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Sinking and equipping the KIDD creek no 2 shaft
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815105 FACE-ENDS, A CILaTI.~E FOR THE 1980'S Femmml.l.y, S D Colliery Guard, VZZS, ~.i, N~7, It.B0, P~8-511 Reviews %he compatibility of e~uil~nent that makes up the face e~i system: stable holes, face e~i supl:~'t, rlppimg, packi~ amd roadway s ~ . Thls paper forms part of a feature on Fete~ '80, the Face Emds Technology Exhibition amd Symposium held in Harrogate, Y c r k = ~ e , Englanl, 8-13 Dec, 1980. 815106 II~Z~ACTIVE DESIGN OF ~ F L E ~ a PIPES A ~ APPROACH FROM BASIC PRINCIPLES O ~ e l , J E; Wilson, J Describes a 2-dlmensionel elastic amalysis of the stresses, defc~matlons amd stability of b ~ l e d thin-walled cyllmlars, leadim~ to separate first cagier exl~essions for the effects of unlfcrm amd distcrtional load. The a n ~ s i s is extemded to account for chamges in pipe g e ~ at large deflections a~i the reductlon in ~ reslstax~e caused by out-of-round deflection of the pipe ri~E. The range of defle~clous a~i b u c k l ~ responses are platted on a series of non-dlmensionel charts. This paper is an outline only, the f u l l account is to be p u b l i s h e d later. 8151o7 IMPROVED ~ FOR THE D ~ N A T I O N ~ BY A MINSIM TYPE OF ANALYSIS, OF STRESSES AND DISPLACEM ~ T S ARCt~ TABULAR ~CAVATIONS Die~Ings J A C J S AIT Inst Mln Metall s VSO, NI2, Dec i~0,
~25~3o Describes a pseudo-linear element (intermediate between the constant aml linear type elements) f o r use in a displacement d l s c o n t i n n i t y analysis of s t r e s s e s a n i displacements, which Is claimed tO l~e e q u a l l y a p p l i c a b l e t o ~ 1 cgue c c ~ x ~ t e r me~eds ~ t h e MINSD4 family of Irograms. 815108 USE ~ ~ ARCH ~ SECTIONS AS REINFORCEMEN~ IN USD~GROUR) R0CMS CONCRETE LINI~,S - ~ BY THE ORE HAULAGE RAISE IN ~ FLOTATION PLANT (~N S~0-CROAT) Prlbicevlc, I M Rud Glas, N3, 1980, R~-89 815109 UPDATE IN TKE HYDRAULIC MINE SI~ATA MECHANIC S~4DIES IN THICK AND STEEP SEAMS OF ROCKY MOUntAINS Fisekci, M Y; Chiang, C; Bannerman, W Proc 21at US Symposi~n on Rock Mechanics, Rolla, Missouri, 28-30 May 1980, I~8-~67 RelX~ts ~ control s t u d i e s on a hydraulic mine b e f o r e its closure. Discusses variations in ~ loadlmg, pillar clefemanation a n i roedwa~ comvergemce i n r e l a t i o n to umdergroumd e x t r a c t i o n a~d depth ~ c o v e r . E v a l u a t e s c~-~,Ater application to data a~-lysis in ~e~letl~g s~ata behavlour. OutLines progrannned work for the new h ~ u l i c mine at a deeper level based on t h e c c m I ~ t a t i o n s . 815llo ROCK M~CHARTCS INVEStiGATION IN INDIA. PRAC'I'IOAE APPLICATION IN COAL MINES ARD ~WJNNELS Simgh, B Proc 21st US S~sllmm on Rock Mechanics, Rolls, Missouri, 28-30 Ma~ 1980, P806-819
Discusses developments in (i) strata control parameters f = lon~wall v~'kim~s, (2) a s s e s s sent of pillar size i n b~rd an i p i l l a r wc~ki~s, (3) e x t r a c t i o n of c o a l i n b u i l t up a r e a s , h i ~ flood leval~ rlverss (~) application of equlvalent material model study to coal mlmimg problems~ (5) prediction of w e l ~ h t l ~ r o c k f a l l s , (6) ~ i n mine roed~mys, ~r~ (7) rock mechanics Investigation in tunnels in H~lel Project.
