compositae) Lophatherum gracile Brongn. (Gramineae) Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. (Labiatae) Ephedra sinica Stapf. (Ephedraceae) Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (Gramineae) Ipomoea biloba Forsk. (Convolvulaceae) Adenosma caeruleum R. Br. (Scrophulariaceae) Trichosanthes sp. (Cucurbitaceae) Bupleurum sinense DC. (Umbelliferae) Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) (Cruciferae) Artemisia annua L. (Composiatae) Perillu ocymoides L. (Labiatae) Caulis bambusae Taemis. (Gramineae) Ligusticum
wallichii Franch.
(Umbellcferae)
Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. (Moraceae) Gnetum montanum Mgf. (Gnetaceae)
strumarium
Planch.
(Vitaceae)
Sageretiu theezans (L.) (Rhamnaceae) Agiaia duperreana Pierre (Meliaceae) Arenga
saccharifera
Labill.
(Arecaceae) (Rutaceae) Pluchea indica (L.) Less. (Compositae) Eryingium foetidum L. (Umbelliferae) Blumea myriocephala DC. (Compositae) Citrus grandis Osbeck (Rutaceae) Sesbania grandifora Pers. (Leguminosae) Cluusena dentata (Willd.)
Angelica
dahurica
Gomphrena
Benth. et Hook.
(Umbelliferae)
globosa
L. (Amaranthaceae) Blumea balsamtfera (L.) DC. (Compositae) Allium fistulosum L. (Liliaceae) Tinospora crispa (L.) (Menispermaceae) Vitex trtfolia L. (Verbenaceae) Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. (Ranuculaceae) Arctium lappa L. (Compositae) Adenosma capitatum F. Guich. (Scrophulariaceae) Centella asiatica (L.) (Umbelliferae) Purearia thomsoni Benth. (Leguminosae) Dendrobium sp. (Orchidaceae) Dichroa febrtfuga Lour. (Saxifragaceae) Peucedanum decursivum Maxim. (Umbelliferae) Belamcanda sinensis Lem. (Iridaceae) Gynura sarmentosa DC. (Compositae) Ocimum basilicum L. (Labiatae) Ocimum sanctum L. (Labiatae) Rhizoma notopterygii (Umbelliferae) Ligusticum brachilobum Franch. (Umbelliferae) Rhizoma Cimictjiigae heracletfoliae (Ranunculaceae) Syzygium
aromaticum
(L.) (Myrtaceae) (L.) (Mimosaceae) Cinchona sp. (Rubiaceae) Crossostephium chinense (L.) (Compositae)
Entada phaseoloides
Semen
Sojae praeparatum
Cymbopogon Fluggea
nardus Rendl.
virosa (Roxb.
(Gramineae) et Willd) Baill.
(Euphorbiaceae) L. (Hydrocaryaceae)
Trupa bicornis
Plants used as antitussives Papaver somniferum
L. (Papaveraceae) L. (Rosaceae) burmannii Vahl (Droseraceae)
Prunus armeniaca Drosera
63
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (Polypodiaceae) Raphanus sativus L. (Cruciferae) Ophiopogon japonicus Wall. (Liliaceae) Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. (Rosaceae) Lilium brownii F.F. Br. var. colchesteri Wils. (Liliaceae) Pouzolzia zeylanica Benn. (Urticaceae)
Solanum indicum L. (Solanaceae) Elsholtzia blanda Benth. (Labiatae) Sanseviera trtjasciata Prain var. laurentii N.E. Br. (Liliaceae) Elaeagnus latifolia L. (Elaeagnaceae) Dracontomelum duperraeanum Pierre (Anacardiaceae)
Orocilum indicum (L.) Vent. (Bignoniaceae) Styrax tonkinense Pierre. (Styraceae) Gleditschia australis Hemls. (Caesalpiniaceae) Canarium album (Lour.) Raensch (Burseaceae) Aster tataricus L. (Compositae) Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae) Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels (Rutaceae) Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylus sarcodactylus SW. (Rutaceae) Bletilla atrita (Thumb.) Reichb. (Orchidaceae) Sapindus mukorossii Gaertn. (Sapindaceae) Fritillaria roylei Hook (Liliaceae) Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Compositae) Lasia spinosa Thwaites (Araceae) Gnaphalium indicum L. (Compositae) Herpestis moniera (L.) H.B.K. (Scrophulariaceae) Ficus benjamina L. (Moraceae) Lobelia pyramidalis Wall. (Campanulaceae) Clausena excavata But-m. (Rutaceae) Isotoma fongtflora Prest. (Lobeliaceae) Datura melel L. (Solanaceae) Prunus persica Stokes (Rosaceae) Coleus aromaticus Benth. (Labiatae) Brassicajuncea (L.) Czerm et Coss (Cruciferae) Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. (Liliaceae) Platycodon grandiflorum A.DC. (Campanulaceae) Calotropis gigantea R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae) Morus alba L. (Moraceae) Allium odorum L. (Liliaceae) Liquidumbar orientalis Mill. (Hamamelidaceae) Polygala sp. (Polygalaceae) Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) Diospyros kaki L.f. (Ebenaceae) Melaleuca leucadendron L. (Myrtaceae) Nervilis fordii (Hance) (Orchidaceae) Centipeda minima (L.) A.Br. et Aschers (Compositae) Atalantia buxtjolia (Poir.) (Rutaceae) Asarum caudigerum Hance (Aristolochiaceae) Fritillaria verticillata Willd. var. thunbergii Bak.
Sterculia lychnophora Hance (Sterculiaceae) Citrus limoniu Osbeck (Rutaceae) Anemarrhena aspheloides Bunge (Liliaceae) Achras sapota L. (Sapotaceae)
(Liliaceae)
Plants used as hypnotic tranquilizers Stephaniu rotunda Lout-. (Menispermaceae) Nelumbo nuctjera Gaertn. (Nelumbonaceae) Zizyphus jujuba Lamk. (Rhamnaceae) Jasminum sambac Ait. (Oleaceae) Mimosa pudica L. (Mimosaceae) Passtjlora foetida L. (Passifloraceae) Erythrina indica Lamk. (Leguminosae) Euphoria longana Lamk. (Sapindaceae) Valeriana jatamansi Jones (Valerianaceae) Cocretio silicea Bambusa (Gramineae) Plants used as tonics Panax ginseng CA. Mey (Araliaceae) Hibiscus sagitt@lius Kurz (Mafvaceae) Launae pinnatifida Cass. (Compositae) Scrophularia buergeriana Miq. (Scrophulariae) Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms (Araliaceae) Croton tonkinensis Gagnep. (Euphorbiaceae) Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms (Araliaceae) Streptocaulon juventas (Lour.) Merr. (Asclepiaceae) Polygonatum kingianum Coil. et Hemsl. (Liliaceae) Coix lachryma-jobi L. (Gramineae) Dioscorea persimilis Prain et Burk. (Dioscoreaceae) Cuscuta sinensis Lamk. (Convolvulaceae) Ficus pumiia L. (Moraceae) Rhoeo discolor (L’Herit) Hance (Commelinaceae) Cinnamomum cassia Blume. (Lauraceae) Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fish. (Leguminosae) Scoparia d&is L. (Scrophulariaceae) Aconitum nape1 L. (Ranunculaceae) Aconitum fortunei Hems]. (Ranunculaceae) Momordica cochichinesis (Lour.) Spreng (Cucurbitaceae) Sargentodoxa cuneata (Oliv.) Rehd. et Wils. (Sargentodoxaceae)
64
Juglans regiu L. (Ruglandaceae) Gomphandra tonkinensis Gagnep. (Icacinaceae) Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Ness
(Acanthac~ae) Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc. (Myricaceae) Cassia grandis L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Cornus officinalis Sieb. et zucc. (Cornaceae) Gynura pseudochina DC. (Compositae) Ficus heterophyllus L. (Moraceae) Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Palmae) Lucuma mammosa Gaertn. (Sapotaceae) Codonopsis sp. (Campanulaceae) Talium crassifolium Willd. (Portulacaceae) Salvia muitiorrhiza Bunge (Labiatae) ~ipsacus japo~ic~ Miq. (Dipsacaceae) Boerhavia repens L. (Nyctagiinaceae) Sophora flavescens Ait (Leguminosae) Polygonum muultiforum Thumb. (Polygonaceae) Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch
(S~rophulariaceae) Polygona?um of~~ina~e All. (Lilia~eae) Euryale ferox Salisb. (Nymphaeaceae) Lycium sinenese Mill. (Solanaceae) Alsonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. (Apocynaceae) Psoralea coryltjolia L. (Leguminosae) C~nn~omum Loureirii Ness. (Lauraceae) Cinnamomum zeylanicum Ness. (Lauraceae) Arbus precatorius L. (Leguminosae) Nasturtium offict’nale R. Br. (Cruciferae) Aconitum sinense Paxt. (Ranunculaceae) Cordyceps sinensis (Berk) Sacc. (Hypocreaceae) Astragalus membrana~eus (Fish) Bunge
(Leguminosae) Rosa iaevigata Michx. (Rosaceae) Sesamum indicum DC. (Pedaliaceae) Millettia speciosa Champ. (Leguminosae) Strobilanthes a~rocephal~ T. Anders. (Acanthaceae) Zi~yphus saliva Mill. (Rhamnaceae~ Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Amaryllidaceae) Ailanthus malabarica DC. (Simarubaceae) Balanophora sp. (Balanophoraceae) Cocos nucifera L. (Palmae) Shrysuphy~lum cainito L. (Sapotaceae) Curio ~ibethinus Murray (Malvaceae)
Colla Cornus Cervi Placenta Hominis Gekko gekko L. Xylocopa d~ssim~~is( Lep) Cornu Cervi Colla Asini Hippocmpus sp. Mel. and Apitoxin Collo~alia sp. Other ingredients from animal origins Bombyx cum Botryte Secretio Bufonis Gryllotalpa unisp~nalpa Sauss.
