- Email: [email protected]
Serological Survey of Avian Metapneumovirus Infection in Chickens in Bangladesh
C 2019 Poultry Science Association Inc.
Md Zulfekar Ali ∗
,∗ Jung-Eun Park,†‡,1 and Hyun-Jin Shin†‡,1
Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh; † College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; and ‡ Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
Primary Audience: Flock Supervisors, Veterinarians, Researchers SUMMARY Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) is an important pathogen for chicken and turkey, responsible for acute upper respiratory tract infection and swollen head syndrome. The disease is highly contagious and causes significant economic losses in chicken and turkey flocks, particularly when associated with secondary infections. In the present study, we performed a serological survey in chicken sera collected from Bangladesh during the period 2014 to 2016. Of 1929, chicken sera examined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 1,028 (53.29%) were positive. The incidence of AMPV antibodies was higher in broiler breeder flocks aged over 41 wk. The seropositive rate was higher in Gazipur and Mymensingh district and during rainy and winter seasons. This is the first report of serologic evidence of AMPV in Bangladesh. Our results indicate that commercial poultry in Bangladesh is exposed to AMPV. Key words: avian metapneumovirus, ELISA, surveillance, Bangladesh, Chicken 2019 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 28:1330–1334 http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfz050
DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM The poultry industry is the most rising industry in the livestock sector in Bangladesh that contributing substantial 37% of total meat production to meet the demand of 168.07 million people [1]. The poultry industry is with grandparents stocks and parent stocks of broiler and layer; broiler, commercial layer, and Sonali (a local cross-breed of the Rhode Island Red cocks and Fayoumi hens) chickens. According to the annual report (the fiscal year 2017–2018) of Department of Livestock Services, 15,520 million 1 Corresponding authors: [email protected] (J-E P)
[email protected](H-JS);
eggs were produced in Bangladesh that can meet the 95.27% internal demand of a densely populated country [2]. The poultry industries of Bangladesh are facing and fighting with several respiratory viral diseases like avian influenza, Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, and infectious laryngotracheitis since last 2 decades [3, 4]. Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV), commonly known as avian rhinotracheitis virus and avian pneumovirus, belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae with genus Metapneumovirus [5]. It is highly contagious and causes acute infection of the upper respiratory tract of turkeys and chickens [6]. The characteristic clinical signs in chickens are swelling of the periorbital tissues
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/1330/5513197 by University of Melbourne Library user on 10 November 2019
Serological Survey of Avian Metapneumovirus Infection in Chickens in Bangladesh
ALI ET AL.: SURVEY OF AVIAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS IN CHICKENS
Figure 1. Map of Bangladesh depicting sampling location.
Sample Collection and Preparation About 1.5 mL blood samples were obtained by wing vein puncture of each chicken individually using 3 mL disposable syringes. The blood samples were kept at a 45-degree angle for an hour to allow the blood to clot. The sera were decanted into a tube and centrifuged at 1500 × g for 10 min at 4◦ C temperature to obtain the clear sera which were stored at −80◦ C temperature until further analysis. The blood samples were collected from apparently healthy chickens, avoiding any sign of respiratory distress as well as any clinical signs. Vaccination
MATERIALS AND METHODS Chicken and Study Area The surveillance of AMPV was conducted from 2014 to 2016 in 5 districts of Bangladesh (Figure 1). A total of 1929 serum samples were randomly collected from broiler breeder, Sonali chicken, and layer flocks. The average flock size of broiler breeder, Sonali chicken and layer was 1000, 400, and 400, respectively. A set of 10– 15 blood samples were collected randomly from each flock. The samples were divided into 3 seasons (summer, winter, and rainy) and ages of the chickens were divided into <20 (before laying), 21–40 (peak age of laying), and >41 (during old age at culling) wks of age.