Mines See elso: 8.1.~0~) EEATEO MINE ROOM AND PILLAR SECONDARY CREEP RESPONSE Tillerson, J R; Dawson, P R Int J N~m Anal Meth Ge~msch, V~, ~2, AprilJune 1~1, P177-193
Heated s a l t mine room amd pillar ~ a t t o n s have been performed t o p r o v i d e t ~ f c r m a t t o n r e g a r d i n g paranmd;ers affectimg rosa cloi~re r a t e s to deaigmers of radioactive waste isolation facilities. A coupled secondary creep ani heat transfer formulation with large strain capabilities was used to assess the effects ~f variations I n creep law perameters, thermal properties, imposed b o 1 ~ eomdltlons, temlx~al Integration amd meshlmg resolution on room closure rates. Results imdicate that t h e greatest e f f e c t results frnm v a r i a t i o n s i n Imrameters appeeri~ in the creep constitutive equation. Auth.
815ll2 FLOOR LOADING ARD M ~
ALONG THE COALFACE Afrouz, A Rock Mech, Vl3, N~, March 1981, P199-213
T o t a l roc~ t o f l o o r conv~gemce, f l o o r l ~ d i m g , h o r i z o n t a l ami v e r t i c a l movements o f f l o c ~ alomg t h r e e s e l e c t e d l o m @ ~ l l f a c e s i n t h e South Wales c o a l f i e l d , UK, were investigated. E m p i r i c a l eq u at i o n s expressimg linearly time-depemdent factors in strata mechanics are developed. It was observed that the contribution of fleer to t h e t o t a l r o o f t o f l o o r c l o s u r e is between 31 to 63 Per cent, depe=lent upon t h e stremgth of roof and floor layers encountered.
815113 St~FACE AR) UNDERGROUND GEOLOGICAL PREDICTION OF BAD ROOF CONDITIONS IN COLLIERIES OF THE WESTERN C0ALmIELD, NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA Shepherd, J; Huntington, J F; Creasy, J W Trams Inst Min Metall (Sect B Appl Earth Sci) Vg0, Feb 1981, PB1-BI4 Investigates the relatton~p between s u r f a c e f r a c t u r e p a t t e r n s a n l bad r o o f zones i n s e v e r a l u ~ i e r g r o u n t mines. P r e s e n t s an underground mappi~ techmiq%~e fcr predlct1~ fault amd Joint swarms based on measurement of the frequency of ~olnt siccing b e h l n l %he ",,'~'ki~g face, ani ~ surface mal~lmg t e c h n i q u e based on La~ieat images ami air ph~cgrapha f ~ the d e l i n e a t i o n o f l i m e a r meridiomal f r a c t u r e - t r a c e s ~
SINKII~ AND EQUTPPING THE KIDD CRE~< NO 2 SHAgT McKay, D L CIM Bull, V74, R826, Feb 1981, P~5-56
Describes excavation and construction methods of the 25 ft diameter, 5100 ft shaft. 50 ft of clay covering bedrock was frozen prior to excavation. The first 2800 ft were bored stud slashed, the remaining 2300 ft were excavated by conventional benching methods. 815115 DESIGN TECHNT@IE3 FOR SUBLEVEL CAVING LAYO~S Trotter, D A; Goddard, G J CIM BulI~ V74, N825~ Jan 1981, P92-I00 Analyses mathematically the interrelationship between geometrical p a r ~ s , material flow properties a~i operational design lmrame~ers. The c~utatlons~ based on the ~ravity flow theory, optlmlse the large m-~er of interdepemient design variables. 815ll6 MINE APPLICATIONS OF TUNNEL BORING MACHINES Hsmdewlth, H J CIM Bull, V~3, N823, Nov 1980, P133-136 Discusses economic considerations related to the use of a turmel machine - tunnelli~ costs a~d machine enl accessory costs. Compares tunnel ,~chines to drill amd blast methods. 815117 BLIND HOLE RAISE BORING Smith, C F Min Comgr J, V66, N6, June 1980, P31-33 Briefly reviews the development of bcxhole borir~ m~c_hlnes, in which a blimi hole is drilled from the bottc~ up without a pilot hole, ald their applicability tO 4-7 ft d/smeter vertical or inclined shafts up to 300 ft in ler~th. 815118 G E O T ~ C A L ANALYSIS FOR LONGWALL DESIGN Cozroy, P J Coal Min Process, VI7, NI2, Dec 1980, P50-~ Describes a rock mechanics Irogra~ne of sm~face ani subsurface monitoring. Surface subsidence profiles were plotted to define the a n g l e o f drew, add a coaxial cable grouted in a burehole monitored movement of strata lying over the advancing face. Pressure gauges on shield s u p ~ s at the face anl stressmeters in the coal anl floor at various locations around the panel provided st~surface monit~rimg data on roof loading characterlstics~ stress conditions in the coal durimg extraction amd deformation characteristics of the roof and floor.