Mi~haelsen Macasa sp. Amber Gossamer Urocteae Najat Chineymys Rhinoceros un~cornis L. Crinis manis pentadactyla L. Belostoma indica Vitalis Mylopharyngodon piceus Capra sp. Varanus salvator mabuya sp. Buthus Excrementurn Vespertilii Urina Hominis Pheretia asiatica Panthera tigris L. Ambra grisea Calamitas Urinae hominis Faeces Trogopterum Moschus moschiferus L. Faeces Bombycum Hemidactylus fre~tus Schlegel Corium Elephatis Centropus sinensis intermedius Hume Tetrodon ocellatus Passer montanus malccensis Dubois Eretmochelys imbricata L. Hystix hodson~ Python molurus and Phyton reticulatus
Ingredients for tonics from animal origins Cornu Cervi parvum
From a chemical point of view with modern methods such as CC, HFC, HRGC, GC/MS, UV
65
IR, NMR and MS we have studied in detail the chemical composition of essential oils of some important Vietnamese medicinal plants which are often used. Coleus amboinicus Lour. (Labiatae) (Nguyen XuPn Dung et al., 1990a,b).
cr-Thujene cz-Pinene Camphene Sabinene fl-Pinene @-Myrcene L-Phellandrene alpha-Terpinene
p-Cymene Sabinene hydrate y-Terpinene
Terpinene4-01 a-Terpineol Thymol? Carvacrol &Caryophyllene
cY-Bergamotene cr-Humulene Sesquiterpene fl-Farnesene Elemol Caryophyllene oxide Aromadendrene oxide
trace 0.85% 0.35% 0.07% 0.18% 1.92% 0.38% 16.83% 0.77% 0.15% 19.02% 1.19% 0.11% 0.58% 39.49% 5.87% 2.97”/, 1.68% 0.08% 0.19% 0.78% 0.12% 0.56%
Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Labiatae) (Nguyen Xuan Dung et al., 1989a,b, 1990~)
cr-Pinena /I-Piene Limonene Borneol? &Patchoulene &Elemene /3-Caryophyllene a-Guaiene Seychellene ol-Patchoulene ol-Bulnesene (SGuaiene)
Cycloseychellene
0.03% 0.05% 0.02% 0.01% 3.22% 0.69% 2.77% 13.43% 7.47% 8.03% 14.67% 0.21%
0.04% 1.16% 0.28% 0.50% 0.09% 2.34% 37.76% 0.11% 0.10%
Karyophyllene oxide &Cardinene Neopatchoulenol Guaiol Bulnesol Pogostol Patchouli alcohol Monosesquiterpene alcohol Patchoulenone Ocimum basilicum L. (Labiatae)
(Nguyen Xuln
Dung et al., 1987) cr-Pinene Camphene Sabinene P-Pinene P-Myrcene a-Terpinene Limonene l&/3-Cineole
cis-&Ocimene trans-&Ocimene
3-Octanol Terpinolene trans-Ocimene oxide Linalool Camphor Borneo1 Terpinene4-01 Methylchavicol a-Terpineol Geraniol Bornylacetate Eugenol /3-Elemene P-Caryophyllene Bergamotene 2,12-dien- 14-01 Others Ocimum gratissimum Lour. (Labiatae) Xuln Dung et al., 1987)
cr-Thujene a-Pinene Sabinene P-Myrcene a-Terpinene
0.05% 0.02%
0.01% 0.08%
trace trace 0.04% 4.00% trace 3.60% 0.60% 2.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.05% 0.05% 0.50% 80.50% trace 0.15% 0.01% 0.10% 0.50% 0.25% 2.90% 4.53% (Nguyen
0.05% 0.07% 0.04% 0.03% 0.04%
66
p-Cymene Limonene 1,8-Cineole cis-&Ocimene trans-&Ocimene Terpinolene Linalool Allocimene Terpinene4-01 Eugenol a-Cubebene a-copaene /I-Bourbonene @-Ylangene &Elemene &Caryophyllene Citronellylacetate Methylchavicol wHumulene a-Terpineol
0.10% 0.02% trace 7.00% 0.30% 0.03% 0.10% 0.04% 0.90% 74.00% 0.60% 0.50% 0.50% 0.20% 0.20% 4.50% 0.10% 0.02% 0.25% 0.30’%, 8.80% 0.20% 0.02% 0.80% 0.04% 0 03% 0:020/;1
D-~erII%Wene
P-Cubebene y-Maurolene &Cardinene Myrtenol? Caryophyllene Calamene
oxide
Mentha arvensis L. (Labiatae) Dung et al., 1988) wPinene Camphene &Pinene P-Myrcene Limonene 1,8-Cineole cis-Ocimene 3-Octanol Mentone d-Isomentone Linalool Menthylacetate Neomenthol Menthol Isomenthol Pulegone Piperitone Others
(Nguyen
Ageratum conizoides L. (Compositae) Xuln Dung et al., 1989~)
(Nguyen
0.41% 2.40% 0.40% 0.91% 1.92% 0.26% 0.18% 1 15% 0:400/1, 1.OO”% 16.99% 29.04% 1.99% 2.03% 2.34% 1.11% 0.23% 0.52’%, 31.10% 0.37’%, 6.50%
a-pinene Camphene &Pinene fl-Myrcene a-Terpinene endo-Borneo1 MW = 154 endo-Bornylacetate o-Cubebene P-Elemene &Caryophyllene 6-Demethoxyageratochromene P-Selinene fl-Curbebene P-Farnesene Sesquiterpene MW = 204 Farnesol Caryophyllene oxide Ageratochromene 6-Vinyl-demethoxyageratochromene Others Artemisia annua L. (Compositae) Dung et al., 1990d)
(Nguyen
Xuan
Xuan
0.19% trace 0.23% trace trace 0.43% 0.19% 0.21% 17.07% 2.80% 0.15% 3.20% 2.00% 68.00% 2.80% 1.67% trace 3.13%
cz-Pinene Camphene Sabinene &Pinene /3-Myrcene 1,%-Cineole Artemisia cetone Linalool Limonene oxide Camphor Artemisinin 0.4y-0.6% 2-Methylene-5-isopropenyl Artemisia alcohol Terpinene4-01 Geranylacetate a-Cubebene? /3-Caryophyllene /3-Farnesene b-Cardinene? B-Cubebene
0.74% 1.78”% 1.10% 0.44% 4.38% 15.44% 4.42% 0.46% 2.93% 23.75% (dried leaves) cyclohexanol
2.91% 2.67% 2.27% 1.01’%1 0.97% 6.29% 9.59’%, 0.63% 5.59%
Eupatorium staechadosmum Hance. (Compositae) (Nguytn Xuln Dung et al., 1990e) c-w-Pinene @-Pinene a-phellandrene a-Terpinene 1,8-Cineole Camphor Terpinene4-01 2-Isopropyl- 1-methoxy-4-methylbenzene Methylthymyl ether P-Elemene Thymohydroquinonedimethylether @-Caryophyllene wHumulene @-Selinene Selinadiene cy-Selinene Caryophyllene oxide Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) et al., 1987) Limonene 1,8-Cineole p-Cymene a-Terpinolene Sesquiterpene Terpinene4-01 /3-Elemene P-Caryophyllene Sesquiterpene cr-Humulene Sesquiterpene Sesquiterpene Zingiberene P-Bisabolene P-Sesquiphellandrene cY-Curcumene o,o,p-Trimethylbenzylalcol cr-bisabolene Sesquiterpene derivate Unsaturated a,&sequiterpene Unsaturated P-sesquiterpene Unsaturated /3-sesquiterpene Sesquiterpene derivate Unsaturated @-sesquiterpene
0.10% 0.20% trace 0.20% 0.20% 0.10% 0.20% 0.30% 0.20% 1.20% 73.60% ?wO% 0.40% 0.10% 11.00% 0.50% 0.40%
(Phan Tong Son
cetone cetone cetone cetone
0.05% 0.10% 0.05% 0.90% 0.10% 0.05% 0.05% 0.90% 0.10% 0.50% 0.15% 0.15% 1.50% 0.20% 3.00% 1.50% 0.15% 0. 10%) 0.90% 0.50% 0.05% 0.05% 0.10% 0.10%
Sesquiterpene derivate Sesquiterpene alcohol Sesquiterpene derivate Sesquiterpene alcohol Sesquiterpene alcohol Unsaturated a&sesquiterpene a-Turmerone Sesquiterpene alcohol @-Turmerone ar-Turmerone Curzerenone Others Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. tong Son et al., 1988)
cetone
(Zingiberaceae)
a-Pinene fl-Pinene Limonene 1,8-Cineole 2-Decanone Camphor Nonan-01-2 a-Terpineol &Elemene P-Elemene @-Caryophyllene Methanol iso-Borneo1 Sesquiterpene P-Cubebene cx-Zingiberene cr-Curcumene P-Bisabolene b-cardinene Sesquiterpene derivate 3-Methylene-6-( 1,5-dimethyl-4-dexenyl)cyclohexene y-Elemene &Lactone Curzerenone Sesquiterpene Sesquiterpene derivate Sesquiterpene Germacran-1(10),4,7( 1l-trien-&on Sesquiterpene derivate MW=234 Sesquiterpene derivate
0.15% 0.50% 0.30% 0.50% 0.70% 0.90% 30.00% 0.50% 10.00% 40.00% 1.OO% 4.20% (Phan
0.07% 1.23% 0.13% 2.98% 0.21% 1.61% 0.06% 0.32% 0.21% 2.82% 0.76% 0.04% 0.05% 0.20% 1.15% 1.OO% 1.72% 0.40% 1.42% 0.75% 1.50% 1.28% 0.25% 19.90% 0.30% 3.79% 1.06% 12.83% 1.11% 16.40% 1.64%
68
Isomer of above compound Sesquiterpene derivate Sesquiterpene derivate Sesquiterpene derivate MW = 234 Sesquiterpene derivate MW = 241
2.38% 1.59% 5.46% 6.93% 0.45%
Amomum longiligulare L. (Zingiberaceae) Xudn Dung et al. 1990e)
Nguyen
cr-Thujene a-Pinene Camphene &Pinene &Myrcene Limonene Camphor Borneo1 Bornylacetate &Caryophyllene Ditertbutylphenol-p-methyl Farnesol?
