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Selenium Withdrawal and Egg Selenium Content1
341
RESEARCH NOTES
SELENIUM WITHDRAWAL AND EGG SELENIUM CONTENT 1 R. L. ARNOLD,2 O. E. OLSON2 AND C. W. CARLSON2 South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57006 (Received for publication September 21, 1971) ABSTRACT Feeding 8 p.p.m. of selenium in a diet for laying hens showed egg selenium contents to reach a maximum of 1.7 p.p.m. in twelve days. Upon withdrawal of the supplement, egg selenium contents return to normal within about 8 days. POULTRY
1 Published with the approval of the Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station as Paper No. 1045 of the Journal Series. 2 Graduate Student, Department of Animal Science, Professor and Head, Station Biochemistry Department, and Professor, Department of Animal Science, respectively.
341-342,
1972
SELENIUM REMOVED
*
* HEN 4 0 6 • HEN 41 I * HEN 415
20 . -
<"JSJ S
- SELENIUM ADDED
~
'-
UJ
-
/
5
-
'
.
.
.y^''
*
. '
-••'/•'•'
-^ rl\
^ X
' ^vt. .1'
a:
* 0 0r
i 11 ' 0
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 10 20 DAYS
• i i 30
FIG. 1. Selenium content of eggs.
content of the eggs had reached a maximum of about 1.7 p.p.m. average. Previous data (Arnold, 1971) had shown that about 1.8 p.p.m. of selenium was found in eggs from hens that had received a similar diet containing 8 p.p.m. selenium for as long as 104 weeks. Upon withdrawal of selenium from the diet, the data from the present study show that the selenium content returned to normal within about 8 days. Previous work (Arnold, 1971) has shown that selenium as selenite added to the diet at levels of up to 2 p.p.m. gave barely perceptible increases in egg selenium content. Therefore,it is highly unlikely that a nutritionally recommended level of 0.1 or 0.2 p.p.m. selenium could be detrimental. Further, this previous work showed that on the feeding of excessive levels of the element, egg selenium content soon reached a maximum and went no higher during a pro-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 16, 2015
A question often asked concerning the addition of a microelement to the feed of animals for a prescribed period is, "How long after the element has been withdrawn from the feed would the animal excrete the element in a product form to be consumed for food?" In previous work (Arnold et al., 1971) following the termination of a study in which 8 p.p.m. of selenium had been added to a feed for layers, eggs were analyzed for selenium. Surprisingly, the amounts found were approximately the same as that found in eggs from hens that had been on control diets continuously, i.e., about 0.5 p.p.m. It seemed desirable therefore to further evaluate this observation. Selenium at 8 p.p.m. from sodium selenite was added to a corn-soy layer diet for a 14-day period. Of 10 S.C.White Leghorn yearling hens given the treatment indicated, three laying at an active rate were chosen for this study. The whole liquid contents of all eggs laid were analyzed for selenium (Olson, 1969) before, during and after the treatment period. At the termination of the study, all hens and egg material were destroyed. The results of this study are shown in Figure 1. Within 12 days, the selenium
SCIENCE 51:
342
RESEARCH NOTES
longed 104-week feeding period. Even should a mistake occur and toxic levels of up to 40 times the recommendation be fed to layers, their eggs should still be fairly safe to use, according to the data reported here. Within a week after correction of the error, egg selenium levels would be back to normal.
REFERENCES Arnold, R. L., O. E. Olson and C. W. Carlson, 1971. Unpublished data, South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. Arnold, R. L., 1971. Effects of various levels of dietary selenium and arsenic on chickens. Ph.D. Thesis, South Dakota State University. Olson, O. E., 1969. Fluorometric analysis of selenium in plants. J. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem. 52: 627-634.