All studied flocks were reared without application of vaccine against AMPV. Flocks were vaccinated against the principal respiratory diseases, such as avian influenza (H5N1), Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, and Mycoplasmosis. Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA) The iELISA was performed for each serum sample to detect the antibodies against both serotype A and serotype B of AMPV using Avian Rhinotracheitis Antibody test kit (BioChek, Netherlands) following manufacturer’s instruction. The results were analyzed by putting the
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/1330/5513197 by University of Melbourne Library user on 10 November 2019
and infraorbital sinus, known as a swollen head syndrome. Torticollis with respiratory signs including sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge, and watery eyes usually observed in broiler breeder and broiler flocks [7, 8]. The infection reduces egg quality as well as egg production in layers and broiler breeders [9–11]. The spread of AMPV depends on the poultry population density, standard of hygiene, and biosecurity. Within or between poultry flocks, AMPV rapidly spreads horizontally by aerosol or by contact with contaminated material. Since AMPV was first recognized in South Africa in 1978 [12], the virus has been reported in many countries in Europe and the Middle East [13–15]. Based on nucleotide similarity of the attachment protein, AMPV is classified into four subtypes [16]. Subtype A and B have been detected almost worldwide, especially in Europe, while subtype C has been found just in a few countries including the USA, France, and South Korea [15, 17], and subtype D has been reported in France [14]. The AMPV infections lead to remarkable economic loss and thus is considered to be a major disease threat in both turkeys and chickens in many parts of the world. There is evidence of AMPV reported worldwide including countries bordering Bangladesh [18], but it has not been reported from Bangladesh. The objective of the study was to determine the status of AMPV antibodies in broiler breeder, Sonali, and layer populations in selected areas of Bangladesh.
1331
JAPR: Field Report
1332 Table 1. Geographic Distribution of AMPV Seroprevalence in Bangladesh. Flock Total Positive Prevalence no. no. no. (%) P-value
Bogura Gazipur Mymensingh Panchagar Rangpur ∗∗∗
31 31 25 23 25
429 441 361 335 363
177 309 216 132 194
41.26 70.07 59.83 39.40 53.44
∗∗∗
0.000
∗∗∗
Flock Total Positive Prevalence no. no. no. (%) P-value 50 45 40
686 655 588
496 233 299
72.30 35.57 50.85
Flock no.
Total no.
Positive no.
Prevalence (%)
40 35 60
580 504 845
145 237 616
25.00 47.02 72.90
P-value 0.000∗∗∗
Significant (P < 0.001).
Table 4. Impact of Climates on AMPV Seroprevalence in Bangladesh.
Table 2. The Incidence of AMPV Antibody in Chickens of Different Types in Bangladesh.
Broiler breeder Sonali Layer
<20 21–40 >41 ∗∗∗
Significant (P < 0.001).
Seasons
Age (Weeks)
0.000∗∗∗
Seasons
Flock no.
Total no.
Positive no.
Prevalence (%)
Rainy Summer Winter
45 37 53
642 529 758
341 170 517
53.12 32.14 68.21
∗∗∗
P-value 0.000∗∗∗
Significant (P < 0.001)
Significant (P < 0.001).
optical density (OD) values into BioChek ii software (version 2015) with sample/positive (SP) ratios >0.5 (titer ≥ 0.501) and were considered positive results indicating exposure to AMPV. Statistical Analysis The P value was analyzed by Pearson’s chisquared test using Stata 14 software (Statacorp. LP College station, TX, USA).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Overall 53.29% (1028/1929) of the chickens harbored antibodies against AMPV in their serum. Among five districts tested, the Gazipur and Panchagar districts revealed the significantly (P < 0.001) highest 70.07% (309/441) and lowest 39.40% (132/335) seroprevalence (Table 1). For the other 3 districts, it showed 41.26% (177/429) in Bogura, 59.83% (216/361) in Mymensingh, and 53.44% (194/363) in Rangpur districts (Table 1). According to the type of chicken, the highest seroprevalence 72.30% (496/686) was found in broiler breeder flocks, then 50.85% (299/588) in layer flocks and 35.57% (233/655) in Sonali chicken flocks (Table 2). The influence of AMPV seroprevalence on the type of chicken is showing statistical significant (P < 0.001). The sera samples were divided into 3 age groups, where chickens
over 41 wk of age had the highest seropositive rates 72.90% (616/845). The seropositive rates increased with the increase in age of the chickens (Table 3). About 25.00% (145/580) seropositive rate was found in chickens less than 20 wk of age, and 47.02% (237/504) was found in the 21– 40 wk age group (Table 3). Furthermore, serum samples were collected year-round for 3 yr and divided into 3 seasons, in which AMPV seropositive was 32.14% (170/529), 53.12% (341/642), and 68.21% (517/758) in summer, rainy, and winter seasons, respectively (Table 4). Based on the seasons and age of chicken, higher seropositive was found in winter season and increase seropositiveness on increase of age (P < 0.001). As clinical signs of AMPV infection are mild in chickens, AMPV has been recognized as a minor pathogen in the chicken industry. Even though vaccines have been developed and tested in many places, vaccination is rare. Although clinical severity of AMPV infection in chickens is mild to medium with the lower mortality rate, it is still important because AMPV induces immunosuppression in chickens [19]. With immunosuppression status, chickens become more susceptible for secondary bacterial infections with organisms like Escherichia coli, Bordetella avium, and Mycoplasma gallisepticum [20, 21], and respiratory virus infections, such as infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease [10, 21, 22]. In addition, AMPV can be detected in the uterine tract of laying hens but no records were
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/1330/5513197 by University of Melbourne Library user on 10 November 2019
Region
Table 3. The Incidence of AMPV Antibody in Chickens of Different Ages in Bangladesh.