0.47% 3.84% 0.04% 1.48% 0.14% 4.47% 47.14% 2.48% 39.12% 0.04% 0.12% 0.04%
&Pinene P-Myrcene Phellandrene cr-Terpinene? (&Carene) p-Cymene l,&Cineole Limonene trans-Ocimene y-Terpinene? Terpinolene Fenchol Camphor Borneol? Piperitone? Anethol? Verbenone P-Caryophyllene wHumulene a-Farnesene /3-Bisabolene &Cardinene Caryophyllene oxide
0.40%
0.28% 0.41% 0.04% 0.10% 49.11% 1.22% 0.05% 0.10% 4.14% trace 0.12% 0.39% 5.80% 0.11% 0.17% 3.90% 1.22%
2.16% 1.27% 0.27’/;, 0.79%
Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemar. (Zingiberaceae)
cr-pinene Camphene P-Pinene &Myrcene p-Cymene l&Cineole 2-Octenal Terpinene4-01 wTerpineo1 Neral trans-Zdecenal Geranial 2-Phenyl-2-butenal 2-Methylcinamicaldehyde Nerylacetate trans-2-dodecenal Others Adenosma
caeruleum
ar-Thujene wPinene cY-Fenchene Sabinene
0.27% trace 0.20% 0.16% 0.32% 30.61% 1.35% 1.37% 4.34% 6.98% 17.33% 10.57% 4.38% 2.82% 1.66% 3.80% 13.84%
R. Br. (Scrophulariaceae) 0.32% 21 .OS% 0.09% 0.07%
Adenosma indianum (Lour.) Merr. (Scrophulariaceae) a-Thujene cr-Pinene ol-Fenchene Camphene? Sabinene &Pinene Phellandrene? p-Cymene Limonene 1,8-Cineole y-Terpinene L-Fenchone Fenchol Camphor? Borneo1 p-Cymene-8-01 a-Terpineol Verbenone Geranylacetate Piperitone oxide? Karyophyllene cY-Humulene
0.52% 5.65% 1.13% 0.63% 0.33% 0.24% 0.27% 2.73% 43.39% 0.74% 0.78% 24.84% 2.85% 6.85% 1.42% 1.10% 0.42% 0.03% 0.38% 0.03% 1.24% 1.75%
69
P-Bisabolene Caryophyllene
oxide
0.30% 0.40%
Geranylformate Menthylacetate Geranylacetate
Adenosma
bracteasum
cf-Pinene cr-Fenchene Sabinene &Pinene P-Myrcene? Phellandrene a-Terpinene p_Cymene
1,8-Cineole y-Terpinene? Linalool
Thymol? Fenchone? Fenchol Terpinene4-01 p-Cymene-8-01 Carvacrol methylether Carvacrol
P-Caryophyllene cr-Humulene /3-Bisabolene
Caryophyllene oxide Carvone Carvacrol isomer Sesquiterpene
Bonati (Scrophulariaceae) 0.21% 0.15% 0.03% 0.09% 0.08% 0.04% 0.76% 9.23% 1.03% trace 8.99% 0.12% 0.17% 0.02% 1SO% 0.15% 18.88% 33.97% 0.85% 3.74% 16.66% 0.22% 0.04% 0.44% 0.61%
Cymbopogon martini Roxb., Cym. nardus L., Cym. citratus Stapf. (Gramineae) Cym. martini (NguyZA Xuln DuAg et al., 1990e)
&Myrcene 64-Carene Limonene 1,8-Cineole 8-Terpinene Linalool
Prenylhexanoate a-Terpineol Menthol? Nero1 Nerylformate Geraniol
0.19% trace 0.15% 0.29% 0.76% 2.63% 0.12% 0.74% 0.05% 1.40% 0.03% 71.62%
Geranylbuthylrate /3-Caryophyllene Geranylisovalerate Geranylisobutylrate 6,7_Geranylepoxide 2,3_Geranylepoxide Elemol? Geranylhexanoate
p-Mentha- 1,8( IO)-diene-9-yl-acetate cis-Farnesal? trans-Famesal? /3-Caryophyllene oxide Geranyloctanoate p-Mentha-1,8( IO)-diene-Pdiol Others
0.06% 0.37% 14.44% 0.50%
1.01% 0.08% 0.22% 0.07% 0.09% 0.38% 2.05% 0.18% 0.05% 0.09% 0.34% 0.59% 0.73% 0.64%
Piper betle L. (Piperaceae)
cw-Thujene cr-Pinene
Camphene Sahinene &Pinene P-Myrcene 3-Hexenylacetate Hexylacetate a-terpinene p-Cymene l,&Cineole y-Terpinene
2-Methylallylbenzene a-Terpinolene /3-Linalool P-Terpineol cis-Sabinene hydrate Camphor Terpinene-bol
Methylsalisilate a-Terpineol p-allylanisol Ascaridol 4-Terpenylacetate o-Allylphenylacetate Eugenol
cr-Cubebene
2.06% 7.24% 1.06% 8.27% 0.87% 0.93% 0.37% 0.68% 2.50% 5.25% 10.27% 3.97% 0.12% 0.85% 1.92% 0.43% 0.36% trace 8.52% 0.46% 0.97% 0.10% 0.47% 0.77% 0.48% 19.24% 0.38%
70
Methyleugenol a-Copaene P-Bourbonene &Elemene /3-Caryophyllene y-Cardinene Aromadrene Eugenylacetate cY-Muurolene? Sesquiterpene derivate Calamene &Cardinene di-epi-a-Cadrene 4,5,9, IO-dehydroisolongifolene Nerolidol Karyophyllene oxide cr-Cedrol Widdrene &Cardinol cY-Cardinol Cardalene
0.13% 0.96% 0.30% 0.70% 1.70% 4.99% trace 2.07% 0.87% 1.68% 0.20% 2.26% 0.12% 0.40% 1.03% 0.21% 0.42% 0.40% 0.90% 0.60% 0.09%
References Do- Tlf Ldi (1986) Medicinal Plants and Drugs from Vietnam, 5th Edn. Sci. Techn. Publ. House, Hanoi.
Nguyen Xuan Dung, P.A. Leclercq the NCSR of SRV I (2). 27.
et al. (1987) Proceedings of
NguyOfi Xuan Dung et al. (1988) Journal of Chemistr_v(in Vtetnamese) I, 15. Nguyen Xuan Duilg. P.A. Leclercq et al. ( 1989a) Journal of Essenttal Oil Research 2 (March/April), 99. Nguyen Xuln Dung, P.A. Leclercq et al. (1989b) Proceedings of 11th International Congress of Essential Oil, Frugrances and Flavours. 12-16 November. 1989. New Delhi, Indra. Vol. 4, p. 99. Nguyen Xuln Dung, P.A. Leclercq, Nang Sothy et al. (1990a) Proceedings of the NCSR of SR V 2, 123. Nguyenii Xuin Duflg, Nang Sothy. P.A. Leclercq et al. (1990b) 17th IUPAC International Symposium on the Chcmrstrj of Natural Products. New Delhi, Indta. February 49. p. 287. Nguyen Xurin Dung, P.A. Leclercq et al. (1990~~) Proceedmgs of the NCSR of SRV 2, I28 Nguyen Xuan Dung P.A. Leclercq et al. (1989~) JournalofEssenfral Oil Research I (May/June), 135. Nguyen Xuln Dung, Dinh Huynh K&t et al. (1990d) Journal of Pharmacy (in Vtetnamese) 2, I I Nguyen Xuln Dufig. P.A. Leclercq et al. (1990e) JournalofEssmtial Oil Reseurch. in press. Nguyen Xuln Dung. Dab Lan Phddng et al. (1990e) Journal of Pharmacy (in Vietnamese) 1. 17. Nguyen Xuln Dung et al. (l990f) Journalof Chemistry (in Vietnamese) 2, in press. Phan Tong Sdn. V.H. Hddtig, Nguyen Xuln Dung and L S. Buih (1987) Journal of Chemistry (in Vietnamese) I. 18. Phan Tong Sdn, V.N. Hddng, Nguyen Xuln Dung and L S. Buih (1988) Journal of Chemrstrv (in Vietnamese)
2. 18.
32
( 199 I ) 57-10
Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd.
