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Shift work and health — A critical review of the literature
performed reasonably well (pressure and free-moving tracking controls were affected equally by the motion); a digit keying task requiring ballistic hand movements was unaffected. There was no evidence that these effects were caused by sea-sickness. The differing response to motion of the different tasks, from virtual destruction to no effect, suggests that a major benefit could come from an attempt to design the man/ control interface on board ship around motion resistant tasks.
system is composed of a torso belt with a dual sensitive automatic locking retractor, deformable knee bolster, seat and seat belt anchorage. The results of accident simulation tests carried out using a variety of fixed and angled collision barriers are presented. Both frontal and lateral impact tests were performed. The results of 90 accident investigations carried out in the USA are also summarised. Finally, a brief description is provided of an improved system currently under development.
12.3.37 (80463)
12.3.39 (80468)
Leatherwood, J.D., Dempsey, T.K. and Clevenson, S.A.
Searle, J.A., Hardy, R.N. and Haslegrave, C.M.
A design tool for estimating passenger ride discomfort within complex ride environments. Human Factors, Jun 1980, 22.3, 291-312.
A geometrical model for the representation of seat-belt fitting problems. Ergonomics, Apr 1980, 23.4, 3 0 5 - 3 1 6 .
A series of experimental studies utilising approximately 2200 test subjects has led to the development of a general empirical model for the prediction of passenger ride discomfort in the presence of complex noise and vibration inputs. The ranges of vibration and noise stimuli used to derive the model included the amplitudes and frequencies that are known to most influence passenger comfort. The ride quality model accounts for the effects of combined axis vibrations (up to three axes simultaneously) and includes corrections for the effect of vibration duration and interior noise. Output of the model consists of an estimate of the passenger discomfort produced by a given noise and/or vibration environment. The discomfort estimate is measured along a continuous scale that spans the range from below discomfort threshold to values of discomfort that are far above discomfort threshold.
Specialised and protective clothing and equipment 12.3.38 (80336)
Rosenau, W. Development and performance of passive restraint systems.
International Journal of Vehicle Design, Sep 1980, 1.4, 3 2 8 - 3 3 8 . The Volkswagen Automatic Restraint (VWAR) system is described. The
248
The planar development method of representing seat-belt fit was proposed in an earlier paper, which applied it to a geometrical representation of the shoulder area. The present paper extends this method by giving a geometrical representation of the lap area, and by extending the geodesic principle to cope with complex belt installations in which the webbing does not run simply from anchorage to anchorage. With the earlier paper, the present work enables problems of seat belt fit to be studied by a computer model. The paper also discusses the modelling of a multi-dimensional population, with consequent improvement over the use of the percentile concept, widely used in anthropometry, to describe such a population.
Work organisation 12.3.40 (80345)
Tawara, N. A case study on measuring performance for inspection job design.
In ternational Journal of Production Research, May/Jun 1980, 1 8 . 3 , 3 3 5 - 3 4 3 In the quality control system, most of the information for decision making and problem solving can be obtained by inspection activities. Therefore, the inspection work should be organised to maximise meeting the quality objectives. It has already been publicised that data obtained from measurement of inspection performance will supply an effective basis for assessment and design of the inspection station and inspection job.
Applied Ergonomics December 1981
This paper is intended to report on a case study of measurement of inspection performance conducted for the assessment and design of an inspection job in a manufacturing company. Quality control specialists selected three groups of items having representative deficiencies under routine inspection, inspected as inspection job samples. They had individual inspectors inspect each sample to obtain data consisting of the rate of defects detected out of all the defects, and the proportion of erroneous findings in the total number of findings by each inspector. Thus they identified many problems in the inspection job to be corrected to enhance the inspection accuracy. Appropriate action was taken to remedy the situation. In the first place, the inspection job was redesigned. In the second, the method of training inspectors was reviewed and modified. As a result, the probability of defects passing the inspection undetected was greatly reduced. 12.3.41 (80356)
llarrington, J.M. Shift work and health - A critical review of the literature. Health and Safety Executive. HM Stationery Office, London, 1978, 28 pp; abstr in CIS Abstracts (CIS 8 0 - 2 6 7 ) . This review of 3-shift continuous rotating work schedules and health reveals that shift work, particularly night work, causes disruption of circadian rhythms and sleep patterns, but evidence of any major effect on health is slim. The only mortality study showed no adverse effects and most sickness absence studies showed shift workers to have better attendance than day workers. Evidence on objective morbidity shows few differences; however, night work may affect the digestive system. There is no evidence to suggest that women are more vulnerable to shift work than men. Studies on accidents in relation to shiftwork suggest accidents may be more frequent at night but they may not necessarily be more severe than during the day. Fatigue is subjective concept and, although it is frequently more noticeable on night work, is of dubious long-term significance to health. The unpopularity of night work could be reduced by better work schedules, improving working conditions and limiting night work as far as possible to those who volunteer.
system is composed of a torso belt with a dual sensitive automatic locking retractor, deformable knee bolster, seat and seat belt anchorage. The results of accident simulation tests carried out using a variety of fixed and angled collision barriers are presented. Both frontal and lateral impact tests were performed. The results of 90 accident investigations carried out in the USA are also summarised. Finally, a brief description is provided of an improved system currently under development.
