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Short CommunicationEnergy cost of plasmachemical hydrogen from hydrogen sulfide is actually not more than about one kWh per cubic meter
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International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 13 "0888# 72Ð73
Short Communication Energy cost of plasmachemical hydrogen from hydrogen sul_de is actually not more than about one kWh per cubic meter V[ Jivotov \ V[ Rusanov Russian Research Centre {Kurchatov Institute|\ Hydrogen Energy + Plasma Technology Institute\ Kurchatov Sqr\ 012071 Moscow\ Russia
The authors of ð0Ł have observed critically Kurchatov Institute "Russia# data about plasma chemical hydrogen sul_de decomposition ð1\ 2Ł published in 0874[ If the authors of ð0Ł would have read several later publications ð3Ð00Ł\ then their critical frame of mind would change[ The data ð1\ 2Ł touch upon the very low hydrogen energy cost "of about 9[73Ð0[9 kWh:SCM H1# at a pres! sure of about 9[0 atm[ These data have been veri_ed repeatedly^ for example\ by a scienti_c group of Argonne National Laboratory "U[S[A[# ð3Ł[ They have even obtained better data\ concluding that the energy cost of the hydrogen produced from hydrogen sul_de plasma! chemically was not more than 9[6Ð9[7 kWh:SCM H1[ Based on the low hydrogen energy cost\ a big pilot installation "power up to 0 MW^ productivity up to 0999 SCM:h# has been built at Orenburg gas plant "Russia# ð4\ 7\ 09Ł[ The installation treats acid gas "H1S:CO1 is about 9[4Ð9[5^ the product is synthesis gasÐH1:CO mix! ture# of the Orenburg gas _eld[ The results of the oper! ation of this installation con_rm scaling of the process energy characteristics\ when increasing the power and approaching the plasmatron pressures up to about 0 atm ð5\ 6Ł[ As to the dependence of the pressure\ the direct experi! ment shows that the process energy cost of synthesis gas and the hydrogen production are practically constant up to the pressure level 9[7 atm and more "see Fig[ 0#[ Curve 0 in the _gure is the synthesis gas energy cost "A#[ When knowing the content of CO in the process product "in the synthesis gas#\ we can _nd the energy cost of the hydrogen "curve 1#[ These data have been obtained in the pilot installation for the discharge power of several hundreds kW[ For comparison\the experiments in the small lab! oratory installation "power about 0 kW# were repeated
Corresponding author[
Fig[ 0[ The energy cost A of plasmachemical process of treatment of H1S containing gases[ Curve 0*energy cost of synthesis gas "pilot plant# ð5\ 6Ł^ curve 1*energy cost of hydrogen "pilot plant# ð5\ 6Ł^ curve 2*energy cost of hydrogen "laboratory installation# ð01Ł[
with Canadian researchers ð01Ł for increasing pressures "see curve 2 in the _gure#[ All the results agree with each other and con_rm the fact that the energy cost of plasmachemical hydrogen from hydrogen sul_de is not greater than about 0 kWh:SCM H1[ Another question is how to realize the process of plasma chemical hydrogen sul_de decomposition with such a low energy cost[ The discharge must be designed properly[ The _rst point is to use and to optimize the centrifugal e}ect at the discharge periphery when rotating the plasma ð2Ł[ Experiment ð00Ł shows the in~uence of the centrifugal e}ect on decreasing process energy cost[ The second point is designing the post!discharge area truly[ In this area the centrifugal e}ect should be con! nected with the inner recuperation of the heat\ given out because of sulfur recombinations "S1 : S7#[ In ð8Ł\ for example\ the energy cost decreases 0[4 times between two sections] one located right after the discharge\ the other located at a distance 39 cm[ So\ designing the discharge