Selection of traditional Nguygfi Xuh Faculties of Pharmacy and Chemistry,
University
DuAg and D6- T5f Lcji of Hanoi, 13-19
Vietnam is fortunate to have such varied climtic conditions that any medicinal plants can grow and be cultivated economically by selecting a suitable area for the required climatic conditions. In addition labor is also easily available in most of the areas. In Vietnam, as in many Third World countries, from generation to generation by oral tradition and through literature the people have collected a lot of medicinal plants and especially a lot of medicinal prescriptions based on a long empirical knowledge of medicinal and toxic plants. Prof. Dr. Do- T&f Ldi was busy for over 40 years compiling the medicinal plants of Vietnam into a book. Medicinal plants and drugs from Vietnam
This book is considered as a necessary document to be used as the base for further research. The book gives an over-view of the phytotherapeutic potentialities of the flora of Vietnam. A table presents various types of traditional plants grouped into treatments of diseases and with the following specifications: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
medicines for study
Scientific and local names of the plants Origin, distribution Nature of useful parts (root, bark, leaf etc.) Chemical composition Experiments (pharmacology, clinical test etc.) already carried out on the plants and uses
Presented at the First International Congress on Ethnopharmacology, Strasbourg, 5--9 June, 1990. Correspondence to: Nguygfi Xuan Duflg, University of Hanoi. 13-19 u Thzinh T6ng Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. 0378-8741/$03.50 0 1991 Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd Published and Printed in Ireland
LP Thrinh T6ng Street, Hunoi (Vietnam)
(6) Traditional
prescription
and medicinal use
The objectives of this report are as follows: to describe traditional medicine and the therapeutic value of the medicines used by the “native doctors”, because the use of plant drugs by “native doctors” for treatment of diseases in Vietnam was established a very long time ago. - to select medicinal plants and do animal research in order to produce pharmaceutical preparations, essential oils and pure naturally occurring compounds of pharmaceutical importance and to prepare national drug prescriptions. To make the selection the following points are important:
-
(1) The knowledge based on experience obtained from “native doctors” and our own work will be of more value when it is available in books. (2) When the information is collected from various places, it will provide confirmation of the effects; it will be best to collect it from places as far apart as possible and even better, from other countries. This selection is very important because we have not enough money, man power, time and especially instruments for research on all medicines. Nearly 50 years ago ethnopharmacology seemed not to be a scientific subject in Vietnam. Some papers introduced some medicinal plants and ingredients of Vietnam but did not draw any attention from scientists. In 1939 ethnopharmacological association of Vietnam was organized for the defence of “native doctors” and this organization had also its own journal for introducing some famous native doctors, medicinal plants, ingredients and prescriptions.
58
It was very difficult to know and study traditional medicines in Vietnam at that time because students do not have good methods for checking and studying the medicines and most of the native doctors keep their professional secrets. From these circumstances Dr. Ldi contacted directly patients who were treated by traditional medicine. From there he found really native doctors or ingredients, which patients used after the guidance of native doctors. The very important thing is that he spent a lot of time studying and collecting ingredients in the so-called Chinese shop and in the small shops of traditional medicine, who take fresh and dried medicinal plants from the countryside and sell in the streets, in the markets of Hanoi and other cities. These women know the medicinal herbs of Vietnam very well. He also made a systematical study of the scientific names and local names, origin and distribution of the medicinal plants. For choosing of prescriptions we respect the following principles: (1) Prescriptions using single medicinal plant are the best. (2) When the information on medicinal plants is collected from various places, it will provide confirmation of the effects; it will be best to collect information from places as far apart as possible and even better from other countries. (3) If the experiences are eye-witness or oral accounts but described in the old books, it will be more trustworthy because they are through trial. IX- Tat Lgi’s book was published five times from 1962 to 1986, over 85,000 copies. This book introduces the base of philosophy and practice of clinical treatment and use of the medicinal plants and also gives experiences of combination between traditional medicine and modern medicine. We ciassify our medicinal plants f >600) in various groups according to disease groups, which can be treated by national drugs, for example: gynecological (77 plants), anti-inflammatory (117 plants), vermifugal (28 plants), antidysenteric (68 plants), diuretic and bile-diseases (86 plants), hemostatic (12 plants), blood pressure regulator (27 plants), anti-toxin (28 plants), intestinal diseases (52 plants), antidiarrheic (79 plants), laxative (55 plants), duodenal ulcer and stomach diseases (33
plants), rheumatic and gnawing pain (38 plants), wounds, snake-bite (28 plants), eye, ear, antipyretic, antimalaria f 108 plants), antitussive (106 plants), hypnotic tranquilizer (38 plants), tonic (70 plants and 12 animals), drugs from animals (36), drugs from minerals (18). We would like to introduce some plants which have been used very popularly in Vietnam for treatment of some diseases. Plants used for treatment of gynecological diseases Leonurus heterophyllus SW. (Labiatae) Artemisia vulgaris L. (Compositae) ~outtunia cor~ta Thumb. (Saururaceae) 3oehmeria nivea L. (Urticaceae) Typhonium divaricatum Decne (Araceae) Achyranthes bidentata Blume (Amaranthaceae) Sauropus androginus (L.) Merr. (Euphorbiaceae) Philydrum lanuginosum Banks Diels (Phylidraceae) Pleome~e cochinehinensis Merr. (Liliaceae) Bichofia trifoliata (Roxb.) Hook. f. (Euphorbiaceae) Telosma cordata (Burm. f.) Merr. (Asclepiadaceae) Clerodendron cyrtopholium Turoz. (Verbenaceae) Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) ~lerodendron fragrans Vent. (Ver~naceae) Carthamus t~netorius L. (Composiatae) Ageratum conizoides 1;. (Compositae) Gossipium sp. (Malvaceae) Cuesalpinia sappan L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Hodgsonia macrocarpa (Blume) Cogn. Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) (Umbelliferae) Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem (Curcurbitaceae) Cnicus japonicus (DC.) Maxim (Compositae) Paeonia lactzj7ora Pall. (Ranunculaceae) Artocarpus intergrzjolia L.f. (Moraceae)
Plants used as vermifuges Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Chenopoiaceae) Leucaene glauca Benth. (Mimosaceae) Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) Semen cucurbitae (Cucurbita~ae) Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) Mallotus philipinensis Mull. (Euphorbiaceae) Quisqualis indica L. (Combretaceae) Stemona tuberosa Lour. (Stemonaceae)
59
Embelia ribes Burn. (Myrsinaceae) Compretum quadrangulare Kurz (Combretaceae) Areca catechu L (Arecaceae) Diospyros mollis Griff. (Ebenaceae) Embelia
lacta Burn.
Eupatorium staechadosmum Hance. (Compositae) Suuropus rostratus Mig. (Euphorbiaceae)
Brucea javanica Merr. (Simarubaceae) Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. (Apocynaceae) Paederia tomentusa L. (Rubiaceae) Coptis-Rhizoma coptidis (Ranunculaceae)
Burm (Euphorbiaceae)
malaccecensis Lamk. (Cyperaceae) repens L. (Oenotheraceae)
Pandanus
tectorius Sol. (Pandanaceae)
(Leguminosae)
Randia tomentosa Blum. (Rubiaceae) Saccharum officinarum L. (Gramineae) Seeaginella
tamariscina
(Beauv.)
Spring
(Selaginellaceae) Polygonum
Terminaliu catappa L. (Combretaceae) Bixa orellana L. (Bixaceae) Psychotria reevessi Wall (Rubiaceae)
aviculare
L. (Polygonaceae) Planch. (Connaraceae) Petroselinum sativum Hoff. (Umbelliferae) Anisomeles indica R. Br. (Labiatae) Alisma plantago-aquatica L. (Alismataceae) Imperata cylindrica Beauv. (Gramineae) Zea mays L. (Graminae) Pork cocos Wolf. (Polyporaceae) Tetrupanax pupyrljera (Hook) Koch (Araliaceae) Curcumu longu L. (Zingiberaceae) Elephantopus scaber L. (Compositae) Biophytum sensitivum (Lour.) DC. (Oxahdaceae) Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. (Gramineae) Hemerocallis Fulva L. (Liliaceae) Rourea microphylla
Ailantus glandulosa
Desf. (Simarubaceae) Poir. (Polypodiaceae) Allium safivum L. (Liliaceae) Portulaca oleraceae L. (Portulaca oleraceae (Portulaceae) Camellia sinensis 0. Ktze (Theaceae) Berberis wallichiana DC. (Berberidaceae) Firbraurea tinctoria Lour. (Menispermaceae) Coscinium usitatum Pierre (Menispermaceae) Phellodendron amurence Rupr. (Rutaceae) Desmodium cephalotes Wall (Leguminosae) Canthium parvlfolium Roxb. (Rubiaceae) Zxora coccinea L. (Rubiaceae) Auricularia polytricha Sacc. (Auriculariaceae) Tinospora sagitata (Oliv.) Gagnep (Menispermaceae) Premna integrifolia L. (Verbenaceae)
Cyperus Jussiaea
Cajanus indicus Spreng.
Mahonia bealii Carr. (Berberidaceae) Cyclea peltata Hook. et Thw. (Menispermaceae) Thalictrum foliolosum DC. (Ranunculaceae) thymifoliu
Stephania longa Lour. (Menispermaceae) Sapium sebiferum (L.), Roxb. (Euphorbiaceae) Pyrrhosia lingua (Thumb.) Farwell (Polypodiaceae) Tetracera scandens (L.) (Dilleniaceae)
(Myrsinaceae)
Plants used as antidysenterics
Euphorbia
Marsilea quadrzfolia L. (Marsileaceae) Vigna cylindiric Skeels. (Leguminosae)
Pteris multifida
L.
Plants used as diuretics and for bile-diseases Plantago asiatia L. (Plantaginaceae) Cynodon dactylon Pers. (Gramineae)
Equisetum arvense L. (Equisetaceae) Dischidia acuminata Cost. (Asclepiadaceae) Oldenlandia corymbosa L. (Rubiaceae) Lygodium Solanum
jleuosum melongena
SW. (Schizaeaceae)
L. (Solanaceae)
Solanum spirule Roxb. (Solanaceae) Sambucus javanica Reinw. (Caprifoliaceae) Ananas sativa Lindl. (Bromeliaceae) Ficus elastica Roxb. (Moraceae) Phuseolus anguluris Wight. (Leguminosae) Borussus fluhellifer L. (Palmaceae) Desmodium styrucifolium (Osb.) Merr.
Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. (Labiatae) Cynara scolymus L. (Compositae) Junus effusus L. var. decipicus Buch. (Juncaceae) Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae)
Cissampelos pareiru L. (Menispermaceae) Heleocharis plantaginea R. (Cyperaceae)
Glochidion eriocarpum Champ. (Euphorbiaceae) Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae)
Phytolaccu esculenta Van Hout. (Phytolaceaceae) Agave americana L. (Amaryllidaceae)
(Leguminosae) Callicarpa
canu L. (Verbenaceae)
60
Plants used as hemostatics Eclipta alba Hassk. (Compositae) Typha orientalis G.A. Stuart. (Typhaceae) Cordyline terminalis Kunth (Liliaceae) Panax pseudo-ginseng Wall. (Araliaceae) Celosia cristata L. (Amaranthaceae) Enhydra fluctuans Lour. (Compositae) Polygonum hydropiper L. (Polygonaceae) Agrimonia nepanlensis D. Don (Rosaceae) Thuja orientalis L. (Cupressaseae) Celosia argentea L. (Amaranthaceae) Pulvis Fumi carbonisatus Rubia Cordtfolia’L. (Rubiaceae) Plants used as blood pressure regulators Sophora japonica L. (Leguminosae) Rauwolfia verticillata (Lour.) (Apocynaceae) Morinda officinalis How. (Rubiaceae) Morinda citrtfolia L. (Rubiaceae) Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. (Eucommiaceae) Schizocapsa plantaginea Hance. (Taccaceae) Fagopirum esculentum Moench. (Polygonaceae) Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. (Apocynaceae) Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) (Rubiaceae) Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (Apocynaceae) Scutellaria baicalensis Georg. (Labiatae) Apium graveolens L. (Umbelliferae) Plants used for intestinal
diseases
Crataegus pinnattfida Bunge (Rosaceae) Carica papaya L. (Papayaceae) Citrus sp. (Rutaceae) Zingiber officinale Rose. (Zingiberaceae) Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) Gentiana scabra Bunge (Gentianaceae) Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth (Rutaceae) Capsicum annuum L. (Solanaceae) Alpinia officinarum Hance (Zingiberaceae) Lablab vulgaris Sav. L. (Leguminosae) Atractylodes lancea (Thumb.) DC. (Compositae) Rubus cochinchinesis Tratt. (Rosaceae) Radix Saussureae lappae (Compositae) Corchorus olitorius L. (Liliaceae) Amomum cardamomurn L. (Zingiberaceae)
Alpinia galanga Willd. (Zingiberaceae) Myristica tragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae) Amomum tsao-ko Crev. et Lem. (Zingiberaceae) Euricoma longifolia Jack. (Simarubaceae) Symplocos racemosa Rosb. (Symplocaceae) Coriandrum sativum L. (Umbelliferae) Cordia obliqua Willd. (Boraginaceae) Anethum graveolens L. (Umbelliferae) Mosla dianthera Maxim. (Labiatae) Curanga amara Juss. (Scrophulariaceae) Corium stomachichum Galli. Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) Zanthoxylum nitidum DC. (Rutaceae) Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Labiatae) Curcuma zedoaria Rose. (Zingiberaceae) Acanthopanax aculeatus Seem. (Araliaceae) Citrus deliciosa Tenore (Rutaceae) Acorus gramineus Soland (Araceae) Attractylodes macrecephala Koidz. (Compositae) Excoecaria cochinchinesis Lour. (Euphorbiaceae) Rubus alcceaefolius Poir. (Rosaceae) Znula helenium L. (Compositae) Amomum villosum Lour. (Zingiberaceae) Alpinia katsumadai Hayt. (Zingiberaceae) Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. (Zingiberaceae) Cratoxylon prunifolium Dyer (Hypericaceae) Diospiros decandra Lour. (Ebenaceae) Humulus japonicus Sieb. et Zucc. (Cannabinaceae) Asarum maximum Hemsl. (Aristolochiaceae) Agaricus rhinozetis Jungh (Agaricaceae) Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. (Guttiferae) Cleistocalyx operculatus (Roxb.) (Myrtaceae) Dillenia indica L. (Dilleniaceae) Plants used as antidiarrbetics Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) Galla sinensis (Anacardiaceae) Lindera myrrha (Lour.) Merr. (Lauraceae) Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. (Thymelacaceae) Terminalis nigrovenulosa Pierre. (Copretaceae) Litchi sinesis Radlk. (Sapindaceae) Garcinia mangostena L. (Guttiferae) Psidium guyava L. (Myrtaceae) Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Wight (Myrtaceae) Daucus carota L. (Umbelliferae) Dioscorea cirrhosa Lour. (Dioscoreaceae)
61
Plants used as laxatives Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. (Convolvulaceae) Plumeria acuttfolia Poir. (Apocynaceae) Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae) Rheum sp. (Polygonaceae) Cussiu aluta L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Cussiu tot-a L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Busella rubru L. (Basellaceae) Hura crepitans L. (Euphorbiaceae) Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) Mercurialis indica Lour. (Euphorbiaceae) Zpomoea batatas (L.) Poir. (Convolvulaceae) Croton tiglium L. (Euhorbiaceae) Rumex wallichii Meisen. (Polygonaceae) Aloe sp. (Liliaceae) Cassia angusttfolia Vahl. (Caesalpiniaceae) Cassia occidentalis L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Mirabilis jalapa L. (Nyctaginaceae) Garcinia hanburyi Hook.f. (Guttiferae) Aleurites mollucana Willd (Euphorbiaceae) Tamarindus indica L. (Caesapliniaceae)
Plants and medicines of animal origins used for duodenal ulcer and stomach diseases Ardisia sylvestris Pitard. (Myrsinaceae) Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) Sepia esculenta Hoyel (Spiidae) Oldenlandia capitellata Kuntz (Rubiaceae) Ostrea sp. (Ostreidae) Haliotis sp. (Haliotidae)
Plants used for rheumatic disease and gnawing pain Cibotium barometz (L.) J.Sm. (Dicksoniaceae) Tinospora sinensis Merr. (Menispermaceae) Siegesbeckia orientalis L. (Compositae) Homalomena aromatica (Roxb.) Schott. (Araceae) Helitropium indicum L. (Boraginaceae) Cissus modeccoides Plauch. Sieb. (Ampelidaceae) Crinum asiaticum L. (Amaryllidaceae) Phyllanthus distichus Muell. (Euphorbiaceae) Psychotria montana Bl. (Rubiaceae) Gaultheria jiragrantissima Wall. (Ericaceae) Xylopia vielana Pierre. (Anonaceae) Strychnos gauthieruna Pierre. (Longaniaceae)
Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae) Cinnamomum camphora L. (Lauraceae) Chaenomeles lagenaeria (Lois.) Koidz (Rosaceae) Mussaenda pubescens Ait. f. (Rubiaceae) Berchemia lineatu (L.) DC. (Rhamnaceae) Drynaria fortunei J. Sem. (Polypodiaceae) Saururus sinensis Bail]. (Saururaceae) Ficus glomeruta Roxb. (Moraceae) Smilux glubra Roxb. (Liliaceae) Fel ursi (Urcidae) Polygonum cuspidatum Radix Angelicaepubescentis Maxim (Umbelliferae) Aristolochia westlandi Hems]. (Aristolochiaceae) Piper lolot C.DC. (Piperaceae) Stixis elongata Pierre. (Capparidaceae) Solanum dulcamara L. (Solanaceae) Leea rubra Blume (Leeaceae) Zllicium verum Hook. f. (Illiciaceae) Micromelum falcatum (Lout-.) (Rutaceae) Strychnos nux vomica L. (Loganiaceae) Caesalpinia minax Hance. (Caesalpiniaceae) Artocarpus tonkinensis A. Chev. (Moraceae) Tulauma gioi Chev. (Magnoliaceae)
Plants used for the treatment of wounds and snake-bites Hypericum aponicum Thumb. (Hypericacee) Thunbegiu grandtfloru (Rottl et Willd.)
(Acanthaceae) Solanum torvum Swartz (Solanaceae) Hiptage madaplota Gaertn. (Malpighiaceae) Gossampinus malubarica (DC.) Merr. (Bombaceae) Polygonum odoratum Lour. (Polygonaceae) Phrynium parvtjlorum Roxb. (Marantaceae) Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. (Euphorbiaceae) Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae) Choerospondis axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill
(Anaardiaceae) Litsea glutinosa C.B. Rob. (Lauraceae) Cudrunia tricuspiduta (Carr.) (Moraceae) Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) Podophyllum tonkinense Gagnep (Berberidaceae) Solanum procumbens Lour. (Solanaceae) Hibisbus abelmoschus L. (Malvaceae) Pleione bulbocodioides (Franch.) Rolfe
(Orchidaceae)
61
Sterculia
platanifolia
Anacardium
L. (Sterculiaceae) L. (Anacardiaceae)
occidentale
Ocimum gratissimum L. (Labiatae) Zizania lutifolia Turcz. (Gramineae) Tetrastigma
Plants used for the treatment of eye, ear, nose, teeth and throat diseases Eriocaulon sexangulare L. (Eriocaulaceae) Spilanthes acmella L. Murr. (Compositae) Euphorbia antiquorum L. (Euphorbiaceae) Aralia armata
(Wall.)
(Araliaceae)
Mangcfera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) Tinospora capillipes Gagnep. (Menispermaceae) Buddleja officinalis Maxim. (Loganiaceae) Euphorbia tirucalli L. (Euphorbiaceae) Asarum sieboldii Miq. (Aristolochiaceae) Costus speciosus Smith. (Zingiberaceae) Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb. (Leguminosae) Streblus
asper Lour.