ALI ET AL.: SURVEY OF AVIAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS IN CHICKENS
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. This is the first report of serologic evidence of AMPV in Bangladesh. 2. The AMPV seropositive rate was higher in broiler breeder flocks aged over 41 wk, geographically in Gazipur and Mymensingh districts, and during rainy and winter seasons. 3. As chickens were never vaccinated for AMPV in Bangladesh, the seropositive for AMPV indicated that AMPV is widespread in chicken flocks throughout Bangladesh.
REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. Begum, I. A., M. J. Alam, J. Buysse, A. Frija, and G. Van Huylenbroeck. 2011. A comparative efficiency analysis of poultry farming systems in Bangladesh: A Data Envelopment Analysis approach. J. Vet. Sci. 44:503–509.
2. Department of Livestoc Services. Livestock Economy at a Glance. 2018. 3. Kim, Y., P. K. Biswas, M. Giasuddin, M. Hasan, R. Mahmud, Y. M. Chang, S. Essen, M. A. Samad, N. S. Lewis, I. H. Brown, N. Moyen, M. A. Hoque, N. C. Debnath, D. U. Pfeiffer, and G. Fournie. 2018. Prevalence of avian influenza A(H5) and A(H9) Viruses in live bird markets, Bangladesh. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 24:2309–2316. 4. Biswas, P. K., H. Barua, G. M. Uddin, D. Biswas, A. Ahad, and N. C. Debnath. 2009. Serosurvey of five viruses in chickens on smallholdings in Bangladesh. Prev. Vet. Med. 88:67–71. 5. Pringle, C. R. 1998. Virus taxonomy–San Diego 1998. Arch. Virol. 143:1449–1459. 6. Cook, J. K., and D. Cavanagh. 2002. Detection and differentiation of avian pneumoviruses (metapneumoviruses). Avian Pathol. 31:117–132. 7. Jones, R. C., C. J. Naylor, J. M. Bradbury, C. E. Savage, K. Worthington, and R. A. Williams. 1991. Isolation of a turkey rhinotracheitis-like virus from broiler breeder chickens in England. Vet. Rec. 129:509–510. 8. Shin, H. J., B. McComb, A. Back, D. P. Shaw, D. A. Halvorson, and K. V. Nagaraja. 2000. Susceptibility of broiler chicks to infection by avian pneumovirus of turkey origin. Avian Dis. 44:797–802. 9. Gharaibeh, S. M., and G. R. Algharaibeh. 2007. Serological and molecular detection of avian pneumovirus in chickens with respiratory disease in Jordan. Poult. Sci. 86:1677–1681. 10. Cook, J. K. 2000. Avian pneumovirus infections of turkeys and chickens. Vet. J. 160:118–125. 11. Sugiyama, M., H. Koimaru, M. Shiba, E. Ono, T. Nagata, and T. Ito. 2006. Drop of egg production in chickens by experimental infection with an avian metapneumovirus strain PLE8T1 derived from swollen head syndrome and the application to evaluate vaccine. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 68:783–787. 12. Buys, S. B., and J. H. Du Preez. 1980. A preliminary report on the isolation of a virus causing sinusitis in turkeys in South Africa and attempts to attenuate the virus. Turkeys. 28:36–46. 13. Banet-Noach, C., L. Simanov, and S. Perk. 2005. Characterization of Israeli avian metapneumovirus strains in turkeys and chickens. Avian Pathol. 34:220–226. 14. Bayon-Auboyer, M. H., C. Arnauld, D. Toquin, and N. Eterradossi. 2000. Nucleotide sequences of the F, L and G protein genes of two non-A/non-B avian pneumoviruses (APV) reveal a novel APV subgroup. J. Gen. Virol. 81:2723– 2733. 15. Seal, B. S. 1998. Matrix protein gene nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence demonstrate that the first US avian pneumovirus isolate is distinct from European strains. Virus Res. 58:45–52. 16. Juhasz, K., and A. J. Easton. 1994. Extensive sequence variation in the attachment (G) protein gene of avian pneumovirus: evidence for two distinct subgroups. J. Gen. Virol. 75:2873–2880. 17. Lee, E., M. S. Song, J. Y. Shin, Y. M. Lee, C. J. Kim, Y. S. Lee, H. Kim, and Y. K. Choi. 2007. Genetic characterization of avian metapneumovirus subtype C isolated from pheasants in a live bird market. Virus Res. 128:18–25. 18. Broor, S., and P. Bharaj. 2007. Avian and human metapneumovirus. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1102:66–85. 19. Khehra, R. S., and R. C. Jones. 1999. Investigation into avian pneumovirus persistence in poults and chicks