815119 MINING
MULTIPLE SEAMS Britton, S O Coal Min Process, VI7, NI2, Dec 1980, P6~-70
Analyses rock mechanics perameters ard extraction sequencing plans critical in multiple seam mining; Stresses the importance of estimation of t h e stress in t h e interburden roof a~d floor stability anl fracture zones, ard the need for destressing in disturbed seam~ Presents two methods of extraction sequenci~; extraction of seams in different directions to mIDimise strata fracturing, or extraction of multiple seams at varyi~ rates depeni.-nt on the stability of the various seams. Discusses three types of mine desigr~ pillar layering, hcrlzontal entry displacement anl pyramid support.
81512o GEITING THE MOST FROM MULTIPLE-SE&M RESERVES Peng, S S; Chandra, U Coal Min Process, VIT, Nil, Nov 1980, P78-84
Describes 5 case studies that illustrate typical ground control l~oblems in multiple seam mining. Recon~endations for mining sequence ani mine l a ~ include pillar colmmisation, extraction of seams in descemdi~g order, evaluation of pressure on strata between seams and uniform distribution of remnant pillars. 815121 SIECESSFUL EXAMPLE OF THE STRATA REFLACI~:~ENY
~QUE Dutton, B ~Lin EDit, VI~O, N235, April 1981, P733-739 Describes a method of reestabllahi~ pert of a lor~wall face underneath a large cavity by replacing the coal face s~d its immediate roof with a quick settl~ cement c a b l e of b e i ~ cut. The method has been used in 3 UK collieries. 815122 RANGE OF MINTNG TECHNIQUES TO MEET SITE-SPECIFIC CONDITIONS ~tter, S Min E~gng, V33, NI, Jan 1981, P39-43 Describes various methods of mining oil shale: open pit, strip, standard rocm-a=l-pillar, chamber-s~d-pillar mining with backfilli~, sublevel stoping with backfilling, sublevel stopi~g with subsidence, block c a v i ~ ani mechanical excavation. 815123 HIGH PRESSURE SHAF~ SINKII~ AT THE DINC~WIC PUMPED WATER STORAGE SCHEME Almoni, K; Robinson, P; Gibson, D Colliery Guard, V229, N3, March 1981, P72-79 Describes construction of shaft mucking hole, mucking hole deviation, presink wcrklngs, wlnder ani headgear installation, shaft sinking, -h~*t lining anl safety precautions. 815124 CLOSURE IN A DRIVAGE FCR~ED BEHIND AN NCB IN-SEAM HEADING MACHINE Mallory, R Colliery Girard, V229, N2, Feb 1981, P53-58 Discusses the effects of different widths of roedway drivage, type anl length of peck, and rock strength on closure. 814125 INFLUENCE OF COAL RIB P~.rAR WIDTH ON THE STABILITY OF STRATA AROUND THE FACE-END AND GAT~OAD IN LONGWALL MINING Szwilskl, T B Proc Zlst US Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Rolla, Missouri~ 28-30 May 1980, P285-298 Examines the factcrs that influence the rate of closure of gateroeds. Gateroed deformation surveys were carried out at 2 coal mines to determine the influence of rib l~.llar width on gateroad stability. Analyses the i~rluence Of gateside packs on surrourzling strata. 815126 STRATA D E F ~ I O N ABOVE LON~gALL FACES Styler, A N; Dunham, R K Proc 21st US Symposi~n on Rock Mechanics, Rolla, Missouri, 28-30 May 1980, P308-318 Describes instrumentation for monitoring interstrata defcrmation in a coal mine. Measurements
using the straimrAre/anchor/extenscmeter technique a r e competed w i t h t h o s e t a k e n from s e v e r a l c a s e s t u d i e s . The e f f e c t s o f r o c k t y p e , height of caving, and slumping bee~s on deformation are discussed.
