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Site Selection for Flood Detention Basins with Minimum Environmental Impact
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 1629 – 1636
15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Prerequisite for Sustainable Development”
Site selection for flood detention basins with minimum environmental impact Mikhail Fedorov a, Vladimir Badenko a,*, Vladimir Maslikov a, Alexander Chusov a a
Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya, 29, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation
Abstract The concept of decentralized flood protection measures is based on the idea of localization and usage of the capability of headwater areas of a flooded catchment to retard runoff as early as possible and at several places at the same time by means of flood detention basins with minimum environmental impact. Flood protection management is discussed on a project planning level. A system of multipurpose flood protection self-regulated dams with flood detention basins is analyzed as the measures for mitigation of flood events. The method to justify a site selection of self-regulated flood dam and other parameters of the dams, providing minimization of impact on the environment have been developed. Some results of the method application in GIS environment to prove there robustness are presented. © 2016The TheAuthors. Authors. Published by Elsevier © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Urbanisation as aresponsibility Prerequisite of forthe Sustainable Development. Prerequisite for Sustainable Development Keywords: Geotechnics; hydromechanics; flood management; mathematical modeling; GIS; environmental impact
1. Introduction Future flood risk is likely to increase due to a combination of climatic and socio-economic effects. This leads to that many floodplains are excluded from sustainable development. Flood protection became one of the main development problems of modern society, related to environment. New adaptation strategies need to be implemented to restrict the impact of river flooding on population and assets taking into account an environmental
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +7-921-309-41-00 E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Prerequisite for Sustainable Development
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.903
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Mikhail Fedorov et al. / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 1629 – 1636
aspect. Flooding has significant impacts on human activities. It can threaten people’s lives, their property and the environment. Assets at risk can include housing, transport and public service infrastructure, and commercial, industrial and agricultural enterprises [1]. Also changing demography (i.e. increased urbanization) will result in larger segments of the population being prone to flash flooding [2]. Flooding is a common natural hazard which contributed to about 40% of worldwide natural disasters, so in many publications different measures for mitigation of flooding events have been discussed. In review [3] potentials of land-use planning and private flood precautionary measures as components of adaptation strategies for global change were analyzed. Further damage increases due to floods are expected in several regions due to climate change and growing vulnerability. Therefore to address the projected increase in flood risk, a combination of structural and non-structural flood risk mitigation measures must be considered as a promising adaptation strategy. Some authors points to the weak relationship between hydrological and damaging floods: even if we know much about hydrological floods in a certain area, we may know little about damaging floods [4]. In [5] authors pointed out the importance of the organization of an international multidisciplinary collaboration and data-sharing initiative to further understand the links between climate and flooding and to advance flood research. Also authors come to the following interesting conclusions with conceptual meaning: 1) extending the traditional system boundaries (local catchment, recent decades, hydrological/hydraulic processes) opens up exciting possibilities for better understanding and improved tools for flood risk assessment and management; 2) statistical approaches in flood estimation need to be complemented by the search for the causal mechanisms and dominant processes in the atmosphere, catchment and river system that leave their fingerprints on flood characteristics; 3) natural climate variability leads to time-varying flood characteristics, and this variation may be partially quantifiable and predictable, with the perspective of dynamic, climate-informed flood risk management; 4) Efforts are needed to fully account for factors that contribute to changes in all three risk components (hazard, exposure, vulnerability) and to better understand the interactions between society and floods. Flood risk emerges from the interaction of hazard and vulnerability [6]. Authors in [7] had identified a range of levels at which change may be incorporated in decision making on flood risk management: in the representation of uncertain non-stationary quantities; in the rules that are used to identify preferred options; in the variety of options that may be contemplated for flood risk management; in the scope of problem definition. According author's opinion integrated responses to changing flood risk need to attend to each of these levels of decision making, from the technicalities of non-stationary, to the promotion of resilient societies. Common flood protection management mostly focuses on the downstream catchment regions and the question arises if for any opportunities in headwater areas exist to mitigate flood consequences, that in [8] the modeled scenarios indicate that the use of small basins has a distinct and local impact on the reduction and time shift of peak discharge. Flood control by structural measures has two different options: 1) within the specific basin flood storage capacities can be created in reservoirs which reduce the downstream flood flows and 2) flood-proofing measures (levees) are built which reduce the damage of floods but do not affect their runoff [9]. For site selection of possible detention basin number of technical (hydrological, geomorphological, geological, etc.), economical, ecological