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/1330/5513197 by University of Melbourne Library user on 10 November 2019
found for vertical transmission in chicken [23], although have evidence in turkeys [24]. There are highly infectious respiratory diseases in chickens like high pathogenic avian influenza H5N1, Newcastle diseases, infectious bronchitis, and infectious laryngotracheitis present in Bangladesh that causes serious economic losses to the poultry industry [4, 25–27]. The present study was an initiative to record the serological presence of AMPV in Bangladesh. The results revealed that 53.29% of the tested chickens were serologically positive for AMPV. In agreement with previous reports from other parts of the world [18, 28–30], a higher rate of seropositive rate was found in aged broiler flocks and in winter seasons. AMPV and AMPV antibodies have been detected from chicken flocks without clinical signs [7]. As chickens never vaccinated for AMPV in Bangladesh, the seropositive rate for AMPV indicated that chicken flocks in Bangladesh might be exposed to AMPV. This is the first AMPV report in Bangladesh, and further studies involving the isolation and characterization of Bangladeshi strains would be required for the effective control of AMPV infection. Vaccination would be the most important way to prevent AMPV infection in Bangladesh.
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1334
Hossen, M. A. Kafi, M. Yamage, N. C. Debnath, G. Ahmed, H. M. Ashour, M. Masudur Rahman, A. Noreddin, and M. B. Rahman. 2016. Surveillance, epidemiological, and virological detection of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses in duck and poultry from Bangladesh. Vet. Microbiol. 193:49–59. 27. Biswas, P. K., M. Giasuddin, P. Chowdhury, H. Barua, N. C. Debnath, and M. Yamage. 2017. Incidence of contamination of live bird markets in Bangladesh with influenza A virus and subtypes H5, H7 and H9. Transbound Emerg. Dis. doi:10.1111/tbed.12788. 28. Tanaka, M., H. Takuma, N. Kokumai, E. Oishi, T. Obi, K. Hiramatsu, and Y. Shimizu. 1995. Turkey rhinotracheitis virus isolated from broiler chicken with swollen head syndrome in Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 57:939–941. 29. Kwon, J. S., H. J. Lee, S. H. Jeong, J. Y. Park, Y. H. Hong, Y. J. Lee, H. S. Youn, D. W. Lee, S. H. Do, S. Y. Park, I. S. Choi, J. B. Lee, and C. S. Song. 2010. Isolation and characterization of avian metapneumovirus from chickens in Korea. J. Vet. Sci. 11:59–66. 30. Tucciarone, C. M., G. Franzo, C. Lupini, C. T. Alejo, V. Listorti, G. Mescolini, P. E. Brandao, M. Martini, E. Catelli, and M. Cecchinato. 2018. Avian Metapneumovirus circulation in Italian broiler farms. Poult. Sci. 97:503–509.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to greatly acknowledge to Sazzad, Sagor, Akhtaruzzaman, and the laboratory staff of the Nourish Poultry Diagnostic Laboratory, Dhaka, Bangladesh also for their cordial help to complete the research. This work was supported financially by a grant from Chungnam National University.