(Moraceae)
Plants used for heart disease Cerbera odollam Gaertn. (Apocynaceae) Thevetia nerrtfolia Juss. (Apocynaceae) Rhodes japonica Roth. (Liliaceae) Strophanthus divaricatus (Lour.) (Apocynaceae) Nerium
oleander
Scilla maritima
L. (Apocynaceae) L. (Liliaceae)
Plants used as antipyretics
and antimalarials
Mentha arvensis L. (Labiatae) Abutilon indicum (L.) G. Don
(Malvaceae) Chrysanthemum sinense Sabine (Compositae) Lophatherum gracile Brongn. (Gramineae) Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. (Labiatae) Ephedra sinica Stapf. (Ephedraceae) Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (Gramineae) Ipomoea biloba Forsk. (Convolvulaceae) Adenosma caeruleum R. Br. (Scrophulariaceae) Trichosanthes sp. (Cucurbitaceae) Bupleurum sinense DC. (Umbelliferae) Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) (Cruciferae) Artemisia annua L. (Composiatae) Perillu ocymoides L. (Labiatae) Caulis bambusae Taemis. (Gramineae) Ligusticum
wallichii Franch.
(Umbellcferae)
Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. (Moraceae) Gnetum montanum Mgf. (Gnetaceae)
strumarium
Planch.
(Vitaceae)
Sageretiu theezans (L.) (Rhamnaceae) Agiaia duperreana Pierre (Meliaceae) Arenga
saccharifera
Labill.
(Arecaceae) (Rutaceae) Pluchea indica (L.) Less. (Compositae) Eryingium foetidum L. (Umbelliferae) Blumea myriocephala DC. (Compositae) Citrus grandis Osbeck (Rutaceae) Sesbania grandifora Pers. (Leguminosae) Cluusena dentata (Willd.)
Angelica
dahurica
Gomphrena
Benth. et Hook.
(Umbelliferae)
globosa
L. (Amaranthaceae) Blumea balsamtfera (L.) DC. (Compositae) Allium fistulosum L. (Liliaceae) Tinospora crispa (L.) (Menispermaceae) Vitex trtfolia L. (Verbenaceae) Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. (Ranuculaceae) Arctium lappa L. (Compositae) Adenosma capitatum F. Guich. (Scrophulariaceae) Centella asiatica (L.) (Umbelliferae) Purearia thomsoni Benth. (Leguminosae) Dendrobium sp. (Orchidaceae) Dichroa febrtfuga Lour. (Saxifragaceae) Peucedanum decursivum Maxim. (Umbelliferae) Belamcanda sinensis Lem. (Iridaceae) Gynura sarmentosa DC. (Compositae) Ocimum basilicum L. (Labiatae) Ocimum sanctum L. (Labiatae) Rhizoma notopterygii (Umbelliferae) Ligusticum brachilobum Franch. (Umbelliferae) Rhizoma Cimictjiigae heracletfoliae (Ranunculaceae) Syzygium
aromaticum
(L.) (Myrtaceae) (L.) (Mimosaceae) Cinchona sp. (Rubiaceae) Crossostephium chinense (L.) (Compositae)
Entada phaseoloides
Semen
Sojae praeparatum
Cymbopogon Fluggea
nardus Rendl.
virosa (Roxb.
(Gramineae) et Willd) Baill.
(Euphorbiaceae) L. (Hydrocaryaceae)
Trupa bicornis
Plants used as antitussives Papaver somniferum
L. (Papaveraceae) L. (Rosaceae) burmannii Vahl (Droseraceae)
Prunus armeniaca Drosera
63
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (Polypodiaceae) Raphanus sativus L. (Cruciferae) Ophiopogon japonicus Wall. (Liliaceae) Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. (Rosaceae) Lilium brownii F.F. Br. var. colchesteri Wils. (Liliaceae) Pouzolzia zeylanica Benn. (Urticaceae)
Solanum indicum L. (Solanaceae) Elsholtzia blanda Benth. (Labiatae) Sanseviera trtjasciata Prain var. laurentii N.E. Br. (Liliaceae) Elaeagnus latifolia L. (Elaeagnaceae) Dracontomelum duperraeanum Pierre (Anacardiaceae)
Orocilum indicum (L.) Vent. (Bignoniaceae) Styrax tonkinense Pierre. (Styraceae) Gleditschia australis Hemls. (Caesalpiniaceae) Canarium album (Lour.) Raensch (Burseaceae) Aster tataricus L. (Compositae) Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae) Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels (Rutaceae) Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylus sarcodactylus SW. (Rutaceae) Bletilla atrita (Thumb.) Reichb. (Orchidaceae) Sapindus mukorossii Gaertn. (Sapindaceae) Fritillaria roylei Hook (Liliaceae) Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Compositae) Lasia spinosa Thwaites (Araceae) Gnaphalium indicum L. (Compositae) Herpestis moniera (L.) H.B.K. (Scrophulariaceae) Ficus benjamina L. (Moraceae) Lobelia pyramidalis Wall. (Campanulaceae) Clausena excavata But-m. (Rutaceae) Isotoma fongtflora Prest. (Lobeliaceae) Datura melel L. (Solanaceae) Prunus persica Stokes (Rosaceae) Coleus aromaticus Benth. (Labiatae) Brassicajuncea (L.) Czerm et Coss (Cruciferae) Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. (Liliaceae) Platycodon grandiflorum A.DC. (Campanulaceae) Calotropis gigantea R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae) Morus alba L. (Moraceae) Allium odorum L. (Liliaceae) Liquidumbar orientalis Mill. (Hamamelidaceae) Polygala sp. (Polygalaceae) Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) Diospyros kaki L.f. (Ebenaceae) Melaleuca leucadendron L. (Myrtaceae) Nervilis fordii (Hance) (Orchidaceae) Centipeda minima (L.) A.Br. et Aschers (Compositae) Atalantia buxtjolia (Poir.) (Rutaceae) Asarum caudigerum Hance (Aristolochiaceae) Fritillaria verticillata Willd. var. thunbergii Bak.
Sterculia lychnophora Hance (Sterculiaceae) Citrus limoniu Osbeck (Rutaceae) Anemarrhena aspheloides Bunge (Liliaceae) Achras sapota L. (Sapotaceae)
(Liliaceae)
Plants used as hypnotic tranquilizers Stephaniu rotunda Lout-. (Menispermaceae) Nelumbo nuctjera Gaertn. (Nelumbonaceae) Zizyphus jujuba Lamk. (Rhamnaceae) Jasminum sambac Ait. (Oleaceae) Mimosa pudica L. (Mimosaceae) Passtjlora foetida L. (Passifloraceae) Erythrina indica Lamk. (Leguminosae) Euphoria longana Lamk. (Sapindaceae) Valeriana jatamansi Jones (Valerianaceae) Cocretio silicea Bambusa (Gramineae) Plants used as tonics Panax ginseng CA. Mey (Araliaceae) Hibiscus sagitt@lius Kurz (Mafvaceae) Launae pinnatifida Cass. (Compositae) Scrophularia buergeriana Miq. (Scrophulariae) Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms (Araliaceae) Croton tonkinensis Gagnep. (Euphorbiaceae) Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms (Araliaceae) Streptocaulon juventas (Lour.) Merr. (Asclepiaceae) Polygonatum kingianum Coil. et Hemsl. (Liliaceae) Coix lachryma-jobi L. (Gramineae) Dioscorea persimilis Prain et Burk. (Dioscoreaceae) Cuscuta sinensis Lamk. (Convolvulaceae) Ficus pumiia L. (Moraceae) Rhoeo discolor (L’Herit) Hance (Commelinaceae) Cinnamomum cassia Blume. (Lauraceae) Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fish. (Leguminosae) Scoparia d&is L. (Scrophulariaceae) Aconitum nape1 L. (Ranunculaceae) Aconitum fortunei Hems]. (Ranunculaceae) Momordica cochichinesis (Lour.) Spreng (Cucurbitaceae) Sargentodoxa cuneata (Oliv.) Rehd. et Wils. (Sargentodoxaceae)
64
Juglans regiu L. (Ruglandaceae) Gomphandra tonkinensis Gagnep. (Icacinaceae) Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Ness
(Acanthac~ae) Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc. (Myricaceae) Cassia grandis L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Cornus officinalis Sieb. et zucc. (Cornaceae) Gynura pseudochina DC. (Compositae) Ficus heterophyllus L. (Moraceae) Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Palmae) Lucuma mammosa Gaertn. (Sapotaceae) Codonopsis sp. (Campanulaceae) Talium crassifolium Willd. (Portulacaceae) Salvia muitiorrhiza Bunge (Labiatae) ~ipsacus japo~ic~ Miq. (Dipsacaceae) Boerhavia repens L. (Nyctagiinaceae) Sophora flavescens Ait (Leguminosae) Polygonum muultiforum Thumb. (Polygonaceae) Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch
(S~rophulariaceae) Polygona?um of~~ina~e All. (Lilia~eae) Euryale ferox Salisb. (Nymphaeaceae) Lycium sinenese Mill. (Solanaceae) Alsonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. (Apocynaceae) Psoralea coryltjolia L. (Leguminosae) C~nn~omum Loureirii Ness. (Lauraceae) Cinnamomum zeylanicum Ness. (Lauraceae) Arbus precatorius L. (Leguminosae) Nasturtium offict’nale R. Br. (Cruciferae) Aconitum sinense Paxt. (Ranunculaceae) Cordyceps sinensis (Berk) Sacc. (Hypocreaceae) Astragalus membrana~eus (Fish) Bunge
(Leguminosae) Rosa iaevigata Michx. (Rosaceae) Sesamum indicum DC. (Pedaliaceae) Millettia speciosa Champ. (Leguminosae) Strobilanthes a~rocephal~ T. Anders. (Acanthaceae) Zi~yphus saliva Mill. (Rhamnaceae~ Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Amaryllidaceae) Ailanthus malabarica DC. (Simarubaceae) Balanophora sp. (Balanophoraceae) Cocos nucifera L. (Palmae) Shrysuphy~lum cainito L. (Sapotaceae) Curio ~ibethinus Murray (Malvaceae)
Colla Cornus Cervi Placenta Hominis Gekko gekko L. Xylocopa d~ssim~~is( Lep) Cornu Cervi Colla Asini Hippocmpus sp. Mel. and Apitoxin Collo~alia sp. Other ingredients from animal origins Bombyx cum Botryte Secretio Bufonis Gryllotalpa unisp~nalpa Sauss.