EFFECT OF IMMOBILIZATION AND FORMALDEHYDE ON IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSIVENESS IN YOUNG CHICKENS1-2
(Received for publication October 5, 1971) ABSTRACT Three week old male broiler chicks were immobilized in a dorsal position for 12 hours or given intravenous injections of a 20% formaldehyde solution. Twelve hours following the treatments the birds were immunized with sheep red blood cells (S.R.B.C). The ensuing primary hemagglutinin responses were serologically monitored by bleeding the birds at three day intervals for IS days following the S.R.B.C.-injections. Immobilization and formaldehyde injections did not suppress the levels of hemagglutinins at any time during the primary immune response. These data suggest that immunosuppression is not characteristic of physiological stress in young chickens. POULTRY SCIENCE 5 1 : 342-344,
Adverse physical and chemical stimuli can cause specific alterations in body functions. Collectively these changes are termed physiological stress and are exemplified by the general adaptation syndrome (G.A.S.). General somatic evidences which characterize G.A.S. are: (1) hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex, (2) atrophy of the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues, (3) eosinophilia and (4) deepbleeding gastrointestinal ulcers (Selye, 1956). High environmental temperatures cause such a stress response (Siegel, 1969), and also depress the levels of circulating antibodies (Thaxton and Siegel, 1970). 1 Published with the approval of the Director of the North Carolina State University Agricultural Experiment Station. 2 This investigation was supported by Biomedical Science Support Grant RR 07071 from National Institutes of Health.
1972
This immunodepression by high temperatures was thought to be a result of an increased secretion of adrenocortical hormones, since these hormones, which are secreted in increased amounts during stress, cause a marked reduction in antibody levels when administered to animals (Glick, 1967). The purpose of this study was to determine if other stressors cause suppression of the primary hemagglutinin response in chickens. This was accomplished by measuring hemagglutinin formation during the stress caused by immobilization and by injections of formaldehyde which were reported to be effective stressors of young chickens (Newcomer, 1958; Newcomer and Connally, 1960). Day old male broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery. They were maintained in electrically heated batteries where feed and water were available
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 16, 2015
P. THAXTON AND D. M. BRIGGS Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
RESEARCH NOTES
SELENIUM WITHDRAWAL AND EGG SELENIUM CONTENT 1 R. L. ARNOLD,2 O. E. OLSON2 AND C. W. CARLSON2 South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57006 (Received for publication September 21, 1971) ABSTRACT Feeding 8 p.p.m. of selenium in a diet for laying hens showed egg selenium contents to reach a maximum of 1.7 p.p.m. in twelve days. Upon withdrawal of the supplement, egg selenium contents return to normal within about 8 days. POULTRY
1 Published with the approval of the Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station as Paper No. 1045 of the Journal Series. 2 Graduate Student, Department of Animal Science, Professor and Head, Station Biochemistry Department, and Professor, Department of Animal Science, respectively.
341-342,
1972
SELENIUM REMOVED
*
* HEN 4 0 6 • HEN 41 I * HEN 415
20 . -
<"JSJ S
- SELENIUM ADDED
~
'-
UJ
-
/
5
-
'
.
.
.y^''
*
. '
-••'/•'•'
-^ rl\
^ X
' ^vt. .1'
a:
* 0 0r
i 11 ' 0
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 10 20 DAYS
• i i 30
FIG. 1. Selenium content of eggs.