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using cyclosporin A immunosuppression. Res. Vet. Sci. 66:161–163. 20. Naylor, C. J., A. R. Al-Ankari, A. I. Al-Afaleq, J. M. Bradbury, and R. C. Jones. 1992. Exacerbation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in turkeys by rhinotracheitis virus. Avian Pathol. 21:295–305. 21. Jirjis, F. F., S. L. Noll, D. A. Halvorson, K. V. Nagaraja, F. Martin, and D. P. Shaw. 2004. Effects of bacterial coinfection on the pathogenesis of avian pneumovirus infection in turkeys. Avian Dis. 48:34–49. 22. Villarreal, L. Y., P. E. Brandao, J. L. Chacon, M. S. Assayag, P. C. Maiorka, P. Raffi, A. B. Saidenberg, R. C. Jones, and A. J. Ferreira. 2007. Orchitis in roosters with reduced fertility associated with avian infectious bronchitis virus and avian metapneumovirus infections. Avian Dis. 51:900–904. 23. Gough, R. E. 2003. Avian pneumoviruses. Pages 92– 98 in Diseases of Poultry, 11th ed. Y. M., Saif, H. J. Barnes, J. R. Glisson, A. M. Fadly, L. R. McDougald, and D. E. Swaine eds. Iowa State University Press, USA. 24. Shin, H. J., F. F. Jirjis, M. C. Kumar, M. K. Njenga, D. P. Shaw, S. L. Noll, K. V. Nagaraja, and D. A. Halvorson. 2002. Neonatal avian pneumovirus infection in commercial turkeys. Avian Dis. 46:239–244. 25. Sarker, R. D., M. Giasuddin, E. H. Chowdhury, and M. R. Islam. 2017. Serological and virological surveillance of avian influenza virus in domestic ducks of the north-east region of Bangladesh. BMC Vet. Res. 13:180-017-1104-6. 26. Ansari, W. K., M. S. Parvej, M. E. El Zowalaty, S. Jackson, S. A. Bustin, A. K. Ibrahim, A. E. El Zowalaty, M. T. Rahman, H. Zhang, M. F. Khan, M. M. Ahamed, M. F. Rahman, M. Rahman, K. H. Nazir, S. Ahmed, M. L.
Md Zulfekar Ali ∗
,∗ Jung-Eun Park,†‡,1 and Hyun-Jin Shin†‡,1
Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh; † College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; and ‡ Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
Primary Audience: Flock Supervisors, Veterinarians, Researchers SUMMARY Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) is an important pathogen for chicken and turkey, responsible for acute upper respiratory tract infection and swollen head syndrome. The disease is highly contagious and causes significant economic losses in chicken and turkey flocks, particularly when associated with secondary infections. In the present study, we performed a serological survey in chicken sera collected from Bangladesh during the period 2014 to 2016. Of 1929, chicken sera examined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 1,028 (53.29%) were positive. The incidence of AMPV antibodies was higher in broiler breeder flocks aged over 41 wk. The seropositive rate was higher in Gazipur and Mymensingh district and during rainy and winter seasons. This is the first report of serologic evidence of AMPV in Bangladesh. Our results indicate that commercial poultry in Bangladesh is exposed to AMPV. Key words: avian metapneumovirus, ELISA, surveillance, Bangladesh, Chicken 2019 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 28:1330–1334 http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfz050
DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM The poultry industry is the most rising industry in the livestock sector in Bangladesh that contributing substantial 37% of total meat production to meet the demand of 168.07 million people [1]. The poultry industry is with grandparents stocks and parent stocks of broiler and layer; broiler, commercial layer, and Sonali (a local cross-breed of the Rhode Island Red cocks and Fayoumi hens) chickens. According to the annual report (the fiscal year 2017–2018) of Department of Livestock Services, 15,520 million 1 Corresponding authors: [email protected] (J-E P)
[email protected](H-JS);
eggs were produced in Bangladesh that can meet the 95.27% internal demand of a densely populated country [2]. The poultry industries of Bangladesh are facing and fighting with several respiratory viral diseases like avian influenza, Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, and infectious laryngotracheitis since last 2 decades [3, 4]. Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV), commonly known as avian rhinotracheitis virus and avian pneumovirus, belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae with genus Metapneumovirus [5]. It is highly contagious and causes acute infection of the upper respiratory tract of turkeys and chickens [6]. The characteristic clinical signs in chickens are swelling of the periorbital tissues
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/1330/5513197 by University of Melbourne Library user on 10 November 2019
Serological Survey of Avian Metapneumovirus Infection in Chickens in Bangladesh
ALI ET AL.: SURVEY OF AVIAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS IN CHICKENS
Figure 1. Map of Bangladesh depicting sampling location.