9259!2088:88:,08[99 Þ 0888 International Association for Hydrogen Energy[ Published by Elsevier Science Ltd[ All rights reserved PII] S 9 2 5 9 ! 2 0 8 8 " 8 7 # 9 9 0 9 9 ! 0
73
V[ Jivotov\ V[ Rusanov : International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 13 "0888# 72Ð73
periphery and post!discharge area truly is the key to minimizing the hydrogen energy cost[ In particular\ not optimizing both the centrifugal e}ect and the inner heat recuperation in the laboratory part of the experiments in ð00Ł is responsible for the small increase in the energy cost for curve 2 in Fig[ 0[
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References ð0Ł Cox BG\ Clarke PF\ Pruden BB[ Economic of Thermal Dissociation of H1S to produce Hydrogen[ Int J Hydrogen Energy 0887^12"6#]420Ð33[ ð1Ł Asisov R\ Vakar A\ Gutsol A\ Jivotov V\ Krasheninnikov E\ Krotov M\ Rusanov V\ Fridman A\ Sholin G[ Plas! machemical methods of hydrogen production[ Int J Hydro! gen Energy 0874^09"6:7#]364Ð6[ ð2Ł Balebanov A\ Butilin B\ Jivotov V\ Krokvenko V\ Matolich R\ Macheret S\ Novikov G\ Potapkin B\ Rusanov V\ Frid! man A\ Yavorski V[ Dissociation of hydrogen sul_de in a plasma[ Doclady Phys Chem 0874^172"0Ð2#]698Ð01[ ð3Ł Harkness JBL\ Gorski AJ\ Daniels EJ[ Hydrogen Sul_de Waste Treatment by Microwave Plasma Dissociation[ Argonne National Laboratory\ U[S[A[ Proceedings of 14th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference\ Reno\ Nevada\ 0889[ ð4Ł Bagautdinov A\ Jivotov V\ Eremenko J[ Kalachov I\ Mus! inov S\ Potapkin B\ Pampushka A\ Rusanov V\ Strelkova M\ Fridman A\ Zoller V[ Hydrogen sul_de dissociation in
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high pressure microwave discharge with power up to 0 MW[ High Temp Chem Processes 0882^1]36Ð41[ Bagautdinov A\ Jivotov V\ Eremenko J[ Kalachov I\ Mus! inov S\ Potapkin B\ Pampushka A\ Rusanov V\ Strelkova M\ Fridman A\ Zoller V[ Plasma Chemical Production of Hydrogen from H1S!Containing Gases in MCW Discharge[ Int J Hydrogen Energy 0884^19"2#]082Ð4[ Bagautdinov AZ\ Eremenko YI\ Jivotov VK\ et al[ High Power RF! and MCW!discharges^ Comparison under Plas! mochemical Treatment of Hydrogen Sul_de[ Proceedings of ICPIG!XXIII Vol[ 3\ Toulouse\ France\ 0886[ pp[ 111Ð 2[ Jivotov VK\ Kalachov IA\ Rusanov VD et al[ Clean method of Hydrogen Production[ Plasma Chemical Hydrogen Sul! _de Dissociation[ Keidander Hall\ Tokyo\ Japan\ 0884[ pp[ 158Ð60[ Bagautdinov AZ\ Jivotov VK\ Kalachov IA\ et al[ Inves! tigations of gas ~ow radial distributions in powerful micro! wave discharge[ High Energy Chemistry "Khimiya Vyso! kikh Energii!Russia# 0882^16"3#]57Ð62[ Jivotov V\ Kalachov I\ Zoller V\ et al[ Natural Hydrogen Sul_de "H1S#[ Source of Hydrogen "Plasma Chemical Dis! sociation#[ Tokyo] New Energy Systems and Conversion\ Universal Academy Press\ Inc[\ 0882[ pp[ 012Ð4[ Chriculov V\ Grachov V\ Krotov M\ Potapkin B\ Rusanov V\ Fridman A[ H1S Dissociation in Arc Discharge High Energy Chemistry "Khimiya Vysokikh Energii!Russia#[ 0881^15"3#]260Ð5[ Craw!Ivanco MT[ Report on the Trip to the Kurchatov Institute and the Orenburg Large!Scale Microwave Plasma Decomposition Test Facility[ AECL Research\ ChalkRiver Laboratories\ Ontario\ Canada\ 0883[