and social aspects should be considered. First step of evaluation of possible site selection by a geomorphological analysis of the river basin and evaluated with hydrological and economical criteria had been analyzed in [10]. The construction of stormwater detention basins in upstream areas is a one of the perspective management practice to effectively control of floods, to provide additional surface and volume storage for excess floodwater and to compensate for the adverse effects of region development in downstream areas [11]. In [12] the effect of implementing four different adaptation measures in the modeling framework was simulated. The measures include the rise of flood protections, reduction of the peak flows through water retention, reduction of vulnerability and relocation to safer areas. The authors had conclusions, that the adaptation efforts should favor measures targeted at reducing the impacts of floods, rather than trying to avoid them. In paper [13] the spatially distributed LISFLOOD model is describe, which is a hydrological model specifically developed for the simulation of hydrological processes in large European river basins. Flood risk management has been discussed in many papers giving different meanings to the term—a result of the fact that risk management actually takes place on three different levels of actions: the operational level, which is associated with operating an existing system, a project planning level, which is used when a new, or a revision of an
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existing project is planned, and a project design level, which is embedded into the second level and describes the process of reaching an optimal solution for the project [14]. In the present paper the third level is discussed. Naturaltechnical systems [15] with hydropower facilities are analyzed to solve a problem of reducing of flood control volume for hydropower station. The methods of reducing the risk of flooding by distributed system of reservoirs/basins with self-regulated dams are proposed. A geoinformation method to justify the selection of parameters of such basins, primarily location on the river that minimize impact on the environment (ecological factor) are presented. 2. Materials and methods The method proposed is in close relations with Directive on the assessment and management of floods proposed by The European Commission [16]. In particular, in EU a Directive was adopted [17] by flood risk management, which connected with European Water Framework Directive on management of river basin water sources [18]. The main objective of the Directive is to manage and ultimately to reduce the risks that floods pose to human health, environment, infrastructure and property. Under the proposed Directive the Member States are obliged to deliver the following for river basins and sub-basins [19]: x Preliminary flood risk assessment x Flood risk maps x Flood risk management plans One of the corresponding approaches are named "Integrated river basin management" [20], which is recently fostered in the European Union mainly by two mentioned above framework directives which were established in order to realize sustainable and effective river basin management [21]. The approach proposed is similar. Methodological base of the method is modeling in GIS environment. The key question is appropriative selection of entities for modeling. If statement that in natural environment the main transfer of substance and energy is carried out by water is supported as one of the base statement, therefore the usage of drainage basins as entities for modeling is appropriate. But basins are not homogeneous, hence a landscape structure of basins must be taking into account. Such reasoning leads to the need for usage of an integrated basin-landscape approach for selection of entities for modeling The basin-landscape approach has a long successful story [21-24] and the approach has proven there robustness. The conceptual basic statements of this approach are following: x natural environment as geographical Earth envelope has a basin and landscape hierarchy; x the drainage basins structure is characterized by landscape "orderliness"; x the natural environment and human economic activity are closely interrelated within the basin-landscape systems; x the basin-landscape systems are optimal territorial units for environmental monitoring; x the combined use of simulation of different processes and objects in GIS-environment is the basis for optimizing of natural resource management. As the measures for mitigation of flood events, the regulation of river flow by the system of Self-Regulated Flood Dams (SRFD) with created by SRFD flood detention reservoirs/basins are analyzed. These dams are distributed on the river network and can save additional water volume from floods in temporary detention reservoirs/basins created by SRFD. Obviously SRFD have an impact on the environment, as part of the natural-technical system. The main features of this impact are short duration, high-speed processes, and instability. All these features are characterized by poor forecasts. The main groups of environmental factors that are most frequently occur in the management of SRFD with temporarily flooded reservoirs/basins are following: the flooding of forest and wetlands, changing of river hydrology parameters, water quality, and fish migration violation. Choosing of parameters and operation modes of SRFD performed using the integral ecological safety index. The index is defined by the permissible area of short-term flooding of lands in SRFD upstream, because the area of flooding land and duration of flooding usually determine the magnitude and type of changes in the natural environment of the river basin. An area of allowable land flooding is defined as minimum of the calculated for each i-th environmental factor. According the area of allowable land flooding the maximum for water elevation in SRFD
