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Setup for the Photography of the Anterior Segment of the Rabbit Eye*
40
WILLIAM STONE, JR. AND LEONARD REYNOLDS
As I understood these charts, the stimulation of cones was done in the fovea or not farther away than eight degrees from the macula. The first question is whether similar results could be obtained in the far periphery; second, whether in the farthest periphery cone stimulation will give similar results. We know that there are cones histologically in that area of the retina, but apparently the retina is there color blind. DR. EDGAR AUERBACH
(closing) : As
to
Dr.
Walls' question I do not know. This is purely an experimental study, and we did not concern our selves with any theoretic discussion. I am not at all sure that this red component in the short wave length range is present but up till now I cannot prove this point. • We think we have demonstrated a receptor which we call the "violet" receptor, because the individual color reports of color-normal subjects were always "violet," and in addition it is in the violet range of the spectrum. I might add that when we used a mercury-arc lamp as test light, we depended on the spectral wavelengths of the mercury. We could not examine every wavelength we wanted, but only the wave lengths that gave us this monochromatic light in the mercury spectrum. The peak of the violet receptor may be found a little to the right or left of 436 çéì when more
detailed measurements have been completed. Concerning Dr. Blodi's question, our experi ments were made at six or seven degrees from the fovea, to obtain the response of both rods and cones. Some time ago we made a series of experiments in which we examined the whole periphery to 90 degrees from fovea, but we inter rupted this work because of our interest in the present experiments. Beyond 70 degrees from the fovea we always ob served a higher threshold to the red than to the blue. This is from approximately 70 to 90 degrees. From the fovea to 70 degrees the blue has a higher threshold. This was very interesting and was very regular. This phenomenon we could always re produce. Now, in doing this present experiment with the protanopes, we remembered this old experiment of ours, because this appearance of a higher threshold to the red in the periphery of color-normal persons is approximately the same as in protanopes. The next question asked by Dr. Blodi concerned the color reports. It is at this part of the periphery that there is no color report. This means that the individual, from this point of view, is subjectively completely color-blind; but as you see in these curves, there is a cone and a rod portion. This means there are cones still active, and even the double plateau 436 ðéì was still present. This means that even different cone receptors were active.
SETUP FOR THE PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE ANTERIOR SEGMENT OF THE RABBIT EYE* W I L L I A M S T O N E , J R . , M.D., A N D L E O N A R D R E Y N O L D S
Boston, Massachusetts This paper presents a setup which is utilized in this laboratory at the Massachu setts Eye and Ear Infirmary for the rapid photography of the anterior segment of rabbit eyes. Its value is that it is unobtru sive, permanently set up, and can be moved into working position quickly. The rabbit's head is held immobile and % can be rotated to any angle. Its component parts are readily available or easily constructed; and it can be placed at the corner of most laboratory benches. It is possible for one person to place an animal in position and take a picture of its ♦From the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infir mary. This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research (Contract Nonr 1173-01) and the Boston Host Lions Club.
eye within two to three minutes. Previously, the same procedure in this laboratory in volved several persons maintaining the ani mal in the correct position and taking the picture. The procedure usually took 20 to 30 minutes. We now take postoperative serial photographs with nearly the same facility as making notes. Human photography can be done in the same area. The adjustable box is also suitable for slitlamp microscopy. DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENT PARTS
Figure 1 shows the setup in working posi tion. The handle (A) makes it possible to rotate the box around a horizontal axis through 180 degrees and around a vertical axis through 360 degrees. A twist of the
SETUP FOR PHOTOGRAPHY
41
Fig. 1 (Stone and Reynolds). Setup for photography of rabbit eye in' working position. (A) Handle and swivel-head for raising and lowering box. (B) Guide sup port for column and pinion. (C) Swinging arm and brace. (D) Rabbit box on platform. (E) Slid ing camera mount.
(Figure 2 is shown on the next page)
handle locks the box in the desired position. This column with rack and swivel head is commercially available (A*). A pinion and support guide (B) for the column raises and lowers the box. The pinion and support guide is specially constructed to lend stability to the setup. Figure 2 is a diagram of this construction. * (A) Quick Set Inc., 5121 North Central Park Avenue, Skokie, Illinois.