Mi~haelsen Macasa sp. Amber Gossamer Urocteae Najat Chineymys Rhinoceros un~cornis L. Crinis manis pentadactyla L. Belostoma indica Vitalis Mylopharyngodon piceus Capra sp. Varanus salvator mabuya sp. Buthus Excrementurn Vespertilii Urina Hominis Pheretia asiatica Panthera tigris L. Ambra grisea Calamitas Urinae hominis Faeces Trogopterum Moschus moschiferus L. Faeces Bombycum Hemidactylus fre~tus Schlegel Corium Elephatis Centropus sinensis intermedius Hume Tetrodon ocellatus Passer montanus malccensis Dubois Eretmochelys imbricata L. Hystix hodson~ Python molurus and Phyton reticulatus
Ingredients for tonics from animal origins Cornu Cervi parvum
From a chemical point of view with modern methods such as CC, HFC, HRGC, GC/MS, UV
65
IR, NMR and MS we have studied in detail the chemical composition of essential oils of some important Vietnamese medicinal plants which are often used. Coleus amboinicus Lour. (Labiatae) (Nguyen XuPn Dung et al., 1990a,b).
cr-Thujene cz-Pinene Camphene Sabinene fl-Pinene @-Myrcene L-Phellandrene alpha-Terpinene
p-Cymene Sabinene hydrate y-Terpinene
Terpinene4-01 a-Terpineol Thymol? Carvacrol &Caryophyllene
cY-Bergamotene cr-Humulene Sesquiterpene fl-Farnesene Elemol Caryophyllene oxide Aromadendrene oxide
trace 0.85% 0.35% 0.07% 0.18% 1.92% 0.38% 16.83% 0.77% 0.15% 19.02% 1.19% 0.11% 0.58% 39.49% 5.87% 2.97”/, 1.68% 0.08% 0.19% 0.78% 0.12% 0.56%
Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Labiatae) (Nguyen Xuan Dung et al., 1989a,b, 1990~)
cr-Pinena /I-Piene Limonene Borneol? &Patchoulene &Elemene /3-Caryophyllene a-Guaiene Seychellene ol-Patchoulene ol-Bulnesene (SGuaiene)
Cycloseychellene
0.03% 0.05% 0.02% 0.01% 3.22% 0.69% 2.77% 13.43% 7.47% 8.03% 14.67% 0.21%
0.04% 1.16% 0.28% 0.50% 0.09% 2.34% 37.76% 0.11% 0.10%
Karyophyllene oxide &Cardinene Neopatchoulenol Guaiol Bulnesol Pogostol Patchouli alcohol Monosesquiterpene alcohol Patchoulenone Ocimum basilicum L. (Labiatae)
(Nguyen Xuln
Dung et al., 1987) cr-Pinene Camphene Sabinene P-Pinene P-Myrcene a-Terpinene Limonene l&/3-Cineole
cis-&Ocimene trans-&Ocimene
3-Octanol Terpinolene trans-Ocimene oxide Linalool Camphor Borneo1 Terpinene4-01 Methylchavicol a-Terpineol Geraniol Bornylacetate Eugenol /3-Elemene P-Caryophyllene Bergamotene 2,12-dien- 14-01 Others Ocimum gratissimum Lour. (Labiatae) Xuln Dung et al., 1987)
cr-Thujene a-Pinene Sabinene P-Myrcene a-Terpinene
0.05% 0.02%
0.01% 0.08%
trace trace 0.04% 4.00% trace 3.60% 0.60% 2.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.05% 0.05% 0.50% 80.50% trace 0.15% 0.01% 0.10% 0.50% 0.25% 2.90% 4.53% (Nguyen
0.05% 0.07% 0.04% 0.03% 0.04%
66
p-Cymene Limonene 1,8-Cineole cis-&Ocimene trans-&Ocimene Terpinolene Linalool Allocimene Terpinene4-01 Eugenol a-Cubebene a-copaene /I-Bourbonene @-Ylangene &Elemene &Caryophyllene Citronellylacetate Methylchavicol wHumulene a-Terpineol
0.10% 0.02% trace 7.00% 0.30% 0.03% 0.10% 0.04% 0.90% 74.00% 0.60% 0.50% 0.50% 0.20% 0.20% 4.50% 0.10% 0.02% 0.25% 0.30’%, 8.80% 0.20% 0.02% 0.80% 0.04% 0 03% 0:020/;1
D-~erII%Wene
P-Cubebene y-Maurolene &Cardinene Myrtenol? Caryophyllene Calamene
oxide
Mentha arvensis L. (Labiatae) Dung et al., 1988) wPinene Camphene &Pinene P-Myrcene Limonene 1,8-Cineole cis-Ocimene 3-Octanol Mentone d-Isomentone Linalool Menthylacetate Neomenthol Menthol Isomenthol Pulegone Piperitone Others
(Nguyen
Ageratum conizoides L. (Compositae) Xuln Dung et al., 1989~)
(Nguyen
0.41% 2.40% 0.40% 0.91% 1.92% 0.26% 0.18% 1 15% 0:400/1, 1.OO”% 16.99% 29.04% 1.99% 2.03% 2.34% 1.11% 0.23% 0.52’%, 31.10% 0.37’%, 6.50%
a-pinene Camphene &Pinene fl-Myrcene a-Terpinene endo-Borneo1 MW = 154 endo-Bornylacetate o-Cubebene P-Elemene &Caryophyllene 6-Demethoxyageratochromene P-Selinene fl-Curbebene P-Farnesene Sesquiterpene MW = 204 Farnesol Caryophyllene oxide Ageratochromene 6-Vinyl-demethoxyageratochromene Others Artemisia annua L. (Compositae) Dung et al., 1990d)
(Nguyen
Xuan
Xuan
0.19% trace 0.23% trace trace 0.43% 0.19% 0.21% 17.07% 2.80% 0.15% 3.20% 2.00% 68.00% 2.80% 1.67% trace 3.13%
cz-Pinene Camphene Sabinene &Pinene /3-Myrcene 1,%-Cineole Artemisia cetone Linalool Limonene oxide Camphor Artemisinin 0.4y-0.6% 2-Methylene-5-isopropenyl Artemisia alcohol Terpinene4-01 Geranylacetate a-Cubebene? /3-Caryophyllene /3-Farnesene b-Cardinene? B-Cubebene
0.74% 1.78”% 1.10% 0.44% 4.38% 15.44% 4.42% 0.46% 2.93% 23.75% (dried leaves) cyclohexanol
2.91% 2.67% 2.27% 1.01’%1 0.97% 6.29% 9.59’%, 0.63% 5.59%
Eupatorium staechadosmum Hance. (Compositae) (Nguytn Xuln Dung et al., 1990e) c-w-Pinene @-Pinene a-phellandrene a-Terpinene 1,8-Cineole Camphor Terpinene4-01 2-Isopropyl- 1-methoxy-4-methylbenzene Methylthymyl ether P-Elemene Thymohydroquinonedimethylether @-Caryophyllene wHumulene @-Selinene Selinadiene cy-Selinene Caryophyllene oxide Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) et al., 1987) Limonene 1,8-Cineole p-Cymene a-Terpinolene Sesquiterpene Terpinene4-01 /3-Elemene P-Caryophyllene Sesquiterpene cr-Humulene Sesquiterpene Sesquiterpene Zingiberene P-Bisabolene P-Sesquiphellandrene cY-Curcumene o,o,p-Trimethylbenzylalcol cr-bisabolene Sesquiterpene derivate Unsaturated a,&sequiterpene Unsaturated P-sesquiterpene Unsaturated /3-sesquiterpene Sesquiterpene derivate Unsaturated @-sesquiterpene
0.10% 0.20% trace 0.20% 0.20% 0.10% 0.20% 0.30% 0.20% 1.20% 73.60% ?wO% 0.40% 0.10% 11.00% 0.50% 0.40%
(Phan Tong Son
cetone cetone cetone cetone
0.05% 0.10% 0.05% 0.90% 0.10% 0.05% 0.05% 0.90% 0.10% 0.50% 0.15% 0.15% 1.50% 0.20% 3.00% 1.50% 0.15% 0. 10%) 0.90% 0.50% 0.05% 0.05% 0.10% 0.10%
Sesquiterpene derivate Sesquiterpene alcohol Sesquiterpene derivate Sesquiterpene alcohol Sesquiterpene alcohol Unsaturated a&sesquiterpene a-Turmerone Sesquiterpene alcohol @-Turmerone ar-Turmerone Curzerenone Others Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. tong Son et al., 1988)
cetone
(Zingiberaceae)
a-Pinene fl-Pinene Limonene 1,8-Cineole 2-Decanone Camphor Nonan-01-2 a-Terpineol &Elemene P-Elemene @-Caryophyllene Methanol iso-Borneo1 Sesquiterpene P-Cubebene cx-Zingiberene cr-Curcumene P-Bisabolene b-cardinene Sesquiterpene derivate 3-Methylene-6-( 1,5-dimethyl-4-dexenyl)cyclohexene y-Elemene &Lactone Curzerenone Sesquiterpene Sesquiterpene derivate Sesquiterpene Germacran-1(10),4,7( 1l-trien-&on Sesquiterpene derivate MW=234 Sesquiterpene derivate
0.15% 0.50% 0.30% 0.50% 0.70% 0.90% 30.00% 0.50% 10.00% 40.00% 1.OO% 4.20% (Phan
0.07% 1.23% 0.13% 2.98% 0.21% 1.61% 0.06% 0.32% 0.21% 2.82% 0.76% 0.04% 0.05% 0.20% 1.15% 1.OO% 1.72% 0.40% 1.42% 0.75% 1.50% 1.28% 0.25% 19.90% 0.30% 3.79% 1.06% 12.83% 1.11% 16.40% 1.64%
68
Isomer of above compound Sesquiterpene derivate Sesquiterpene derivate Sesquiterpene derivate MW = 234 Sesquiterpene derivate MW = 241
2.38% 1.59% 5.46% 6.93% 0.45%
Amomum longiligulare L. (Zingiberaceae) Xudn Dung et al. 1990e)
Nguyen
cr-Thujene a-Pinene Camphene &Pinene &Myrcene Limonene Camphor Borneo1 Bornylacetate &Caryophyllene Ditertbutylphenol-p-methyl Farnesol?