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 13 "0888# 72Ð73
Short Communication Energy cost of plasmachemical hydrogen from hydrogen sul_de is actually not more than about one kWh per cubic meter V[ Jivotov \ V[ Rusanov Russian Research Centre {Kurchatov Institute|\ Hydrogen Energy + Plasma Technology Institute\ Kurchatov Sqr\ 012071 Moscow\ Russia
The authors of ð0Ł have observed critically Kurchatov Institute "Russia# data about plasma chemical hydrogen sul_de decomposition ð1\ 2Ł published in 0874[ If the authors of ð0Ł would have read several later publications ð3Ð00Ł\ then their critical frame of mind would change[ The data ð1\ 2Ł touch upon the very low hydrogen energy cost "of about 9[73Ð0[9 kWh:SCM H1# at a pres! sure of about 9[0 atm[ These data have been veri_ed repeatedly^ for example\ by a scienti_c group of Argonne National Laboratory "U[S[A[# ð3Ł[ They have even obtained better data\ concluding that the energy cost of the hydrogen produced from hydrogen sul_de plasma! chemically was not more than 9[6Ð9[7 kWh:SCM H1[ Based on the low hydrogen energy cost\ a big pilot installation "power up to 0 MW^ productivity up to 0999 SCM:h# has been built at Orenburg gas plant "Russia# ð4\ 7\ 09Ł[ The installation treats acid gas "H1S:CO1 is about 9[4Ð9[5^ the product is synthesis gasÐH1:CO mix! ture# of the Orenburg gas _eld[ The results of the oper! ation of this installation con_rm scaling of the process energy characteristics\ when increasing the power and approaching the plasmatron pressures up to about 0 atm ð5\ 6Ł[ As to the dependence of the pressure\ the direct experi! ment shows that the process energy cost of synthesis gas and the hydrogen production are practically constant up to the pressure level 9[7 atm and more "see Fig[ 0#[ Curve 0 in the _gure is the synthesis gas energy cost "A#[ When knowing the content of CO in the process product "in the synthesis gas#\ we can _nd the energy cost of the hydrogen "curve 1#[ These data have been obtained in the pilot installation for the discharge power of several hundreds kW[ For comparison\the experiments in the small lab! oratory installation "power about 0 kW# were repeated
Corresponding author[
Fig[ 0[ The energy cost A of plasmachemical process of treatment of H1S containing gases[ Curve 0*energy cost of synthesis gas "pilot plant# ð5\ 6Ł^ curve 1*energy cost of hydrogen "pilot plant# ð5\ 6Ł^ curve 2*energy cost of hydrogen "laboratory installation# ð01Ł[
with Canadian researchers ð01Ł for increasing pressures "see curve 2 in the _gure#[ All the results agree with each other and con_rm the fact that the energy cost of plasmachemical hydrogen from hydrogen sul_de is not greater than about 0 kWh:SCM H1[ Another question is how to realize the process of plasma chemical hydrogen sul_de decomposition with such a low energy cost[ The discharge must be designed properly[ The _rst point is to use and to optimize the centrifugal e}ect at the discharge periphery when rotating the plasma ð2Ł[ Experiment ð00Ł shows the in~uence of the centrifugal e}ect on decreasing process energy cost[ The second point is designing the post!discharge area truly[ In this area the centrifugal e}ect should be con! nected with the inner recuperation of the heat\ given out because of sulfur recombinations "S1 : S7#[ In ð8Ł\ for example\ the energy cost decreases 0[4 times between two sections] one located right after the discharge\ the other located at a distance 39 cm[ So\ designing the discharge