Sample Collection and Preparation About 1.5 mL blood samples were obtained by wing vein puncture of each chicken individually using 3 mL disposable syringes. The blood samples were kept at a 45-degree angle for an hour to allow the blood to clot. The sera were decanted into a tube and centrifuged at 1500 × g for 10 min at 4◦ C temperature to obtain the clear sera which were stored at −80◦ C temperature until further analysis. The blood samples were collected from apparently healthy chickens, avoiding any sign of respiratory distress as well as any clinical signs. Vaccination
MATERIALS AND METHODS Chicken and Study Area The surveillance of AMPV was conducted from 2014 to 2016 in 5 districts of Bangladesh (Figure 1). A total of 1929 serum samples were randomly collected from broiler breeder, Sonali chicken, and layer flocks. The average flock size of broiler breeder, Sonali chicken and layer was 1000, 400, and 400, respectively. A set of 10– 15 blood samples were collected randomly from each flock. The samples were divided into 3 seasons (summer, winter, and rainy) and ages of the chickens were divided into <20 (before laying), 21–40 (peak age of laying), and >41 (during old age at culling) wks of age.
All studied flocks were reared without application of vaccine against AMPV. Flocks were vaccinated against the principal respiratory diseases, such as avian influenza (H5N1), Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, and Mycoplasmosis. Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA) The iELISA was performed for each serum sample to detect the antibodies against both serotype A and serotype B of AMPV using Avian Rhinotracheitis Antibody test kit (BioChek, Netherlands) following manufacturer’s instruction. The results were analyzed by putting the
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/1330/5513197 by University of Melbourne Library user on 10 November 2019
and infraorbital sinus, known as a swollen head syndrome. Torticollis with respiratory signs including sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge, and watery eyes usually observed in broiler breeder and broiler flocks [7, 8]. The infection reduces egg quality as well as egg production in layers and broiler breeders [9–11]. The spread of AMPV depends on the poultry population density, standard of hygiene, and biosecurity. Within or between poultry flocks, AMPV rapidly spreads horizontally by aerosol or by contact with contaminated material. Since AMPV was first recognized in South Africa in 1978 [12], the virus has been reported in many countries in Europe and the Middle East [13–15]. Based on nucleotide similarity of the attachment protein, AMPV is classified into four subtypes [16]. Subtype A and B have been detected almost worldwide, especially in Europe, while subtype C has been found just in a few countries including the USA, France, and South Korea [15, 17], and subtype D has been reported in France [14]. The AMPV infections lead to remarkable economic loss and thus is considered to be a major disease threat in both turkeys and chickens in many parts of the world. There is evidence of AMPV reported worldwide including countries bordering Bangladesh [18], but it has not been reported from Bangladesh. The objective of the study was to determine the status of AMPV antibodies in broiler breeder, Sonali, and layer populations in selected areas of Bangladesh.
1331
JAPR: Field Report
1332 Table 1. Geographic Distribution of AMPV Seroprevalence in Bangladesh. Flock Total Positive Prevalence no. no. no. (%) P-value
Bogura Gazipur Mymensingh Panchagar Rangpur ∗∗∗
31 31 25 23 25
429 441 361 335 363
177 309 216 132 194
41.26 70.07 59.83 39.40 53.44
∗∗∗
0.000
∗∗∗
Flock Total Positive Prevalence no. no. no. (%) P-value 50 45 40
686 655 588
496 233 299
72.30 35.57 50.85
Flock no.
Total no.
Positive no.
Prevalence (%)
40 35 60
580 504 845
145 237 616
25.00 47.02 72.90
P-value 0.000∗∗∗
Significant (P < 0.001).
Table 4. Impact of Climates on AMPV Seroprevalence in Bangladesh.
Table 2. The Incidence of AMPV Antibody in Chickens of Different Types in Bangladesh.
Broiler breeder Sonali Layer
<20 21–40 >41 ∗∗∗
Significant (P < 0.001).
Seasons
Age (Weeks)
0.000∗∗∗
Seasons
Flock no.
Total no.
Positive no.