0.47% 3.84% 0.04% 1.48% 0.14% 4.47% 47.14% 2.48% 39.12% 0.04% 0.12% 0.04%
&Pinene P-Myrcene Phellandrene cr-Terpinene? (&Carene) p-Cymene l,&Cineole Limonene trans-Ocimene y-Terpinene? Terpinolene Fenchol Camphor Borneol? Piperitone? Anethol? Verbenone P-Caryophyllene wHumulene a-Farnesene /3-Bisabolene &Cardinene Caryophyllene oxide
0.40%
0.28% 0.41% 0.04% 0.10% 49.11% 1.22% 0.05% 0.10% 4.14% trace 0.12% 0.39% 5.80% 0.11% 0.17% 3.90% 1.22%
2.16% 1.27% 0.27’/;, 0.79%
Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemar. (Zingiberaceae)
cr-pinene Camphene P-Pinene &Myrcene p-Cymene l&Cineole 2-Octenal Terpinene4-01 wTerpineo1 Neral trans-Zdecenal Geranial 2-Phenyl-2-butenal 2-Methylcinamicaldehyde Nerylacetate trans-2-dodecenal Others Adenosma
caeruleum
ar-Thujene wPinene cY-Fenchene Sabinene
0.27% trace 0.20% 0.16% 0.32% 30.61% 1.35% 1.37% 4.34% 6.98% 17.33% 10.57% 4.38% 2.82% 1.66% 3.80% 13.84%
R. Br. (Scrophulariaceae) 0.32% 21 .OS% 0.09% 0.07%
Adenosma indianum (Lour.) Merr. (Scrophulariaceae) a-Thujene cr-Pinene ol-Fenchene Camphene? Sabinene &Pinene Phellandrene? p-Cymene Limonene 1,8-Cineole y-Terpinene L-Fenchone Fenchol Camphor? Borneo1 p-Cymene-8-01 a-Terpineol Verbenone Geranylacetate Piperitone oxide? Karyophyllene cY-Humulene
0.52% 5.65% 1.13% 0.63% 0.33% 0.24% 0.27% 2.73% 43.39% 0.74% 0.78% 24.84% 2.85% 6.85% 1.42% 1.10% 0.42% 0.03% 0.38% 0.03% 1.24% 1.75%
69
P-Bisabolene Caryophyllene
oxide
0.30% 0.40%
Geranylformate Menthylacetate Geranylacetate
Adenosma
bracteasum
cf-Pinene cr-Fenchene Sabinene &Pinene P-Myrcene? Phellandrene a-Terpinene p_Cymene
1,8-Cineole y-Terpinene? Linalool
Thymol? Fenchone? Fenchol Terpinene4-01 p-Cymene-8-01 Carvacrol methylether Carvacrol
P-Caryophyllene cr-Humulene /3-Bisabolene
Caryophyllene oxide Carvone Carvacrol isomer Sesquiterpene
Bonati (Scrophulariaceae) 0.21% 0.15% 0.03% 0.09% 0.08% 0.04% 0.76% 9.23% 1.03% trace 8.99% 0.12% 0.17% 0.02% 1SO% 0.15% 18.88% 33.97% 0.85% 3.74% 16.66% 0.22% 0.04% 0.44% 0.61%
Cymbopogon martini Roxb., Cym. nardus L., Cym. citratus Stapf. (Gramineae) Cym. martini (NguyZA Xuln DuAg et al., 1990e)
&Myrcene 64-Carene Limonene 1,8-Cineole 8-Terpinene Linalool
Prenylhexanoate a-Terpineol Menthol? Nero1 Nerylformate Geraniol
0.19% trace 0.15% 0.29% 0.76% 2.63% 0.12% 0.74% 0.05% 1.40% 0.03% 71.62%
Geranylbuthylrate /3-Caryophyllene Geranylisovalerate Geranylisobutylrate 6,7_Geranylepoxide 2,3_Geranylepoxide Elemol? Geranylhexanoate
p-Mentha- 1,8( IO)-diene-9-yl-acetate cis-Farnesal? trans-Famesal? /3-Caryophyllene oxide Geranyloctanoate p-Mentha-1,8( IO)-diene-Pdiol Others
0.06% 0.37% 14.44% 0.50%
1.01% 0.08% 0.22% 0.07% 0.09% 0.38% 2.05% 0.18% 0.05% 0.09% 0.34% 0.59% 0.73% 0.64%
Piper betle L. (Piperaceae)
cw-Thujene cr-Pinene
Camphene Sahinene &Pinene P-Myrcene 3-Hexenylacetate Hexylacetate a-terpinene p-Cymene l,&Cineole y-Terpinene
2-Methylallylbenzene a-Terpinolene /3-Linalool P-Terpineol cis-Sabinene hydrate Camphor Terpinene-bol
Methylsalisilate a-Terpineol p-allylanisol Ascaridol 4-Terpenylacetate o-Allylphenylacetate Eugenol
cr-Cubebene
2.06% 7.24% 1.06% 8.27% 0.87% 0.93% 0.37% 0.68% 2.50% 5.25% 10.27% 3.97% 0.12% 0.85% 1.92% 0.43% 0.36% trace 8.52% 0.46% 0.97% 0.10% 0.47% 0.77% 0.48% 19.24% 0.38%
70
Methyleugenol a-Copaene P-Bourbonene &Elemene /3-Caryophyllene y-Cardinene Aromadrene Eugenylacetate cY-Muurolene? Sesquiterpene derivate Calamene &Cardinene di-epi-a-Cadrene 4,5,9, IO-dehydroisolongifolene Nerolidol Karyophyllene oxide cr-Cedrol Widdrene &Cardinol cY-Cardinol Cardalene
0.13% 0.96% 0.30% 0.70% 1.70% 4.99% trace 2.07% 0.87% 1.68% 0.20% 2.26% 0.12% 0.40% 1.03% 0.21% 0.42% 0.40% 0.90% 0.60% 0.09%
References Do- Tlf Ldi (1986) Medicinal Plants and Drugs from Vietnam, 5th Edn. Sci. Techn. Publ. House, Hanoi.
Nguyen Xuan Dung, P.A. Leclercq the NCSR of SRV I (2). 27.
et al. (1987) Proceedings of
NguyOfi Xuan Dung et al. (1988) Journal of Chemistr_v(in Vtetnamese) I, 15. Nguyen Xuan Duilg. P.A. Leclercq et al. ( 1989a) Journal of Essenttal Oil Research 2 (March/April), 99. Nguyen Xuln Dung, P.A. Leclercq et al. (1989b) Proceedings of 11th International Congress of Essential Oil, Frugrances and Flavours. 12-16 November. 1989. New Delhi, Indra. Vol. 4, p. 99. Nguyen Xuln Dung, P.A. Leclercq, Nang Sothy et al. (1990a) Proceedings of the NCSR of SR V 2, 123. Nguyenii Xuin Duflg, Nang Sothy. P.A. Leclercq et al. (1990b) 17th IUPAC International Symposium on the Chcmrstrj of Natural Products. New Delhi, Indta. February 49. p. 287. Nguyen Xurin Dung, P.A. Leclercq et al. (1990~~) Proceedmgs of the NCSR of SRV 2, I28 Nguyen Xuan Dung P.A. Leclercq et al. (1989~) JournalofEssenfral Oil Research I (May/June), 135. Nguyen Xuln Dung, Dinh Huynh K&t et al. (1990d) Journal of Pharmacy (in Vtetnamese) 2, I I Nguyen Xuln Dufig. P.A. Leclercq et al. (1990e) JournalofEssmtial Oil Reseurch. in press. Nguyen Xuln Dung. Dab Lan Phddng et al. (1990e) Journal of Pharmacy (in Vietnamese) 1. 17. Nguyen Xuln Dung et al. (l990f) Journalof Chemistry (in Vietnamese) 2, in press. Phan Tong Sdn. V.H. Hddtig, Nguyen Xuln Dung and L S. Buih (1987) Journal of Chemistry (in Vietnamese) I. 18. Phan Tong Sdn, V.N. Hddng, Nguyen Xuln Dung and L S. Buih (1988) Journal of Chemrstrv (in Vietnamese)
2. 18.