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upstream are determined. Moreover, during justification of flow regulation in the SRFD downstream, determination of the limit value of flood cutting must taking into account restriction from environments protection requirements. Steps for method proposed are described in the next part of the section. 1. First step of the method proposed is to create watersheds for drainage basins and sub-basins. According modern approaches we use Digital Elevation/Terrain Model (DEM) in GIS environment. Although DEMs may be useful for a number of hydrological applications, they are often the end result of numerous processing steps that each contains uncertainty. These uncertainties have the potential to greatly influence DEM quality and to further propagate to DEM-derived attributes including derived surface and near-surface drainage patterns [25, 26]. For solving such problems fuzzy logic methods are used [27-29]. DEMs can accurately replicate both landscape form and processes. DEMs are critical to support modeling of flood events [30]. Topographic accuracy, methods of preparation and grid size are all important for hydrodynamic models to efficiently modeling of flow processes [31]. In areas with a monsoon climate in the Far East of Russia there are many areas, which are prone to heavy flooding. Also these areas are remote and data-scarce regions and high resolution DEMs are often not available and therefore it is necessary to evaluate lower resolution data such as the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) for use within hydrodynamic models [32]. 2. Second step is creation watersheds of drainage basins in GIS environment with standard tools included in widespread GIS software (ArcGIS, QGIS, etc.). 3. Next step is creation of river network which is corresponded to DEM. Usage of synthetic rivers is an appropriate solution. Synthetic rivers are mathematical models of river networks, calculated from the DEM using thalweg tracing. Comparison of synthetic rivers and rivers obtained from digital maps showed that the tributary’s sites match well, but the source of real rivers and synthetic rivers don’t match. This is due to the fact, that finding a source of a real river always needs a complex study. At the same time source of a synthetic river placement (as well as synthetic rivers network density) depends on a set of thresholds in the algorithm [33]. Usually on the base of DEM calculation of flow direction is performed, as a result thalwegs is defined, and then some tool like Trace River is applied [34]. 4. Next step can be performed because river network is in matching with DEM. During this step sub-basins for each rivers intersection points are created. 5. On fifth step landcover (landscape) layer in GIS environment must be created. This layer usually is a raster layer. Classes for this layer can be different for different areas and tasks [35]. Also it is very useful to create a specific layer with information about data quality [28]. 6. At this point basic databases and GIS layers needed for hydrological modeling proposed are created. Special software for hydrological modeling in GIS environment such as MIKE HYDRO BASIN or HEC RAS can be used on this step. Alternative approach is development an own program using programming language like Phyton [36]. The basic raster layers of the GIS database are following: landscapes (lancover types) - ሼܵܮሽ and DEM - ሼܶܦሽ. In these layers, the pixels of the same size are used. The main resulting layer is a raster layer with the attribute flood time - ሼ݂ܶሽ corresponding to fixed parameters of SRFD. Let X is the location of SRFD on the river; w is the width of the SRFD hole, Hd - the height of SRFD. In each location X maximum volume of detention flood water Vm = F(Hd) can be calculated on the base of DEM. In the basin there are N landscapes. One of the criteria for site selection X is the relation of the detention basin storage capacity (Vm) to the amount of runoff which is generated in the drainage basin (Pr(X)). Let for every j-th landscape, a critical TSj flooding time, beyond which for the j-th landscape will be an environmental hazard, is known. Let HYD(t) is the hydrograph of specific flood. H(t) is the water level in the SRFD upstream (before flood H(t)=Const). Flooding begins at time t = 0. At each time step t is computed H(t): ܪሺݐሻ ൌ ݂ሺܺǡ ݓǡ ݀ܪǡ ሼܶܦሽǡ ܦܻܪሺ ݐെ ͳሻǡ ܪሺ ݐെ ͳሻሻ
(1)
H(t) < Hd. On the basis of H(t) can define a set of pixels which are flooded at time t: ሼܵܮሽ௧ .Then for each landscape: ሼ݂ܶሽ ൌ σ௧ሼܵܮሽ௧
(2)
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Then the condition to select the best location for SRFD can be written as: σሼ݂ܶሽ ՜ ݉݅݊ǡ ሼ݂ܶሽ ൏ ܶܵ
(3)
Also V(t) = F(H(t)) can be calculated which the effectiveness SRFD as the measures for mitigation of flood events can be defined. 3. Results and discussions Selemdzha river basin in Far East monsoon region of Russian Federation is considered as example for testing of the method proposed. Remote sensing data as SRTM for part of the region analyzed for DEM creation have been used. The result of first step of the method – creation of DEM for Selemdgha river on fig.1 is shown. A width floodplain with unstable riverbed can be recognized. This is why the synthetic rivers network using thalweg of digital elevation model are created for modeling. This synthetic rivers network on fig. 1 also is shown (result of step 3).
Fig. 1. DEM for Selemdgha river (Far East of Russia).
Result of sub-basins creation for each rivers intersection points on fig.2 is shown. Fig. 3 shows the results of testing the developed software and the proposed method: a thematic GIS map for flooding for the specific site selection of SRFD (ሼܵܮሽ௧ .for using in (2) formula) Flooding time duration for specific w is shown with different color. Pixel size for the raster GIS database is 100 meters. Raster GIS database layer on Fig.3B was combined with the landscape layer and critical times to fit (2) formula. This allowed a comparison of locations with others and chooses a location that has a minimal impact on the environment. If ecological management concerning risk-based flood management define as a system approach that assesses and compares the structural and non-structural measures to pursue the best ameliorating effects, than the method proposed can solve some sustainable urban development problem in flood-prone areas taking into account environmental impact [37, 38]. The method proposed adapts the principles supporting structural measures as diverting water away from urban area to making room for water and save natural landscapes.
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Fig. 2. Sub-basin automatically created on the base of DEM for Selemdgha river.
Fig. 3. The results of the modeling of flood zones.