12.3.37 (80463)
12.3.39 (80468)
Leatherwood, J.D., Dempsey, T.K. and Clevenson, S.A.
Searle, J.A., Hardy, R.N. and Haslegrave, C.M.
A design tool for estimating passenger ride discomfort within complex ride environments. Human Factors, Jun 1980, 22.3, 291-312.
A geometrical model for the representation of seat-belt fitting problems. Ergonomics, Apr 1980, 23.4, 3 0 5 - 3 1 6 .
A series of experimental studies utilising approximately 2200 test subjects has led to the development of a general empirical model for the prediction of passenger ride discomfort in the presence of complex noise and vibration inputs. The ranges of vibration and noise stimuli used to derive the model included the amplitudes and frequencies that are known to most influence passenger comfort. The ride quality model accounts for the effects of combined axis vibrations (up to three axes simultaneously) and includes corrections for the effect of vibration duration and interior noise. Output of the model consists of an estimate of the passenger discomfort produced by a given noise and/or vibration environment. The discomfort estimate is measured along a continuous scale that spans the range from below discomfort threshold to values of discomfort that are far above discomfort threshold.
Specialised and protective clothing and equipment 12.3.38 (80336)
Rosenau, W. Development and performance of passive restraint systems.
International Journal of Vehicle Design, Sep 1980, 1.4, 3 2 8 - 3 3 8 . The Volkswagen Automatic Restraint (VWAR) system is described. The
248
The planar development method of representing seat-belt fit was proposed in an earlier paper, which applied it to a geometrical representation of the shoulder area. The present paper extends this method by giving a geometrical representation of the lap area, and by extending the geodesic principle to cope with complex belt installations in which the webbing does not run simply from anchorage to anchorage. With the earlier paper, the present work enables problems of seat belt fit to be studied by a computer model. The paper also discusses the modelling of a multi-dimensional population, with consequent improvement over the use of the percentile concept, widely used in anthropometry, to describe such a population.
Work organisation 12.3.40 (80345)
Tawara, N. A case study on measuring performance for inspection job design.
In ternational Journal of Production Research, May/Jun 1980, 1 8 . 3 , 3 3 5 - 3 4 3 In the quality control system, most of the information for decision making and problem solving can be obtained by inspection activities. Therefore, the inspection work should be organised to maximise meeting the quality objectives. It has already been publicised that data obtained from measurement of inspection performance will supply an effective basis for assessment and design of the inspection station and inspection job.
Applied Ergonomics December 1981
This paper is intended to report on a case study of measurement of inspection performance conducted for the assessment and design of an inspection job in a manufacturing company. Quality control specialists selected three groups of items having representative deficiencies under routine inspection, inspected as inspection job samples. They had individual inspectors inspect each sample to obtain data consisting of the rate of defects detected out of all the defects, and the proportion of erroneous findings in the total number of findings by each inspector. Thus they identified many problems in the inspection job to be corrected to enhance the inspection accuracy. Appropriate action was taken to remedy the situation. In the first place, the inspection job was redesigned. In the second, the method of training inspectors was reviewed and modified. As a result, the probability of defects passing the inspection undetected was greatly reduced. 12.3.41 (80356)
llarrington, J.M. Shift work and health - A critical review of the literature. Health and Safety Executive. HM Stationery Office, London, 1978, 28 pp; abstr in CIS Abstracts (CIS 8 0 - 2 6 7 ) . This review of 3-shift continuous rotating work schedules and health reveals that shift work, particularly night work, causes disruption of circadian rhythms and sleep patterns, but evidence of any major effect on health is slim. The only mortality study showed no adverse effects and most sickness absence studies showed shift workers to have better attendance than day workers. Evidence on objective morbidity shows few differences; however, night work may affect the digestive system. There is no evidence to suggest that women are more vulnerable to shift work than men. Studies on accidents in relation to shiftwork suggest accidents may be more frequent at night but they may not necessarily be more severe than during the day. Fatigue is subjective concept and, although it is frequently more noticeable on night work, is of dubious long-term significance to health. The unpopularity of night work could be reduced by better work schedules, improving working conditions and limiting night work as far as possible to those who volunteer.