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Self-reported effects of creatinesupplements in men participating in a work-out program
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I o e l o l
I o e e l J
J o l e e e e o e o l m l
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MONDAY OCTOBER22
POSTER SESSION: PROFESSIONALPRACTICE/COMMUNITY NUTRITION AND PUBLIC HEALTH TITLE: EFFECTS OF A LOW CARBOHYDRATE, KETOGENIC DIET ON BODY WEIGHT AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS AUTHORS: BJ Brehm, PhD, RD 1, RJ Seeley, PhD2, DA D'Alessio, MD2, College of Nursing1and College of Medicine2, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe the effects of a low carbohydrate, diet on body weight, blood pressure, and plasma lipid, glucose, and insulin levels ABSTRACT TEXT: Popular diets, such as the low carbohydrate, ketogenic diet, are adopted annually by millions of Americans attempting to lose weight. Yet, well-controlled, scientific studies of the diets' safety and efficacy are limited. Thirty-four obese women with a body mass index of 30-34 kg/m2were enrolled in a clinical trial funded by the American Heart Association to determine the effects of a low carbohydrate diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors. The three-month weight loss intervention included weekly counseling sessions with a registered dietitian. Subjects were randomly assigned to an ad libitum low carbohydrate diet with less than 10% ofkcalories from carbohydrate or a control diet with modest caloric restriction (1200-1500 kcal/d) distributed as approximately 30% fat, 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein. Twenty-six of the 34 enrollees (76%) completed the study, with an equal number of dropouts from eaeh diet group. Although the groups' caloric intake was similar (1145.1_+99.7 vs. 1136.3+90.4)z the low carbohydrate group consumed significantly less carbohydrate and significantly more protein, fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol than the control group. Mean weight loss was significantly greater in the low carbohydrate diet group than in the control group (8.0_+1.0vs. 4.4_+1.2kg; p<0.02). Both groups showed decreased blood pressure and improved plasma lipid levels (i.e., decreased total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides; increased HDL-cholcsterol). However, mean plasma triglyeeride levels decreased significantly more in the low carbohydrate group than in the control group (65.3+17.2 vs. 17.3+8.6 mg/dl; p<0.02). Despite appreciable weight loss, plasma glucose and insulin levels did not change significantly. These results suggest that the very low carbohydrate, ketogenic diet is efficacious in producing short-term weight loss and does not have detrimental effects on blood pressure or plasma lipid, glucose, or insulin levels over a three-month period.
Title: THE DEVELOPMENT TESTING OF AN INSTRUMENT TO ASSESS CHANGES IN FOOD INTAKE BEI-~AVIOR Authors: ER Glovsky, Ph,D, RD and BE Millen, Dr.PH, RD, FADA, Boston University School o f Public Health, Boston, MA. Learning Outcome: Participants will understand that assessment o f food intake behavior is important, and that a new reliable and valid research instrument has been developed and tested. Abstract Text: The leading causes o f morbidity and mortality in the US, including coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, can be reduced through changes in lifestyle, including changes in food and nutrient intake behaviors. Existing research methods used to estimate changes in nutrition over time typically yield nutrient intake data, but often lose key information on foods. Research in the field would benefit from the development and testing o f a quantitative technique to assess food behavior change. The Delphi method was used to develop a research instrument (FIAT, _Food Intake Assessment Tool) designed to quantify patterns o f food consumption. Results o f FIAT inter-rater reliability testing demonstrated that trained coders can use the instrument consistently and accurately. To assess the validity o f the FIAT, it was applied to an existing set o f dietary recalls collected from a randomized pilot study o f a dietary behavior intervention to lower fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake among hyperlipidemic subjects. Pearson correlation coefficients showed strong associations between FIAT estimates o f food intake and estimates ofnntrient intake. Relationships between FIAT estimates o f food intake and blood lipids were also found. The FIAT is a reliable and valid research tool for estimating changes in food intake behavior. This research was funded in part by a Kraft Foods Fellowship awarded by the American Dietetic Association, 1998. Conflict of Interest: None
CONFLICT OF INTEREST (If applicable): None Titlet DIETARY INTAKE, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND BODY MASS INDEX IN THE UNITED STATES: GENDER, RACE AND AGE GROUP DIFFERENCES Author:
Paul A. Cotton, Ph.D., RD, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Community Nutrition Research Group, Beltsville, MD.