4. Conclusions As the measures for mitigation of flood events, the regulation of river flow by the system of detention reservoirs for flood diversion with dams, which do not need any operation management, are analyzed concerning of Far East region of Russia. The method for analysis how the dam site selection meets the environmental criterion is developed. This method used to justify a selection of self-regulated flood dam parameters, primarily a height of a
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dam and its location on a water stream, providing minimization of impact on the environment have been developed. The method proposed adapts the principles supporting structural measures as diverting water away from developed area to making room for water and save natural landscapes. The result for Selemdzha river basin in Far East monsoon region of Russian Federation shows the robustness of the method. Acknowledgements The research was supported by Russian Science Foundation (grant #16-17-00050). References [1] M. Fedorov, V. Badenko, V. Maslikov, A. Chusov, Distributed system of dams for flood protection of urban land to ensure sustainable development, MATEC Web of Conf. 73 (2016) 01002. [2] H.A.P.Q. Hapuarachchi, J. Wang, T.C. Pagano. A review of advances in flash flood forecasting, Hydrol. Process. 25 (2011) 2771–2784. [3] H. Kreibich, P. Bubeck, M. Van Vliet, H. De Moel, A review of damage-reducing measures to manage fluvial flood risks in a changing climate, Mitigation Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang. 20(6) (2015) 967-989. [4] R.A. Pielke, M.W. Downton, Precipitation and Damaging Floods: Trends in the United States, 1932–97, J. Clim. 1 (2000) 3625–3637. [5] B. Merz, et al. Floods and climate: emerging perspectives for flood risk assessment and management, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 14 (2014) 1921–1942. [6] J. Ran, Z. Nedovic-Budic, Integrating spatial planning and flood risk management: A new conceptual framework for the spatially integrated policy infrastructure, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 57 (2016) 68–79. [7] B. Merz, J. Hall, M. Disse, A. Schumann, Fluvial flood risk management in a changing world, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 10 (2010) 509– 527. [8] J. Bölscher, A. Schulte, C. Reinhardt, R. Wenzel, Flash flood retention in headwater areas of the Natzschung river using small retarding basins, IAHS-AISH Publ. 357 (2013) 153-165. [9] J. Leandro, A. Schumann, A. Pfister, A step towards considering the spatial heterogeneity of urban key features in urban hydrology flood modelling, J. Hydrol. 535 (2016) 356-365. [10] A.H. Schumann, J. Geyer, Hydrological design of flood reservoirs by utilization of GIS and remote sensing, IAHS-AISH Publ. 242 (1997) 173-180. [11] L. Wang, J. Yu, Modelling detention basins measured from high-resolution light detection and ranging data, Hydrol. Process. 26(19) (2012) 2973-2984. [12] L. Alfieri, L. Feyen, G. Di Baldassarre, Increasing flood risk under climate change: a pan-European assessment of the benefits of four adaptation strategies, Clim. 136(3-4) (2016) 507-521. [13] J.M. van der Knijff, J. Younis, A.P.J. de Roo, LISFLOOD: A GIS-based distributed model for river basin scale water balance and flood simulation, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 24 (2) (2010) 189-212. [14] E.J. Plate, Flood risk and flood management, J. Hydrol. 267 (2002) 2–11. [15] M.P. Fedorov, A.G. Bogolyubov, V.I. Maslikov, Environmental safety of power plants using renewable sources of energy, Hydrotechnical Construction. 29 (1995) 353-357. [16] J. Schanze, A European framework of integration for flood risk management, reducing the vulnerability of societies to water related risks at the basin scale, IAHS-AISH Publ. 317 (2007) 389-393. [17] C. Butler, N. Pidgeon, From 'flood defence' to 'flood risk management': Exploring governance, responsibility, and blame, Environ. Plan. C Gov. Pract. 29 (2011) 533-547. [18] F. Xerri, P. Jeffrey, H.M. Smith, Unpacking organizational capacity in the context of the Water Framework Directive, Intl. J. River Basin Management. 14(3) (2016) 317-327. [19] A. Pistrika, G. Tsakiris, I. Nalbantis, Flood depth-damage functions for built environment, Environmental Processes. 1(4) (2014) 553-572. [20] M. Evers, Integrative river basin management: challenges and methodologies within the German planning system, Environmental Earth Sciences. 75(14) (2016) article #1085. [21] N.V. Aref'ev, V.L. Badenko, G.K. Osipov, Basin-landscape approach to the organization of environmental monitoring of hydropower complexes on the basis of geographical information technologies, Power Technology and Engineering. 32 (1998) 660-663. [22] N. Arefiev, V. Badenko, A. Nikonorov, V. Terleev, Y. Volkova, Bank protection on storage reservoirs for municipal coastal areas, Procedia Eng. 117 (2015) 20-25. [23] V.V. Elistratov, V.I. Maslikov, G.I. Sidorenko, Water-power regimes of the HPP in the Volga–Kama cascade, Power Technology and Engineering. 49 (2015) 6-10. [24] M.P. Fedorov, V.V. Elistratov, V.I. Maslikov, G.I. Sidorenko, A.N. Chusov, V.P. Atrashenok, D.V. Molodtsov, A.S. Savvichev, A.V. Zinchenko, Reservoir greenhouse gas emissions at russian HPP, Power Technology and Engineering. 49 (2015) 33-39. [25] K. Woodrow, J.B. Lindsay, A.A. Berg, Evaluating DEM conditioning techniques, elevation source data, and grid resolution for field-scale hydrological parameter extraction, J. Hydrol. 540 (2016) 1022-1029.