content of the eggs had reached a maximum of about 1.7 p.p.m. average. Previous data (Arnold, 1971) had shown that about 1.8 p.p.m. of selenium was found in eggs from hens that had received a similar diet containing 8 p.p.m. selenium for as long as 104 weeks. Upon withdrawal of selenium from the diet, the data from the present study show that the selenium content returned to normal within about 8 days. Previous work (Arnold, 1971) has shown that selenium as selenite added to the diet at levels of up to 2 p.p.m. gave barely perceptible increases in egg selenium content. Therefore,it is highly unlikely that a nutritionally recommended level of 0.1 or 0.2 p.p.m. selenium could be detrimental. Further, this previous work showed that on the feeding of excessive levels of the element, egg selenium content soon reached a maximum and went no higher during a pro-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 16, 2015
A question often asked concerning the addition of a microelement to the feed of animals for a prescribed period is, "How long after the element has been withdrawn from the feed would the animal excrete the element in a product form to be consumed for food?" In previous work (Arnold et al., 1971) following the termination of a study in which 8 p.p.m. of selenium had been added to a feed for layers, eggs were analyzed for selenium. Surprisingly, the amounts found were approximately the same as that found in eggs from hens that had been on control diets continuously, i.e., about 0.5 p.p.m. It seemed desirable therefore to further evaluate this observation. Selenium at 8 p.p.m. from sodium selenite was added to a corn-soy layer diet for a 14-day period. Of 10 S.C.White Leghorn yearling hens given the treatment indicated, three laying at an active rate were chosen for this study. The whole liquid contents of all eggs laid were analyzed for selenium (Olson, 1969) before, during and after the treatment period. At the termination of the study, all hens and egg material were destroyed. The results of this study are shown in Figure 1. Within 12 days, the selenium
SCIENCE 51:
342
RESEARCH NOTES
longed 104-week feeding period. Even should a mistake occur and toxic levels of up to 40 times the recommendation be fed to layers, their eggs should still be fairly safe to use, according to the data reported here. Within a week after correction of the error, egg selenium levels would be back to normal.
REFERENCES Arnold, R. L., O. E. Olson and C. W. Carlson, 1971. Unpublished data, South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. Arnold, R. L., 1971. Effects of various levels of dietary selenium and arsenic on chickens. Ph.D. Thesis, South Dakota State University. Olson, O. E., 1969. Fluorometric analysis of selenium in plants. J. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem. 52: 627-634.
EFFECT OF IMMOBILIZATION AND FORMALDEHYDE ON IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSIVENESS IN YOUNG CHICKENS1-2
(Received for publication October 5, 1971) ABSTRACT Three week old male broiler chicks were immobilized in a dorsal position for 12 hours or given intravenous injections of a 20% formaldehyde solution. Twelve hours following the treatments the birds were immunized with sheep red blood cells (S.R.B.C). The ensuing primary hemagglutinin responses were serologically monitored by bleeding the birds at three day intervals for IS days following the S.R.B.C.-injections. Immobilization and formaldehyde injections did not suppress the levels of hemagglutinins at any time during the primary immune response. These data suggest that immunosuppression is not characteristic of physiological stress in young chickens. POULTRY SCIENCE 5 1 : 342-344,
Adverse physical and chemical stimuli can cause specific alterations in body functions. Collectively these changes are termed physiological stress and are exemplified by the general adaptation syndrome (G.A.S.). General somatic evidences which characterize G.A.S. are: (1) hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex, (2) atrophy of the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues, (3) eosinophilia and (4) deepbleeding gastrointestinal ulcers (Selye, 1956). High environmental temperatures cause such a stress response (Siegel, 1969), and also depress the levels of circulating antibodies (Thaxton and Siegel, 1970). 1 Published with the approval of the Director of the North Carolina State University Agricultural Experiment Station. 2 This investigation was supported by Biomedical Science Support Grant RR 07071 from National Institutes of Health.
1972
This immunodepression by high temperatures was thought to be a result of an increased secretion of adrenocortical hormones, since these hormones, which are secreted in increased amounts during stress, cause a marked reduction in antibody levels when administered to animals (Glick, 1967). The purpose of this study was to determine if other stressors cause suppression of the primary hemagglutinin response in chickens. This was accomplished by measuring hemagglutinin formation during the stress caused by immobilization and by injections of formaldehyde which were reported to be effective stressors of young chickens (Newcomer, 1958; Newcomer and Connally, 1960). Day old male broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery. They were maintained in electrically heated batteries where feed and water were available
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 16, 2015
P. THAXTON AND D. M. BRIGGS Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607