Prevalence (%)
Rainy Summer Winter
45 37 53
642 529 758
341 170 517
53.12 32.14 68.21
∗∗∗
P-value 0.000∗∗∗
Significant (P < 0.001)
Significant (P < 0.001).
optical density (OD) values into BioChek ii software (version 2015) with sample/positive (SP) ratios >0.5 (titer ≥ 0.501) and were considered positive results indicating exposure to AMPV. Statistical Analysis The P value was analyzed by Pearson’s chisquared test using Stata 14 software (Statacorp. LP College station, TX, USA).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Overall 53.29% (1028/1929) of the chickens harbored antibodies against AMPV in their serum. Among five districts tested, the Gazipur and Panchagar districts revealed the significantly (P < 0.001) highest 70.07% (309/441) and lowest 39.40% (132/335) seroprevalence (Table 1). For the other 3 districts, it showed 41.26% (177/429) in Bogura, 59.83% (216/361) in Mymensingh, and 53.44% (194/363) in Rangpur districts (Table 1). According to the type of chicken, the highest seroprevalence 72.30% (496/686) was found in broiler breeder flocks, then 50.85% (299/588) in layer flocks and 35.57% (233/655) in Sonali chicken flocks (Table 2). The influence of AMPV seroprevalence on the type of chicken is showing statistical significant (P < 0.001). The sera samples were divided into 3 age groups, where chickens
over 41 wk of age had the highest seropositive rates 72.90% (616/845). The seropositive rates increased with the increase in age of the chickens (Table 3). About 25.00% (145/580) seropositive rate was found in chickens less than 20 wk of age, and 47.02% (237/504) was found in the 21– 40 wk age group (Table 3). Furthermore, serum samples were collected year-round for 3 yr and divided into 3 seasons, in which AMPV seropositive was 32.14% (170/529), 53.12% (341/642), and 68.21% (517/758) in summer, rainy, and winter seasons, respectively (Table 4). Based on the seasons and age of chicken, higher seropositive was found in winter season and increase seropositiveness on increase of age (P < 0.001). As clinical signs of AMPV infection are mild in chickens, AMPV has been recognized as a minor pathogen in the chicken industry. Even though vaccines have been developed and tested in many places, vaccination is rare. Although clinical severity of AMPV infection in chickens is mild to medium with the lower mortality rate, it is still important because AMPV induces immunosuppression in chickens [19]. With immunosuppression status, chickens become more susceptible for secondary bacterial infections with organisms like Escherichia coli, Bordetella avium, and Mycoplasma gallisepticum [20, 21], and respiratory virus infections, such as infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease [10, 21, 22]. In addition, AMPV can be detected in the uterine tract of laying hens but no records were
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/1330/5513197 by University of Melbourne Library user on 10 November 2019
Region
Table 3. The Incidence of AMPV Antibody in Chickens of Different Ages in Bangladesh.
ALI ET AL.: SURVEY OF AVIAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS IN CHICKENS
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. This is the first report of serologic evidence of AMPV in Bangladesh. 2. The AMPV seropositive rate was higher in broiler breeder flocks aged over 41 wk, geographically in Gazipur and Mymensingh districts, and during rainy and winter seasons. 3. As chickens were never vaccinated for AMPV in Bangladesh, the seropositive for AMPV indicated that AMPV is widespread in chicken flocks throughout Bangladesh.
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found for vertical transmission in chicken [23], although have evidence in turkeys [24]. There are highly infectious respiratory diseases in chickens like high pathogenic avian influenza H5N1, Newcastle diseases, infectious bronchitis, and infectious laryngotracheitis present in Bangladesh that causes serious economic losses to the poultry industry [4, 25–27]. The present study was an initiative to record the serological presence of AMPV in Bangladesh. The results revealed that 53.29% of the tested chickens were serologically positive for AMPV. In agreement with previous reports from other parts of the world [18, 28–30], a higher rate of seropositive rate was found in aged broiler flocks and in winter seasons. AMPV and AMPV antibodies have been detected from chicken flocks without clinical signs [7]. As chickens never vaccinated for AMPV in Bangladesh, the seropositive rate for AMPV indicated that chicken flocks in Bangladesh might be exposed to AMPV. This is the first AMPV report in Bangladesh, and further studies involving the isolation and characterization of Bangladeshi strains would be required for the effective control of AMPV infection. Vaccination would be the most important way to prevent AMPV infection in Bangladesh.
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Acknowledgments The authors would like to greatly acknowledge to Sazzad, Sagor, Akhtaruzzaman, and the laboratory staff of the Nourish Poultry Diagnostic Laboratory, Dhaka, Bangladesh also for their cordial help to complete the research. This work was supported financially by a grant from Chungnam National University.
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