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[26] Y. Deng, J.P. Wilson, B.O. Bauer, DEM resolution dependencies of terrain attributes across a landscape, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 21(2) (2007) 187-213. [27] D. Kurtener, V. Badenko, A GIS methodological framework based on fuzzy sets theory for land use management, J. Braz. Comp. Soc. 6 (2000) 26-32. [28] D.Kurtener, V.Badenko, GIS fuzzy algorithm for estimating the quality of soil parameter Evaluation of attribute data quality, Geomatics Info Magazine. 15 (2001) 76-79. [29] N. Arefiev, V. Terleev, V. Badenko, GIS-based fuzzy method for urban planning, Procedia Eng. 117 (2015) 39-44. [30] P.A. Brivio, R. Colombo, M. Maggi, R. Tomasoni, Integration of remote sensing data and GIS for accurate mapping of flooded areas, Int. J. Remote Sens. 23(3) (2002) 429-441. [31] V. Merwade, A. Cook, J. Coonrod, GIS techniques for creating river terrain models for hydrodynamic modeling and flood inundation mapping, Environ. Model. Softw. 23(10-11) (2008) 1300-1311. [32] A.A. Jarihani, J.N. Callow, T.R. McVicar, T.G. Van Niel, J.R. Larsen, Satellite-derived Digital Elevation Model (DEM) selection, preparation and correction for hydrodynamic modelling in large, low-gradient and data-sparse catchments, J. Hydrol. 524 (2015) 489-506. [33] N. Arefiev, O. Nikonova, N. Badenko, T. Ivanov, V. Oleshko, Development of automated approaches for hydropowerpotential estimations and prospective hydropower plants siting, Vide. Tehnologija. Resursi - Environment, Technology, Resources. 2 (2015) 41-50. [34] R.F. Vázquez, J. Feyen, Rainfall-runoff modelling of a rocky catchment with limited data availability: Defining prediction limits, J. Hydrol. 387(1-2) (2010) 128-140. [35] V. Badenko, D. Kurtener, V. Yakushev, A. Torbert, G. Badenko, Evaluation of current state of agricultural land using problem-oriented fuzzy indicators in GIS environment, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). 9788 (2016) 57-69. [36] V. Badenko, N. Badenko, A. Nikonorov, D. Molodtsov, V. Terleev, J. Lednova, V. Maslikov, Ecological aspect of dam design for flood regulation and sustainable urban development, MATEC Web of Conf. 73 (2016) 03003. [37] M.P.Fedorov, V.I. Maslikov, Reducing the risk of flooding in the river basin by flood management using distributed system of dams and power-stations, Proceedings of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Power Engineering, 4 (2013) 47 – 52. [38] R. De Graaf, N. Van De Giesen, F. Van De Ven, Alternative water management options to reduce vulnerability for climate change in the Netherlands, Nat. Hazards. 51(3) (2009) 407-422.
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 1629 – 1636
15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Prerequisite for Sustainable Development”
Site selection for flood detention basins with minimum environmental impact Mikhail Fedorov a, Vladimir Badenko a,*, Vladimir Maslikov a, Alexander Chusov a a
Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya, 29, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation
Abstract The concept of decentralized flood protection measures is based on the idea of localization and usage of the capability of headwater areas of a flooded catchment to retard runoff as early as possible and at several places at the same time by means of flood detention basins with minimum environmental impact. Flood protection management is discussed on a project planning level. A system of multipurpose flood protection self-regulated dams with flood detention basins is analyzed as the measures for mitigation of flood events. The method to justify a site selection of self-regulated flood dam and other parameters of the dams, providing minimization of impact on the environment have been developed. Some results of the method application in GIS environment to prove there robustness are presented. © 2016The TheAuthors. Authors. Published by Elsevier © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Urbanisation as aresponsibility Prerequisite of forthe Sustainable Development. Prerequisite for Sustainable Development Keywords: Geotechnics; hydromechanics; flood management; mathematical modeling; GIS; environmental impact
1. Introduction Future flood risk is likely to increase due to a combination of climatic and socio-economic effects. This leads to that many floodplains are excluded from sustainable development. Flood protection became one of the main development problems of modern society, related to environment. New adaptation strategies need to be implemented to restrict the impact of river flooding on population and assets taking into account an environmental
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +7-921-309-41-00 E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Prerequisite for Sustainable Development
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.903
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Mikhail Fedorov et al. / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 1629 – 1636
aspect. Flooding has significant impacts on human activities. It can threaten people’s lives, their property and the environment. Assets at risk can include housing, transport and public service infrastructure, and commercial, industrial and agricultural enterprises [1]. Also changing demography (i.e. increased urbanization) will result in larger segments of the population being prone to flash flooding [2]. Flooding is a common natural hazard which contributed to about 40% of worldwide natural disasters, so in many publications different measures for mitigation of flooding events have been discussed. In review [3] potentials of land-use planning and private flood precautionary measures as components of adaptation strategies for global change were analyzed. Further damage increases due to floods are expected in several regions due to climate change and growing vulnerability. Therefore to address the projected increase in flood risk, a combination of structural and non-structural flood risk mitigation measures must be considered as a promising adaptation strategy. Some authors points to the weak relationship between hydrological and damaging floods: even if we know much about hydrological floods in a certain area, we may know little about damaging floods [4]. In [5] authors pointed out the importance of the organization of an international multidisciplinary collaboration and data-sharing initiative to further understand the links between climate and flooding and to advance flood research. Also authors come to the following interesting conclusions with conceptual meaning: 1) extending the traditional system boundaries (local catchment, recent decades, hydrological/hydraulic processes) opens up exciting possibilities for better understanding and improved tools for flood risk assessment and management; 2) statistical approaches in flood estimation need to be complemented by the search for the causal mechanisms and dominant processes in the atmosphere, catchment and river system that leave their fingerprints on flood characteristics; 3) natural climate variability leads to time-varying flood characteristics, and this variation may be partially quantifiable and predictable, with the