815105 FACE-ENDS, A CILaTI.~E FOR THE 1980'S Femmml.l.y, S D Colliery Guard, VZZS, ~.i, N~7, It.B0, P~8-511 Reviews %he compatibility of e~uil~nent that makes up the face e~i system: stable holes, face e~i supl:~'t, rlppimg, packi~ amd roadway s ~ . Thls paper forms part of a feature on Fete~ '80, the Face Emds Technology Exhibition amd Symposium held in Harrogate, Y c r k = ~ e , Englanl, 8-13 Dec, 1980. 815106 II~Z~ACTIVE DESIGN OF ~ F L E ~ a PIPES A ~ APPROACH FROM BASIC PRINCIPLES O ~ e l , J E; Wilson, J Describes a 2-dlmensionel elastic amalysis of the stresses, defc~matlons amd stability of b ~ l e d thin-walled cyllmlars, leadim~ to separate first cagier exl~essions for the effects of unlfcrm amd distcrtional load. The a n ~ s i s is extemded to account for chamges in pipe g e ~ at large deflections a~i the reductlon in ~ reslstax~e caused by out-of-round deflection of the pipe ri~E. The range of defle~clous a~i b u c k l ~ responses are platted on a series of non-dlmensionel charts. This paper is an outline only, the f u l l account is to be p u b l i s h e d later. 8151o7 IMPROVED ~ FOR THE D ~ N A T I O N ~ BY A MINSIM TYPE OF ANALYSIS, OF STRESSES AND DISPLACEM ~ T S ARCt~ TABULAR ~CAVATIONS Die~Ings J A C J S AIT Inst Mln Metall s VSO, NI2, Dec i~0,
~25~3o Describes a pseudo-linear element (intermediate between the constant aml linear type elements) f o r use in a displacement d l s c o n t i n n i t y analysis of s t r e s s e s a n i displacements, which Is claimed tO l~e e q u a l l y a p p l i c a b l e t o ~ 1 cgue c c ~ x ~ t e r me~eds ~ t h e MINSD4 family of Irograms. 815108 USE ~ ~ ARCH ~ SECTIONS AS REINFORCEMEN~ IN USD~GROUR) R0CMS CONCRETE LINI~,S - ~ BY THE ORE HAULAGE RAISE IN ~ FLOTATION PLANT (~N S~0-CROAT) Prlbicevlc, I M Rud Glas, N3, 1980, R~-89 815109 UPDATE IN TKE HYDRAULIC MINE SI~ATA MECHANIC S~4DIES IN THICK AND STEEP SEAMS OF ROCKY MOUntAINS Fisekci, M Y; Chiang, C; Bannerman, W Proc 21at US Symposi~n on Rock Mechanics, Rolla, Missouri, 28-30 May 1980, I~8-~67 RelX~ts ~ control s t u d i e s on a hydraulic mine b e f o r e its closure. Discusses variations in ~ loadlmg, pillar clefemanation a n i roedwa~ comvergemce i n r e l a t i o n to umdergroumd e x t r a c t i o n a~d depth ~ c o v e r . E v a l u a t e s c~-~,Ater application to data a~-lysis in ~e~letl~g s~ata behavlour. OutLines progrannned work for the new h ~ u l i c mine at a deeper level based on t h e c c m I ~ t a t i o n s . 815llo ROCK M~CHARTCS INVEStiGATION IN INDIA. PRAC'I'IOAE APPLICATION IN COAL MINES ARD ~WJNNELS Simgh, B Proc 21st US S~sllmm on Rock Mechanics, Rolls, Missouri, 28-30 Ma~ 1980, P806-819
Discusses developments in (i) strata control parameters f = lon~wall v~'kim~s, (2) a s s e s s sent of pillar size i n b~rd an i p i l l a r wc~ki~s, (3) e x t r a c t i o n of c o a l i n b u i l t up a r e a s , h i ~ flood leval~ rlverss (~) application of equlvalent material model study to coal mlmimg problems~ (5) prediction of w e l ~ h t l ~ r o c k f a l l s , (6) ~ i n mine roed~mys, ~r~ (7) rock mechanics Investigation in tunnels in H~lel Project.