Figure 1-C is a swinging arm. Heavy braced steel is utilized to minimize the movements occasioned by the rabbit's respirations (fig. 2 and fig. 3). Figure 1-D and Figure 3 show the platform supporting the rabbit box. The rabbit box is of the usual laboratory variety with a slightly modified head rest (fig: 4 ) . An L-shaped bar is placed through the rabbit's mouth, and supported in a slot
Fig. 3 (Stone and Reynolds). Rabbit photographic setup without rabbit box. Box platform is ro tated against wall.
WILLIAM STONE, JR. AND LEONARD REYNOLDS
42
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Fig. 2 (Stone and Reynolds). Diagram of construction of support-guide with pinion.
*&Jrs.
SETUP FOR PHOTOGRAPHY
43
Fig. 4 (Stone and Reynolds). Animal box, show ing modified headrest. L-shaped brace passes through animal's mouth, and fits into slot at either end. Webbing wraps around rabbit's head and metal clasp fits into slot on upper edge of box.
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( L S W ' tr^BMB jr-±s£f\
at either end. The rabbit's head is then locked in position by means of a piece of webbmg and secured with a metal clasp in a slot. The camera is mounted on a commercially available sliding slitlamp mount (E*) (fig. * (E) Bausch and Lomb Company.
ffe
■Fig. 5 (Stone and Reynolds). Rabbit photographic setup when not in use. Box rotated against wall. Camera moved into slot in overhanging shelf. Human head rest hung on wall.
1-E). Figure 5 shows the setup when it is not in use. The rabbit box and support are rotated against the wall and the camera is moved into a slot in the overhanging shelf. The human headrest can be seen hanging on the wall and is placed in a fitting at the edge of the bench when in use. 243 Charles Street (14).
WILLIAM STONE, JR. AND LEONARD REYNOLDS
As I understood these charts, the stimulation of cones was done in the fovea or not farther away than eight degrees from the macula. The first question is whether similar results could be obtained in the far periphery; second, whether in the farthest periphery cone stimulation will give similar results. We know that there are cones histologically in that area of the retina, but apparently the retina is there color blind. DR. EDGAR AUERBACH
(closing) : As
to
Dr.
Walls' question I do not know. This is purely an experimental study, and we did not concern our selves with any theoretic discussion. I am not at all sure that this red component in the short wave length range is present but up till now I cannot prove this point. • We think we have demonstrated a receptor which we call the "violet" receptor, because the individual color reports of color-normal subjects were always "violet," and in addition it is in the violet range of the spectrum. I might add that when we used a mercury-arc lamp as test light, we depended on the spectral wavelengths of the mercury. We could not examine every wavelength we wanted, but only the wave lengths that gave us this monochromatic light in the mercury spectrum. The peak of the violet receptor may be found a little to the right or left of 436 çéì when more
detailed measurements have been completed. Concerning Dr. Blodi's question, our experi ments were made at six or seven degrees from the fovea, to obtain the response of both rods and cones. Some time ago we made a series of experiments in which we examined the whole periphery to 90 degrees from fovea, but we inter rupted this work because of our interest in the present experiments. Beyond 70 degrees from the fovea we always ob served a higher threshold to the red than to the blue. This is from approximately 70 to 90 degrees. From the fovea to 70 degrees the blue has a higher threshold. This was very interesting and was very regular. This phenomenon we could always re produce. Now, in doing this present experiment with the protanopes, we remembered this old experiment of ours, because this appearance of a higher threshold to the red in the periphery of color-normal persons is approximately the same as in protanopes. The next question asked by Dr. Blodi concerned the color reports. It is at this part of the periphery that there is no color report. This means that the individual, from this point of view, is subjectively completely color-blind; but as you see in these curves, there is a cone and a rod portion. This means there are cones still active, and even the double plateau 436 ðéì was still present. This means that even different cone receptors were active.
