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Seperable models for the EEG and ERP
83 WHY IS PAVLOVIAN CLASSIC OR CLASSY, DUCTORY REMARKS Dieter Vaitl University Giessen,
CONDITIONING CLASSICAL, AND WHY NOT: SOME INTRO-
F.R.G
Fundamental principles may be derived from conditioning approach to learning and behavior. For humans, associative learning modulates information processing, emotional responses. and immunological processes. In this sense, Pavlovian conditioning is experiencing a renaissance. Its new scope is all but unlimited. This concerns advanced experimental methodology (e.g., the application of emotional stimuli, various forms of compound conditioning. combination of Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning) as well as new concepts of associative learning (e.g., belongingness of stimuli, latent inhibition, extension of the Rescorla-Wagner model). In addition, the functional view of conditional response patterns and regulatory processes involved can profit most from concepts derived from neural network (e.g., parallel distributed processing models). In this sense, it bridges a large gap between behavioral sciences and biology.
SEPARABLE
MODELS
FOR THE EEG AND ERP
P. Valdes, R. Biscay and R. Pascual Neurosciences Branch, National Center search, Havana, Cuba (6880)
for
Scientific
Re-
Physical constraints on the statistics of generator models lead to the following expression for the potential V at derivation d and time t: l’,,(t)= l.ak,igi(!), with k indexing generators g which are reflected at d with weights (Y. Space d and time t are separable in this model. Consequently, the mean and covariance of the observed EEG and ERP may be optimally projected onto a basis which is the tensor product of separate basis functions for space and time. Principal components are developed for this case and examples of applications are given.
INCONGRUENCE NEGATIVITIES WORDS AND FACES: DIFFERENT TIONS M. Valdes-Sosa, National Center
ELICITED BY SCALP DISTRIBU-
M. Bobes, C. Suarez-Murias and E. Olivares for Scientific Research, Habana, Cuba
We have recently described (Babes et al., 1990) a component (N374) which is elicited by facial features in a paradigm analagous to that which produces the linguistic N400. An incomplete face image is presented (as context) and the missing features are later superimposed on the image. The completion can use congruent features (belonging to the faces) or incongruent features (originating in another face). In this paper we compare the topography of the N374 associated
with incongruent face completion. with the topography of the N400 elicited by incongruent words at the end of a sentence (Kutas and Hillyard, 1980). The scalp distribution of these two components was measured at 19 sites of the international lo/20 system. in two samples of IO normal adults. The magnitude of the component at each site was measured as the mean amplitude for time windows around the largest peaks in the difference waveform (prestimulus baseline substracted). After normalizing the vectors of observations for each individual, repeated measures ANOVA was performed. The interaction of site and type of task (linguistic vs. facial) was significant. This reflects the fact that the linguistic N400 is only slightly asymmetrical and has a vertex maximum, while N374 has an occipital maximum and is more asymmetrical. This result suggests that N400 and N374, although functionally similar, originate in different generator systems.
THE USE OF THE ALEXANDER SICIANS Elizabeth R. Valentine Royal Holloway and London). U.K.
Bedford
New
TECHNIQUE
College
BY MU-
(University
of
The principles of the Alexander technique (AT) are outlined and studies of its physiological effects on musicians briefly reviewed. Results of a survey of members of a London orchestra are reported, indicating that AT was the most frequently reported complementary medical technique used by musicians. Although the efficacy of pharmacological and cognitive behavioural techniques for the treatment of performance anxiety in musicians has been demonstrated. behavioural effects of AT on performance have not been evaluated. Results of preliminary studies are reported, showing that the effects of anxiety on performance in class recitals was judged to be significantly less for students engaged in AT or yoga compared with controls. In a second study students employing these techniques showed superior technical performance and fewer signs of behavioural anxiety during public recitals. Further investigation is planned including its application to the treatment of misuse injuries.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL DERMAL RESPONSE
OF
EVOKED
ELEKTRO-
V. Valter Institute of Experimental Psychology, Slovak Academy Sciences, 15 Kocel’ova. 821 08 Bratislava. Czechoslovakia
of
Sigmoid courses C’S’-shaped) whether ascending or descending in a nonsymmetrical pattern in most cases characterize of the organism responses to stimuli in relation to time. As a mathematical model the author has proposed in the past the relation (1) where (Y, 2~. p. &. 9. li are parameters. The relation consists of three elements comprised in the nominator of the fraction. The first member represents the onset of
CONDITIONING CLASSICAL, AND WHY NOT: SOME INTRO-
F.R.G
Fundamental principles may be derived from conditioning approach to learning and behavior. For humans, associative learning modulates information processing, emotional responses. and immunological processes. In this sense, Pavlovian conditioning is experiencing a renaissance. Its new scope is all but unlimited. This concerns advanced experimental methodology (e.g., the application of emotional stimuli, various forms of compound conditioning. combination of Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning) as well as new concepts of associative learning (e.g., belongingness of stimuli, latent inhibition, extension of the Rescorla-Wagner model). In addition, the functional view of conditional response patterns and regulatory processes involved can profit most from concepts derived from neural network (e.g., parallel distributed processing models). In this sense, it bridges a large gap between behavioral sciences and biology.