9259!2088:88:,08[99 Þ 0888 International Association for Hydrogen Energy[ Published by Elsevier Science Ltd[ All rights reserved PII] S 9 2 5 9 ! 2 0 8 8 " 8 7 # 9 9 0 9 9 ! 0
73
V[ Jivotov\ V[ Rusanov : International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 13 "0888# 72Ð73
periphery and post!discharge area truly is the key to minimizing the hydrogen energy cost[ In particular\ not optimizing both the centrifugal e}ect and the inner heat recuperation in the laboratory part of the experiments in ð00Ł is responsible for the small increase in the energy cost for curve 2 in Fig[ 0[
ð5Ł
ð6Ł
References ð0Ł Cox BG\ Clarke PF\ Pruden BB[ Economic of Thermal Dissociation of H1S to produce Hydrogen[ Int J Hydrogen Energy 0887^12"6#]420Ð33[ ð1Ł Asisov R\ Vakar A\ Gutsol A\ Jivotov V\ Krasheninnikov E\ Krotov M\ Rusanov V\ Fridman A\ Sholin G[ Plas! machemical methods of hydrogen production[ Int J Hydro! gen Energy 0874^09"6:7#]364Ð6[ ð2Ł Balebanov A\ Butilin B\ Jivotov V\ Krokvenko V\ Matolich R\ Macheret S\ Novikov G\ Potapkin B\ Rusanov V\ Frid! man A\ Yavorski V[ Dissociation of hydrogen sul_de in a plasma[ Doclady Phys Chem 0874^172"0Ð2#]698Ð01[ ð3Ł Harkness JBL\ Gorski AJ\ Daniels EJ[ Hydrogen Sul_de Waste Treatment by Microwave Plasma Dissociation[ Argonne National Laboratory\ U[S[A[ Proceedings of 14th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference\ Reno\ Nevada\ 0889[ ð4Ł Bagautdinov A\ Jivotov V\ Eremenko J[ Kalachov I\ Mus! inov S\ Potapkin B\ Pampushka A\ Rusanov V\ Strelkova M\ Fridman A\ Zoller V[ Hydrogen sul_de dissociation in
ð7Ł
ð8Ł
ð09Ł
ð00Ł
ð01Ł
high pressure microwave discharge with power up to 0 MW[ High Temp Chem Processes 0882^1]36Ð41[ Bagautdinov A\ Jivotov V\ Eremenko J[ Kalachov I\ Mus! inov S\ Potapkin B\ Pampushka A\ Rusanov V\ Strelkova M\ Fridman A\ Zoller V[ Plasma Chemical Production of Hydrogen from H1S!Containing Gases in MCW Discharge[ Int J Hydrogen Energy 0884^19"2#]082Ð4[ Bagautdinov AZ\ Eremenko YI\ Jivotov VK\ et al[ High Power RF! and MCW!discharges^ Comparison under Plas! mochemical Treatment of Hydrogen Sul_de[ Proceedings of ICPIG!XXIII Vol[ 3\ Toulouse\ France\ 0886[ pp[ 111Ð 2[ Jivotov VK\ Kalachov IA\ Rusanov VD et al[ Clean method of Hydrogen Production[ Plasma Chemical Hydrogen Sul! _de Dissociation[ Keidander Hall\ Tokyo\ Japan\ 0884[ pp[ 158Ð60[ Bagautdinov AZ\ Jivotov VK\ Kalachov IA\ et al[ Inves! tigations of gas ~ow radial distributions in powerful micro! wave discharge[ High Energy Chemistry "Khimiya Vyso! kikh Energii!Russia# 0882^16"3#]57Ð62[ Jivotov V\ Kalachov I\ Zoller V\ et al[ Natural Hydrogen Sul_de "H1S#[ Source of Hydrogen "Plasma Chemical Dis! sociation#[ Tokyo] New Energy Systems and Conversion\ Universal Academy Press\ Inc[\ 0882[ pp[ 012Ð4[ Chriculov V\ Grachov V\ Krotov M\ Potapkin B\ Rusanov V\ Fridman A[ H1S Dissociation in Arc Discharge High Energy Chemistry "Khimiya Vysokikh Energii!Russia#[ 0881^15"3#]260Ð5[ Craw!Ivanco MT[ Report on the Trip to the Kurchatov Institute and the Orenburg Large!Scale Microwave Plasma Decomposition Test Facility[ AECL Research\ ChalkRiver Laboratories\ Ontario\ Canada\ 0883[