Learning Outcame: To increase the awareness that dietary intake is significantly different for exercisers and non- exercisers. A B S T R A C T TEXTt
This study assessed the relationship between dietary intake, physical activity frequency, and body mass index (BMI) using data for 5744 adults 20 years and older who participated in the 1994-96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. The study divided these individuals into exercisers (3477) and non-exercisers (2267). Statistical analysis was conducted using SUDAAN, a software package, which uses the survey's sample design to compute variance estimates. Contrast statements were used to perform a series of paired t-tests of the mean values. Statistically significant findings are reported where the p value was 0.05 or less. Black'exercisers with a BMI of 25<30 consumed 191 more kilocalories than whites in the same BMI g r o u p . Exercisers 20-29 years of age and BMI of 20<25 consumed 20 grams more protein, 65 grams more carbohydrate, 552 more kilocalories than their non-exercising counterparts. Black exercisers w i t h a BMI of 25<30 consumed 23 grams more total fat than whites in the same BMI group. White exercisers with a BMI greater than 30 consumed a higher percentage of kilocalories from added sugar than any group examined. T h e study concluded that dietary intake of exercisers is significantly different from non-exercisers for specific macronutrients and varies based on exercise frequency, body mass index, race and age group. A - 8 4 / S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 1 Supplement Volume 101 Number 9
TITLE: SELF-REPORTED EFFECTS OF CREATINE SUPPLEMENTS IN MEN PARTICIPATING IN A WORK-OUT PROGRAM AUTHOR(S): D.K. Tidwell, PhD, RD, LD; J.L. Andy, BS. The University of Mississippi. Oxford, MS LEARNING OUTCOME: To provide dietitians with information concerning the use o f creatine supplements ABSTRACT TEXT: The use ofcreatine supplements in sports is legal and continues to be popular with athletes and non-athletes. This study examined the use and self-reported effects o f oral creatine in a group o f men that regularly work-out in a fitness facility located at a mid-sized university. From the 339 males completing the survey, 80.0% were 18 to 23 years old, 17.0% were 24 to 34, and 2.7% were over 34 years o f age. Work-out activities usually included weight-lifting, running, swimming, cycling, and/or aerobics. Current or past use o f creatine was reported in 61.9% o f subjects; 18.3% o f subjects stated they were currently taking creatine. The majority (66.0%) o f users had taken creatine for 1 year or less, 26.5% reported taking creatine for 1 to 3 years, and 7.5% reported using ereatine for 3 years or more. As expected, 72.6% o f subjects currently taking ereatine were younger (18 to 23 years old). Common reasons for taking ereatine were to enhance athletic performance, gain weight, increase muscle size, and increase energy levels. The majority o f subjects (70.1%) stated they obtained desired results. While 21.6% of subjects reported no side effects, self-reported side effects included water retention (28.2%), muscle cramping (12.1%), dehydration (9.4%), diarrhea (5.4%), and intestinal problems (4.0%). When respondents were asked if they planned to continue taking creatine, 53.2% stated yes, 20.9% stated no, and 0.6% were not sure. Dietitians in sports nutrition should play an important role in providing supplement information and be aware o f supplement practices o f individuals participating in work-out programs.
I o e l o l
I o e e l J
J o l e e e e o e o l m l
ee
•
MONDAY OCTOBER22
POSTER SESSION: PROFESSIONALPRACTICE/COMMUNITY NUTRITION AND PUBLIC HEALTH TITLE: EFFECTS OF A LOW CARBOHYDRATE, KETOGENIC DIET ON BODY WEIGHT AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS AUTHORS: BJ Brehm, PhD, RD 1, RJ Seeley, PhD2, DA D'Alessio, MD2, College of Nursing1and College of Medicine2, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe the effects of a low carbohydrate, diet on body weight, blood pressure, and plasma lipid, glucose, and insulin levels ABSTRACT TEXT: Popular diets, such as the low carbohydrate, ketogenic diet, are adopted annually by millions of Americans attempting to lose weight. Yet, well-controlled, scientific studies of the diets' safety and efficacy are limited. Thirty-four obese women with a body mass index of 30-34 kg/m2were enrolled in a clinical trial funded by the American Heart Association to determine the effects of a low carbohydrate diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors. The three-month weight loss intervention included weekly counseling sessions with a registered dietitian. Subjects were randomly assigned to an ad libitum low carbohydrate diet with less than 10% ofkcalories from carbohydrate or a control diet with modest caloric restriction (1200-1500 kcal/d) distributed as approximately 30% fat, 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein. Twenty-six of the 34 enrollees (76%) completed the study, with an equal number of dropouts from eaeh diet group. Although the groups' caloric intake was similar (1145.1_+99.7 vs. 1136.3+90.4)z the low carbohydrate group consumed significantly less carbohydrate and significantly more protein, fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol than the control group. Mean weight loss was significantly greater in the low carbohydrate diet group than in the control group (8.0_+1.0vs. 4.4_+1.2kg; p<0.02). Both groups showed decreased blood pressure and improved plasma lipid levels (i.e., decreased total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides; increased HDL-cholcsterol). However, mean plasma triglyeeride levels decreased significantly more in the low carbohydrate group than in the control group (65.3+17.2 vs. 17.3+8.6 mg/dl; p<0.02). Despite appreciable weight loss, plasma glucose and insulin levels did not change significantly. These results suggest that the very low carbohydrate, ketogenic diet is efficacious in producing short-term weight loss and does not have detrimental effects on blood pressure or plasma lipid, glucose, or insulin levels over a three-month period.