SEPARABLE
MODELS
FOR THE EEG AND ERP
P. Valdes, R. Biscay and R. Pascual Neurosciences Branch, National Center search, Havana, Cuba (6880)
for
Scientific
Re-
Physical constraints on the statistics of generator models lead to the following expression for the potential V at derivation d and time t: l’,,(t)= l.ak,igi(!), with k indexing generators g which are reflected at d with weights (Y. Space d and time t are separable in this model. Consequently, the mean and covariance of the observed EEG and ERP may be optimally projected onto a basis which is the tensor product of separate basis functions for space and time. Principal components are developed for this case and examples of applications are given.
INCONGRUENCE NEGATIVITIES WORDS AND FACES: DIFFERENT TIONS M. Valdes-Sosa, National Center
ELICITED BY SCALP DISTRIBU-
M. Bobes, C. Suarez-Murias and E. Olivares for Scientific Research, Habana, Cuba
We have recently described (Babes et al., 1990) a component (N374) which is elicited by facial features in a paradigm analagous to that which produces the linguistic N400. An incomplete face image is presented (as context) and the missing features are later superimposed on the image. The completion can use congruent features (belonging to the faces) or incongruent features (originating in another face). In this paper we compare the topography of the N374 associated
with incongruent face completion. with the topography of the N400 elicited by incongruent words at the end of a sentence (Kutas and Hillyard, 1980). The scalp distribution of these two components was measured at 19 sites of the international lo/20 system. in two samples of IO normal adults. The magnitude of the component at each site was measured as the mean amplitude for time windows around the largest peaks in the difference waveform (prestimulus baseline substracted). After normalizing the vectors of observations for each individual, repeated measures ANOVA was performed. The interaction of site and type of task (linguistic vs. facial) was significant. This reflects the fact that the linguistic N400 is only slightly asymmetrical and has a vertex maximum, while N374 has an occipital maximum and is more asymmetrical. This result suggests that N400 and N374, although functionally similar, originate in different generator systems.
THE USE OF THE ALEXANDER SICIANS Elizabeth R. Valentine Royal Holloway and London). U.K.
Bedford
New
TECHNIQUE
College
BY MU-
(University
of
The principles of the Alexander technique (AT) are outlined and studies of its physiological effects on musicians briefly reviewed. Results of a survey of members of a London orchestra are reported, indicating that AT was the most frequently reported complementary medical technique used by musicians. Although the efficacy of pharmacological and cognitive behavioural techniques for the treatment of performance anxiety in musicians has been demonstrated. behavioural effects of AT on performance have not been evaluated. Results of preliminary studies are reported, showing that the effects of anxiety on performance in class recitals was judged to be significantly less for students engaged in AT or yoga compared with controls. In a second study students employing these techniques showed superior technical performance and fewer signs of behavioural anxiety during public recitals. Further investigation is planned including its application to the treatment of misuse injuries.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL DERMAL RESPONSE
OF
EVOKED
ELEKTRO-
V. Valter Institute of Experimental Psychology, Slovak Academy Sciences, 15 Kocel’ova. 821 08 Bratislava. Czechoslovakia
of
Sigmoid courses C’S’-shaped) whether ascending or descending in a nonsymmetrical pattern in most cases characterize of the organism responses to stimuli in relation to time. As a mathematical model the author has proposed in the past the relation (1) where (Y, 2~. p. &. 9. li are parameters. The relation consists of three elements comprised in the nominator of the fraction. The first member represents the onset of