perspective of dynamic, climate-informed flood risk management; 4) Efforts are needed to fully account for factors that contribute to changes in all three risk components (hazard, exposure, vulnerability) and to better understand the interactions between society and floods. Flood risk emerges from the interaction of hazard and vulnerability [6]. Authors in [7] had identified a range of levels at which change may be incorporated in decision making on flood risk management: in the representation of uncertain non-stationary quantities; in the rules that are used to identify preferred options; in the variety of options that may be contemplated for flood risk management; in the scope of problem definition. According author's opinion integrated responses to changing flood risk need to attend to each of these levels of decision making, from the technicalities of non-stationary, to the promotion of resilient societies. Common flood protection management mostly focuses on the downstream catchment regions and the question arises if for any opportunities in headwater areas exist to mitigate flood consequences, that in [8] the modeled scenarios indicate that the use of small basins has a distinct and local impact on the reduction and time shift of peak discharge. Flood control by structural measures has two different options: 1) within the specific basin flood storage capacities can be created in reservoirs which reduce the downstream flood flows and 2) flood-proofing measures (levees) are built which reduce the damage of floods but do not affect their runoff [9]. For site selection of possible detention basin number of technical (hydrological, geomorphological, geological, etc.), economical, ecological and social aspects should be considered. First step of evaluation of possible site selection by a geomorphological analysis of the river basin and evaluated with hydrological and economical criteria had been analyzed in [10]. The construction of stormwater detention basins in upstream areas is a one of the perspective management practice to effectively control of floods, to provide additional surface and volume storage for excess floodwater and to compensate for the adverse effects of region development in downstream areas [11]. In [12] the effect of implementing four different adaptation measures in the modeling framework was simulated. The measures include the rise of flood protections, reduction of the peak flows through water retention, reduction of vulnerability and relocation to safer areas. The authors had conclusions, that the adaptation efforts should favor measures targeted at reducing the impacts of floods, rather than trying to avoid them. In paper [13] the spatially distributed LISFLOOD model is describe, which is a hydrological model specifically developed for the simulation of hydrological processes in large European river basins. Flood risk management has been discussed in many papers giving different meanings to the term—a result of the fact that risk management actually takes place on three different levels of actions: the operational level, which is associated with operating an existing system, a project planning level, which is used when a new, or a revision of an
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existing project is planned, and a project design level, which is embedded into the second level and describes the process of reaching an optimal solution for the project [14]. In the present paper the third level is discussed. Naturaltechnical systems [15] with hydropower facilities are analyzed to solve a problem of reducing of flood control volume for hydropower station. The methods of reducing the risk of flooding by distributed system of reservoirs/basins with self-regulated dams are proposed. A geoinformation method to justify the selection of parameters of such basins, primarily location on the river that minimize impact on the environment (ecological factor) are presented. 2. Materials and methods The method proposed is in close relations with Directive on the assessment and management of floods proposed by The European Commission [16]. In particular, in EU a Directive was adopted [17] by flood risk management, which connected with European Water Framework Directive on management of river basin water sources [18]. The main objective of the Directive is to manage and ultimately to reduce the risks that floods pose to human health, environment, infrastructure and property. Under the proposed Directive the Member States are obliged to deliver the following for river basins and sub-basins [19]: x Preliminary flood risk assessment x Flood risk maps x Flood risk management plans One of the corresponding approaches are named "Integrated river basin management" [20], which is recently fostered in the European Union mainly by two mentioned above framework directives which were established in order to realize sustainable and effective river basin management [21]. The approach proposed is similar. Methodological base of the method is modeling in GIS environment. The key question is appropriative selection of entities for modeling. If statement that in natural environment the main transfer of substance and energy is carried out by water is supported as one of the base statement, therefore the usage of drainage basins as entities for modeling is appropriate. But basins are not homogeneous, hence a landscape structure of basins must be taking into account. Such reasoning leads to the need for usage of an integrated basin-landscape approach for selection of entities for modeling The basin-landscape approach has a long successful story [21-24] and the approach has proven there robustness. The conceptual basic statements of this approach are following: x natural environment as geographical Earth envelope has a basin and landscape hierarchy; x the drainage basins structure is characterized by landscape "orderliness"; x the natural environment and human economic activity are closely interrelated within the basin-landscape systems; x the basin-landscape systems are optimal territorial units for environmental monitoring; x the combined use of simulation of different processes and objects in GIS-environment is the basis for optimizing of natural resource management. As the measures for mitigation of flood events, the regulation of river flow by the system of Self-Regulated Flood Dams (SRFD) with created by SRFD flood detention reservoirs/basins are analyzed. These dams are distributed on the river network and can save additional water volume from floods in temporary detention reservoirs/basins created by SRFD. Obviously SRFD have an impact on the environment, as part of the natural-technical system. The main features of this impact are short duration, high-speed processes, and instability. All these features are characterized by poor forecasts. The main groups of environmental factors that are most frequently occur in the management of SRFD with temporarily flooded reservoirs/basins are following: the flooding of forest and wetlands, changing of river hydrology parameters, water quality, and fish migration violation. Choosing of parameters and operation modes of SRFD performed using the integral ecological safety index. The index is defined by the permissible area of short-term flooding of lands in SRFD upstream, because the area of flooding land and duration of flooding usually determine the magnitude and type of changes in the natural environment of the river basin. An area of allowable land flooding is defined as minimum of the calculated for each i-th environmental factor. According the area of allowable land flooding the maximum for water elevation in SRFD