SETUP FOR THE PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE ANTERIOR SEGMENT OF THE RABBIT EYE* W I L L I A M S T O N E , J R . , M.D., A N D L E O N A R D R E Y N O L D S
Boston, Massachusetts This paper presents a setup which is utilized in this laboratory at the Massachu setts Eye and Ear Infirmary for the rapid photography of the anterior segment of rabbit eyes. Its value is that it is unobtru sive, permanently set up, and can be moved into working position quickly. The rabbit's head is held immobile and % can be rotated to any angle. Its component parts are readily available or easily constructed; and it can be placed at the corner of most laboratory benches. It is possible for one person to place an animal in position and take a picture of its ♦From the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infir mary. This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research (Contract Nonr 1173-01) and the Boston Host Lions Club.
eye within two to three minutes. Previously, the same procedure in this laboratory in volved several persons maintaining the ani mal in the correct position and taking the picture. The procedure usually took 20 to 30 minutes. We now take postoperative serial photographs with nearly the same facility as making notes. Human photography can be done in the same area. The adjustable box is also suitable for slitlamp microscopy. DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENT PARTS
Figure 1 shows the setup in working posi tion. The handle (A) makes it possible to rotate the box around a horizontal axis through 180 degrees and around a vertical axis through 360 degrees. A twist of the
SETUP FOR PHOTOGRAPHY
41
Fig. 1 (Stone and Reynolds). Setup for photography of rabbit eye in' working position. (A) Handle and swivel-head for raising and lowering box. (B) Guide sup port for column and pinion. (C) Swinging arm and brace. (D) Rabbit box on platform. (E) Slid ing camera mount.
(Figure 2 is shown on the next page)
handle locks the box in the desired position. This column with rack and swivel head is commercially available (A*). A pinion and support guide (B) for the column raises and lowers the box. The pinion and support guide is specially constructed to lend stability to the setup. Figure 2 is a diagram of this construction. * (A) Quick Set Inc., 5121 North Central Park Avenue, Skokie, Illinois.
Figure 1-C is a swinging arm. Heavy braced steel is utilized to minimize the movements occasioned by the rabbit's respirations (fig. 2 and fig. 3). Figure 1-D and Figure 3 show the platform supporting the rabbit box. The rabbit box is of the usual laboratory variety with a slightly modified head rest (fig: 4 ) . An L-shaped bar is placed through the rabbit's mouth, and supported in a slot
Fig. 3 (Stone and Reynolds). Rabbit photographic setup without rabbit box. Box platform is ro tated against wall.
WILLIAM STONE, JR. AND LEONARD REYNOLDS
42
Graphic Scafe ■ inches AfJ þ/nénsws nonrtai
JAtrï/f * í ¢ Þ À »
*i ifi/Kr&irjy
l· : ^C^^-— .i j -~ ô-1
Coft/fz*} -ant/ tfwdm&f be purchasedJf&n Qviçit 5*rfac JpO/t/e //finOtJ
m
Ream
N. ^ ' ^ , ç
rt
fi/a(
PINION 8L0CK
u
^
*~-Dr!//ltrfCt'sk/
HttNOLE β PINION
jß-J/?AO&s UPPER BEARING FLOOR PLATE
Fig. 2 (Stone and Reynolds). Diagram of construction of support-guide with pinion.
*&Jrs.
SETUP FOR PHOTOGRAPHY
43
Fig. 4 (Stone and Reynolds). Animal box, show ing modified headrest. L-shaped brace passes through animal's mouth, and fits into slot at either end. Webbing wraps around rabbit's head and metal clasp fits into slot on upper edge of box.
tU
( L S W ' tr^BMB jr-±s£f\
at either end. The rabbit's head is then locked in position by means of a piece of webbmg and secured with a metal clasp in a slot. The camera is mounted on a commercially available sliding slitlamp mount (E*) (fig. * (E) Bausch and Lomb Company.
ffe
■Fig. 5 (Stone and Reynolds). Rabbit photographic setup when not in use. Box rotated against wall. Camera moved into slot in overhanging shelf. Human head rest hung on wall.
1-E). Figure 5 shows the setup when it is not in use. The rabbit box and support are rotated against the wall and the camera is moved into a slot in the overhanging shelf. The human headrest can be seen hanging on the wall and is placed in a fitting at the edge of the bench when in use. 243 Charles Street (14).