Mines See elso: 8.1.~0~) EEATEO MINE ROOM AND PILLAR SECONDARY CREEP RESPONSE Tillerson, J R; Dawson, P R Int J N~m Anal Meth Ge~msch, V~, ~2, AprilJune 1~1, P177-193
Heated s a l t mine room amd pillar ~ a t t o n s have been performed t o p r o v i d e t ~ f c r m a t t o n r e g a r d i n g paranmd;ers affectimg rosa cloi~re r a t e s to deaigmers of radioactive waste isolation facilities. A coupled secondary creep ani heat transfer formulation with large strain capabilities was used to assess the effects ~f variations I n creep law perameters, thermal properties, imposed b o 1 ~ eomdltlons, temlx~al Integration amd meshlmg resolution on room closure rates. Results imdicate that t h e greatest e f f e c t results frnm v a r i a t i o n s i n Imrameters appeeri~ in the creep constitutive equation. Auth.
815ll2 FLOOR LOADING ARD M ~
ALONG THE COALFACE Afrouz, A Rock Mech, Vl3, N~, March 1981, P199-213
T o t a l roc~ t o f l o o r conv~gemce, f l o o r l ~ d i m g , h o r i z o n t a l ami v e r t i c a l movements o f f l o c ~ alomg t h r e e s e l e c t e d l o m @ ~ l l f a c e s i n t h e South Wales c o a l f i e l d , UK, were investigated. E m p i r i c a l eq u at i o n s expressimg linearly time-depemdent factors in strata mechanics are developed. It was observed that the contribution of fleer to t h e t o t a l r o o f t o f l o o r c l o s u r e is between 31 to 63 Per cent, depe=lent upon t h e stremgth of roof and floor layers encountered.
815113 St~FACE AR) UNDERGROUND GEOLOGICAL PREDICTION OF BAD ROOF CONDITIONS IN COLLIERIES OF THE WESTERN C0ALmIELD, NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA Shepherd, J; Huntington, J F; Creasy, J W Trams Inst Min Metall (Sect B Appl Earth Sci) Vg0, Feb 1981, PB1-BI4 Investigates the relatton~p between s u r f a c e f r a c t u r e p a t t e r n s a n l bad r o o f zones i n s e v e r a l u ~ i e r g r o u n t mines. P r e s e n t s an underground mappi~ techmiq%~e fcr predlct1~ fault amd Joint swarms based on measurement of the frequency of ~olnt siccing b e h l n l %he ",,'~'ki~g face, ani ~ surface mal~lmg t e c h n i q u e based on La~ieat images ami air ph~cgrapha f ~ the d e l i n e a t i o n o f l i m e a r meridiomal f r a c t u r e - t r a c e s ~
SINKII~ AND EQUTPPING THE KIDD CRE~< NO 2 SHAgT McKay, D L CIM Bull, V74, R826, Feb 1981, P~5-56
Describes excavation and construction methods of the 25 ft diameter, 5100 ft shaft. 50 ft of clay covering bedrock was frozen prior to excavation. The first 2800 ft were bored stud slashed, the remaining 2300 ft were excavated by conventional benching methods. 815115 DESIGN TECHNT@IE3 FOR SUBLEVEL CAVING LAYO~S Trotter, D A; Goddard, G J CIM BulI~ V74, N825~ Jan 1981, P92-I00 Analyses mathematically the interrelationship between geometrical p a r ~ s , material flow properties a~i operational design lmrame~ers. The c~utatlons~ based on the ~ravity flow theory, optlmlse the large m-~er of interdepemient design variables. 815ll6 MINE APPLICATIONS OF TUNNEL BORING MACHINES Hsmdewlth, H J CIM Bull, V~3, N823, Nov 1980, P133-136 Discusses economic considerations related to the use of a turmel machine - tunnelli~ costs a~d machine enl accessory costs. Compares tunnel ,~chines to drill amd blast methods. 815117 BLIND HOLE RAISE BORING Smith, C F Min Comgr J, V66, N6, June 1980, P31-33 Briefly reviews the development of bcxhole borir~ m~c_hlnes, in which a blimi hole is drilled from the bottc~ up without a pilot hole, ald their applicability tO 4-7 ft d/smeter vertical or inclined shafts up to 300 ft in ler~th. 815118 G E O T ~ C A L ANALYSIS FOR LONGWALL DESIGN Cozroy, P J Coal Min Process, VI7, NI2, Dec 1980, P50-~ Describes a rock mechanics Irogra~ne of sm~face ani subsurface monitoring. Surface subsidence profiles were plotted to define the a n g l e o f drew, add a coaxial cable grouted in a burehole monitored movement of strata lying over the advancing face. Pressure gauges on shield s u p ~ s at the face anl stressmeters in the coal anl floor at various locations around the panel provided st~surface monit~rimg data on roof loading characterlstics~ stress conditions in the coal durimg extraction amd deformation characteristics of the roof and floor.