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upstream are determined. Moreover, during justification of flow regulation in the SRFD downstream, determination of the limit value of flood cutting must taking into account restriction from environments protection requirements. Steps for method proposed are described in the next part of the section. 1. First step of the method proposed is to create watersheds for drainage basins and sub-basins. According modern approaches we use Digital Elevation/Terrain Model (DEM) in GIS environment. Although DEMs may be useful for a number of hydrological applications, they are often the end result of numerous processing steps that each contains uncertainty. These uncertainties have the potential to greatly influence DEM quality and to further propagate to DEM-derived attributes including derived surface and near-surface drainage patterns [25, 26]. For solving such problems fuzzy logic methods are used [27-29]. DEMs can accurately replicate both landscape form and processes. DEMs are critical to support modeling of flood events [30]. Topographic accuracy, methods of preparation and grid size are all important for hydrodynamic models to efficiently modeling of flow processes [31]. In areas with a monsoon climate in the Far East of Russia there are many areas, which are prone to heavy flooding. Also these areas are remote and data-scarce regions and high resolution DEMs are often not available and therefore it is necessary to evaluate lower resolution data such as the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) for use within hydrodynamic models [32]. 2. Second step is creation watersheds of drainage basins in GIS environment with standard tools included in widespread GIS software (ArcGIS, QGIS, etc.). 3. Next step is creation of river network which is corresponded to DEM. Usage of synthetic rivers is an appropriate solution. Synthetic rivers are mathematical models of river networks, calculated from the DEM using thalweg tracing. Comparison of synthetic rivers and rivers obtained from digital maps showed that the tributary’s sites match well, but the source of real rivers and synthetic rivers don’t match. This is due to the fact, that finding a source of a real river always needs a complex study. At the same time source of a synthetic river placement (as well as synthetic rivers network density) depends on a set of thresholds in the algorithm [33]. Usually on the base of DEM calculation of flow direction is performed, as a result thalwegs is defined, and then some tool like Trace River is applied [34]. 4. Next step can be performed because river network is in matching with DEM. During this step sub-basins for each rivers intersection points are created. 5. On fifth step landcover (landscape) layer in GIS environment must be created. This layer usually is a raster layer. Classes for this layer can be different for different areas and tasks [35]. Also it is very useful to create a specific layer with information about data quality [28]. 6. At this point basic databases and GIS layers needed for hydrological modeling proposed are created. Special software for hydrological modeling in GIS environment such as MIKE HYDRO BASIN or HEC RAS can be used on this step. Alternative approach is development an own program using programming language like Phyton [36]. The basic raster layers of the GIS database are following: landscapes (lancover types) - ሼܵܮሽ and DEM - ሼܶܦሽ. In these layers, the pixels of the same size are used. The main resulting layer is a raster layer with the attribute flood time - ሼ݂ܶሽ corresponding to fixed parameters of SRFD. Let X is the location of SRFD on the river; w is the width of the SRFD hole, Hd - the height of SRFD. In each location X maximum volume of detention flood water Vm = F(Hd) can be calculated on the base of DEM. In the basin there are N landscapes. One of the criteria for site selection X is the relation of the detention basin storage capacity (Vm) to the amount of runoff which is generated in the drainage basin (Pr(X)). Let for every j-th landscape, a critical TSj flooding time, beyond which for the j-th landscape will be an environmental hazard, is known. Let HYD(t) is the hydrograph of specific flood. H(t) is the water level in the SRFD upstream (before flood H(t)=Const). Flooding begins at time t = 0. At each time step t is computed H(t): ܪሺݐሻ ൌ ݂ሺܺǡ ݓǡ ݀ܪǡ ሼܶܦሽǡ ܦܻܪሺ ݐെ ͳሻǡ ܪሺ ݐെ ͳሻሻ
(1)
H(t) < Hd. On the basis of H(t) can define a set of pixels which are flooded at time t: ሼܵܮሽ௧ .Then for each landscape: ሼ݂ܶሽ ൌ σ௧ሼܵܮሽ௧
(2)
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Then the condition to select the best location for SRFD can be written as: σሼ݂ܶሽ ՜ ݉݅݊ǡ ሼ݂ܶሽ ൏ ܶܵ
(3)
Also V(t) = F(H(t)) can be calculated which the effectiveness SRFD as the measures for mitigation of flood events can be defined. 3. Results and discussions Selemdzha river basin in Far East monsoon region of Russian Federation is considered as example for testing of the method proposed. Remote sensing data as SRTM for part of the region analyzed for DEM creation have been used. The result of first step of the method – creation of DEM for Selemdgha river on fig.1 is shown. A width floodplain with unstable riverbed can be recognized. This is why the synthetic rivers network using thalweg of digital elevation model are created for modeling. This synthetic rivers network on fig. 1 also is shown (result of step 3).
Fig. 1. DEM for Selemdgha river (Far East of Russia).
Result of sub-basins creation for each rivers intersection points on fig.2 is shown. Fig. 3 shows the results of testing the developed software and the proposed method: a thematic GIS map for flooding for the specific site selection of SRFD (ሼܵܮሽ௧ .for using in (2) formula) Flooding time duration for specific w is shown with different color. Pixel size for the raster GIS database is 100 meters. Raster GIS database layer on Fig.3B was combined with the landscape layer and critical times to fit (2) formula. This allowed a comparison of locations with others and chooses a location that has a minimal impact on the environment. If ecological management concerning risk-based flood management define as a system approach that assesses and compares the structural and non-structural measures to pursue the best ameliorating effects, than the method proposed can solve some sustainable urban development problem in flood-prone areas taking into account environmental impact [37, 38]. The method proposed adapts the principles supporting structural measures as diverting water away from urban area to making room for water and save natural landscapes.
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Fig. 2. Sub-basin automatically created on the base of DEM for Selemdgha river.
Fig. 3. The results of the modeling of flood zones.