Title: THE DEVELOPMENT TESTING OF AN INSTRUMENT TO ASSESS CHANGES IN FOOD INTAKE BEI-~AVIOR Authors: ER Glovsky, Ph,D, RD and BE Millen, Dr.PH, RD, FADA, Boston University School o f Public Health, Boston, MA. Learning Outcome: Participants will understand that assessment o f food intake behavior is important, and that a new reliable and valid research instrument has been developed and tested. Abstract Text: The leading causes o f morbidity and mortality in the US, including coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, can be reduced through changes in lifestyle, including changes in food and nutrient intake behaviors. Existing research methods used to estimate changes in nutrition over time typically yield nutrient intake data, but often lose key information on foods. Research in the field would benefit from the development and testing o f a quantitative technique to assess food behavior change. The Delphi method was used to develop a research instrument (FIAT, _Food Intake Assessment Tool) designed to quantify patterns o f food consumption. Results o f FIAT inter-rater reliability testing demonstrated that trained coders can use the instrument consistently and accurately. To assess the validity o f the FIAT, it was applied to an existing set o f dietary recalls collected from a randomized pilot study o f a dietary behavior intervention to lower fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake among hyperlipidemic subjects. Pearson correlation coefficients showed strong associations between FIAT estimates o f food intake and estimates ofnntrient intake. Relationships between FIAT estimates o f food intake and blood lipids were also found. The FIAT is a reliable and valid research tool for estimating changes in food intake behavior. This research was funded in part by a Kraft Foods Fellowship awarded by the American Dietetic Association, 1998. Conflict of Interest: None
CONFLICT OF INTEREST (If applicable): None Titlet DIETARY INTAKE, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND BODY MASS INDEX IN THE UNITED STATES: GENDER, RACE AND AGE GROUP DIFFERENCES Author:
Paul A. Cotton, Ph.D., RD, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Community Nutrition Research Group, Beltsville, MD.
Learning Outcame: To increase the awareness that dietary intake is significantly different for exercisers and non- exercisers. A B S T R A C T TEXTt
This study assessed the relationship between dietary intake, physical activity frequency, and body mass index (BMI) using data for 5744 adults 20 years and older who participated in the 1994-96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. The study divided these individuals into exercisers (3477) and non-exercisers (2267). Statistical analysis was conducted using SUDAAN, a software package, which uses the survey's sample design to compute variance estimates. Contrast statements were used to perform a series of paired t-tests of the mean values. Statistically significant findings are reported where the p value was 0.05 or less. Black'exercisers with a BMI of 25<30 consumed 191 more kilocalories than whites in the same BMI g r o u p . Exercisers 20-29 years of age and BMI of 20<25 consumed 20 grams more protein, 65 grams more carbohydrate, 552 more kilocalories than their non-exercising counterparts. Black exercisers w i t h a BMI of 25<30 consumed 23 grams more total fat than whites in the same BMI group. White exercisers with a BMI greater than 30 consumed a higher percentage of kilocalories from added sugar than any group examined. T h e study concluded that dietary intake of exercisers is significantly different from non-exercisers for specific macronutrients and varies based on exercise frequency, body mass index, race and age group. A - 8 4 / S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 1 Supplement Volume 101 Number 9
TITLE: SELF-REPORTED EFFECTS OF CREATINE SUPPLEMENTS IN MEN PARTICIPATING IN A WORK-OUT PROGRAM AUTHOR(S): D.K. Tidwell, PhD, RD, LD; J.L. Andy, BS. The University of Mississippi. Oxford, MS LEARNING OUTCOME: To provide dietitians with information concerning the use o f creatine supplements ABSTRACT TEXT: The use ofcreatine supplements in sports is legal and continues to be popular with athletes and non-athletes. This study examined the use and self-reported effects o f oral creatine in a group o f men that regularly work-out in a fitness facility located at a mid-sized university. From the 339 males completing the survey, 80.0% were 18 to 23 years old, 17.0% were 24 to 34, and 2.7% were over 34 years o f age. Work-out activities usually included weight-lifting, running, swimming, cycling, and/or aerobics. Current or past use o f creatine was reported in 61.9% o f subjects; 18.3% o f subjects stated they were currently taking creatine. The majority (66.0%) o f users had taken creatine for 1 year or less, 26.5% reported taking creatine for 1 to 3 years, and 7.5% reported using ereatine for 3 years or more. As expected, 72.6% o f subjects currently taking ereatine were younger (18 to 23 years old). Common reasons for taking ereatine were to enhance athletic performance, gain weight, increase muscle size, and increase energy levels. The majority o f subjects (70.1%) stated they obtained desired results. While 21.6% of subjects reported no side effects, self-reported side effects included water retention (28.2%), muscle cramping (12.1%), dehydration (9.4%), diarrhea (5.4%), and intestinal problems (4.0%). When respondents were asked if they planned to continue taking creatine, 53.2% stated yes, 20.9% stated no, and 0.6% were not sure. Dietitians in sports nutrition should play an important role in providing supplement information and be aware o f supplement practices o f individuals participating in work-out programs.