815119 MINING
MULTIPLE SEAMS Britton, S O Coal Min Process, VI7, NI2, Dec 1980, P6~-70
Analyses rock mechanics perameters ard extraction sequencing plans critical in multiple seam mining; Stresses the importance of estimation of t h e stress in t h e interburden roof a~d floor stability anl fracture zones, ard the need for destressing in disturbed seam~ Presents two methods of extraction sequenci~; extraction of seams in different directions to mIDimise strata fracturing, or extraction of multiple seams at varyi~ rates depeni.-nt on the stability of the various seams. Discusses three types of mine desigr~ pillar layering, hcrlzontal entry displacement anl pyramid support.
81512o GEITING THE MOST FROM MULTIPLE-SE&M RESERVES Peng, S S; Chandra, U Coal Min Process, VIT, Nil, Nov 1980, P78-84
Describes 5 case studies that illustrate typical ground control l~oblems in multiple seam mining. Recon~endations for mining sequence ani mine l a ~ include pillar colmmisation, extraction of seams in descemdi~g order, evaluation of pressure on strata between seams and uniform distribution of remnant pillars. 815121 SIECESSFUL EXAMPLE OF THE STRATA REFLACI~:~ENY
~QUE Dutton, B ~Lin EDit, VI~O, N235, April 1981, P733-739 Describes a method of reestabllahi~ pert of a lor~wall face underneath a large cavity by replacing the coal face s~d its immediate roof with a quick settl~ cement c a b l e of b e i ~ cut. The method has been used in 3 UK collieries. 815122 RANGE OF MINTNG TECHNIQUES TO MEET SITE-SPECIFIC CONDITIONS ~tter, S Min E~gng, V33, NI, Jan 1981, P39-43 Describes various methods of mining oil shale: open pit, strip, standard rocm-a=l-pillar, chamber-s~d-pillar mining with backfilli~, sublevel stoping with backfilling, sublevel stopi~g with subsidence, block c a v i ~ ani mechanical excavation. 815123 HIGH PRESSURE SHAF~ SINKII~ AT THE DINC~WIC PUMPED WATER STORAGE SCHEME Almoni, K; Robinson, P; Gibson, D Colliery Guard, V229, N3, March 1981, P72-79 Describes construction of shaft mucking hole, mucking hole deviation, presink wcrklngs, wlnder ani headgear installation, shaft sinking, -h~*t lining anl safety precautions. 815124 CLOSURE IN A DRIVAGE FCR~ED BEHIND AN NCB IN-SEAM HEADING MACHINE Mallory, R Colliery Girard, V229, N2, Feb 1981, P53-58 Discusses the effects of different widths of roedway drivage, type anl length of peck, and rock strength on closure. 814125 INFLUENCE OF COAL RIB P~.rAR WIDTH ON THE STABILITY OF STRATA AROUND THE FACE-END AND GAT~OAD IN LONGWALL MINING Szwilskl, T B Proc Zlst US Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Rolla, Missouri~ 28-30 May 1980, P285-298 Examines the factcrs that influence the rate of closure of gateroeds. Gateroed deformation surveys were carried out at 2 coal mines to determine the influence of rib l~.llar width on gateroad stability. Analyses the i~rluence Of gateside packs on surrourzling strata. 815126 STRATA D E F ~ I O N ABOVE LON~gALL FACES Styler, A N; Dunham, R K Proc 21st US Symposi~n on Rock Mechanics, Rolla, Missouri, 28-30 May 1980, P308-318 Describes instrumentation for monitoring interstrata defcrmation in a coal mine. Measurements
using the straimrAre/anchor/extenscmeter technique a r e competed w i t h t h o s e t a k e n from s e v e r a l c a s e s t u d i e s . The e f f e c t s o f r o c k t y p e , height of caving, and slumping bee~s on deformation are discussed.