4. Conclusions As the measures for mitigation of flood events, the regulation of river flow by the system of detention reservoirs for flood diversion with dams, which do not need any operation management, are analyzed concerning of Far East region of Russia. The method for analysis how the dam site selection meets the environmental criterion is developed. This method used to justify a selection of self-regulated flood dam parameters, primarily a height of a
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dam and its location on a water stream, providing minimization of impact on the environment have been developed. The method proposed adapts the principles supporting structural measures as diverting water away from developed area to making room for water and save natural landscapes. The result for Selemdzha river basin in Far East monsoon region of Russian Federation shows the robustness of the method. Acknowledgements The research was supported by Russian Science Foundation (grant #16-17-00050). References [1] M. Fedorov, V. Badenko, V. Maslikov, A. Chusov, Distributed system of dams for flood protection of urban land to ensure sustainable development, MATEC Web of Conf. 73 (2016) 01002. [2] H.A.P.Q. Hapuarachchi, J. Wang, T.C. Pagano. A review of advances in flash flood forecasting, Hydrol. Process. 25 (2011) 2771–2784. [3] H. Kreibich, P. Bubeck, M. Van Vliet, H. De Moel, A review of damage-reducing measures to manage fluvial flood risks in a changing climate, Mitigation Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang. 20(6) (2015) 967-989. [4] R.A. Pielke, M.W. Downton, Precipitation and Damaging Floods: Trends in the United States, 1932–97, J. Clim. 1 (2000) 3625–3637. [5] B. Merz, et al. Floods and climate: emerging perspectives for flood risk assessment and management, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 14 (2014) 1921–1942. [6] J. Ran, Z. Nedovic-Budic, Integrating spatial planning and flood risk management: A new conceptual framework for the spatially integrated policy infrastructure, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 57 (2016) 68–79. [7] B. Merz, J. Hall, M. Disse, A. Schumann, Fluvial flood risk management in a changing world, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 10 (2010) 509– 527. [8] J. Bölscher, A. Schulte, C. Reinhardt, R. Wenzel, Flash flood retention in headwater areas of the Natzschung river using small retarding basins, IAHS-AISH Publ. 357 (2013) 153-165. [9] J. Leandro, A. Schumann, A. Pfister, A step towards considering the spatial heterogeneity of urban key features in urban hydrology flood modelling, J. Hydrol. 535 (2016) 356-365. [10] A.H. Schumann, J. Geyer, Hydrological design of flood reservoirs by utilization of GIS and remote sensing, IAHS-AISH Publ. 242 (1997) 173-180. [11] L. Wang, J. Yu, Modelling detention basins measured from high-resolution light detection and ranging data, Hydrol. Process. 26(19) (2012) 2973-2984. [12] L. Alfieri, L. Feyen, G. Di Baldassarre, Increasing flood risk under climate change: a pan-European assessment of the benefits of four adaptation strategies, Clim. 136(3-4) (2016) 507-521. [13] J.M. van der Knijff, J. Younis, A.P.J. de Roo, LISFLOOD: A GIS-based distributed model for river basin scale water balance and flood simulation, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 24 (2) (2010) 189-212. [14] E.J. Plate, Flood risk and flood management, J. Hydrol. 267 (2002) 2–11. [15] M.P. Fedorov, A.G. Bogolyubov, V.I. Maslikov, Environmental safety of power plants using renewable sources of energy, Hydrotechnical Construction. 29 (1995) 353-357. [16] J. Schanze, A European framework of integration for flood risk management, reducing the vulnerability of societies to water related risks at the basin scale, IAHS-AISH Publ. 317 (2007) 389-393. [17] C. Butler, N. Pidgeon, From 'flood defence' to 'flood risk management': Exploring governance, responsibility, and blame, Environ. Plan. C Gov. Pract. 29 (2011) 533-547. [18] F. Xerri, P. Jeffrey, H.M. Smith, Unpacking organizational capacity in the context of the Water Framework Directive, Intl. J. River Basin Management. 14(3) (2016) 317-327. [19] A. Pistrika, G. Tsakiris, I. Nalbantis, Flood depth-damage functions for built environment, Environmental Processes. 1(4) (2014) 553-572. [20] M. Evers, Integrative river basin management: challenges and methodologies within the German planning system, Environmental Earth Sciences. 75(14) (2016) article #1085. [21] N.V. Aref'ev, V.L. Badenko, G.K. Osipov, Basin-landscape approach to the organization of environmental monitoring of hydropower complexes on the basis of geographical information technologies, Power Technology and Engineering. 32 (1998) 660-663. [22] N. Arefiev, V. Badenko, A. Nikonorov, V. Terleev, Y. Volkova, Bank protection on storage reservoirs for municipal coastal areas, Procedia Eng. 117 (2015) 20-25. [23] V.V. Elistratov, V.I. Maslikov, G.I. Sidorenko, Water-power regimes of the HPP in the Volga–Kama cascade, Power Technology and Engineering. 49 (2015) 6-10. [24] M.P. Fedorov, V.V. Elistratov, V.I. Maslikov, G.I. Sidorenko, A.N. Chusov, V.P. Atrashenok, D.V. Molodtsov, A.S. Savvichev, A.V. Zinchenko, Reservoir greenhouse gas emissions at russian HPP, Power Technology and Engineering. 49 (2015) 33-39. [25] K. Woodrow, J.B. Lindsay, A.A. Berg, Evaluating DEM conditioning techniques, elevation source data, and grid resolution for field-scale hydrological parameter extraction, J. Hydrol. 540 (2016) 1022-1029.
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