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Size, Shape and Color Pattern as Criteria for Identifying Coturnix Eggs
1292
RESEARCH NOTES
CH3OH CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 C=C(CH 2 ) 7 C0 2 H (Horning) * CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 C=C(CH 2 ) 7 C0 2 CH 3 7% BF3 CH 3 LiAlH4
CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 C=C(CH 2 ) 7 CH 2 OS0 2 ,/
\CH3 <
S02C1 . CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 C=C(CH 2 ) 7 CH 2 OH
CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 C=C(CH 2 ) 7 CH 3
_ + HCC0 2 C 2 H 6 CI NNCH 2 C0 2 C 2 H 6 / \ > CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 C=C(CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 Cu (dust) Alcoholic KOH
CH C104 HCC0 2 H / \ HCIO4 / \ CH3(CH2)7C = C(CH2)7CH3< CH3(CH2)7C = C(CH2)7CH3
LiAlH4 CH2 CH3(CH2)7C =
C(CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 (Nordby)
24
B.P. 100-105°C, nD 1.4490. Analysis calculated for Ci9H36: carbon—86.28, hydrogen—13.72; determined: carbon—86.25, hydrogen—13.75.
SIZE, SHAPE AND COLOR PATTERN AS CRITERIA FOR IDENTIFYING COTURNIX EGGS J. M. JONES, M. A. MALONEY AND J. C. GIIBREATH Poultry Science Department, Oklahoma State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Stillwater, Oklahoma (Received for publication June 22, 1964)
T
HE
usefulness
of Japanese quail
tain useful records from genetic studies,
(Coturnix coturnix japonica) in avian genetic and physiological studies has been demonstrated, Padgett and Ivey (1959), Howes and Ivey (1961). In order to ob-
single male mating pens consisting of several females should be used. The efficiency of this type of mating system depends upon the correct identification of the individual
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Univ of Iowa-Law Library on June 25, 2015
LiAlH4
RESEARCH NOTES
the eggs from five females being represented in each group. In this study, each group would represent a breeding pen containing five females. The number of eggs used for each female in each group was varied randomly from one to eight. This could be representative of eight days' egg production. An effort was made to assure that females having similar egg color patterns were not in the same group and this policy was followed throughout the three experiments. The mean score obtained in this experiment was 75 percent positive identification. The second experiment consisted of the eggs from twelve females divided into three groups representing four females per group. By reducing the number from five females to four females per group (or pen), the mean score increased from 75 percent to 93.33 percent accurate identification. The third experiment was designed on the basis of four groups with three females per group. This is a recommended number of females per male (Howes and Ivey, 1961). In this experiment each observer was given replications of each group to identify (Table 1). Each replication within group was varied randomly for the number of eggs per female. The mean percentage of accurately identified eggs was 98.75 percent. These results, as shown in Table 1, indicate that eggs from pens containing three properly selected females may be identified. In order to obtain results comparable to those in these experiments, only females with distinct differences in egg size, shape and color pattern should be placed in multiple female pens. It was also observed that a female occasionally lays an egg which varies from her normal pattern. This presents a problem only when two or all three females simultaneously lay eggs which vary from the normal pattern.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Univ of Iowa-Law Library on June 25, 2015
females eggs. Due to the laying habits of the Coturnix female, and the lack of an efficient trapnest system, the proper identification of the individual female's eggs becomes a problem. The uniformity of an individual female's eggs has been observed by several investigators. Axelsson (1932) reported that, among wild birds, only occasionally is an individual found whose eggs deviate widely from the normal color. Among domestic chicken and turkey females each bird lays eggs that are more or less consistently of the same shape and color. Wetherbee (1961) stated that since individual Coturnix females lay eggs of varied shape and color, mixed clutches cannot be distinguished by these criteria. It has been observed at this station, however, that most individual Coturnix females do lay eggs of similar size, shape and color pattern. This similarity may possibly be useful in setting up selected groups in order to facilitate multiple female breeding pens. This study was conducted in order to determine the ability of an investigator to identify Coturnix eggs from specific females in multiple female pens, based on differences in egg size, shape and color pattern. From 24 Coturnix females, 513 eggs were utilized in a series of three experiments. Each of the 24 females were kept in individual cages. The eggs from each female were identified numerically to assure proper identification. Three eggs from each female were selected at random and placed in a petri dish to serve as a guide for the identification of her eggs. Five individual observers working independently of each other were utilized in each of the three experiments. Each observer was scored on his ability to identify accurately the eggs from each female. In the first experiment, eggs from ten females were divided into two groups with
1293
1294
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 1.—Percentage positive identification in trial 3 Observe] Mean D
E
B
Group 1 Rep. 1 Rep. 2
100 100
100 100
100 100
100 100
100 100
100 100
Group 2 Rep. 1 Rep. 2
91.7 100
100 100
100 100
100 100
100 100
98.34 100
Group 3 Rep. 1 Rep. 1
100 91.7
100 100
91.7 100
100 100
100 100
98.34 98.34
Group 4 Rep. 1 Rep. 2
100 100
100 100
100 100
91.7 83.34
100 100
98.34 96.67
96.88
100
x Individual score
97.92
x Score for all 5 observers
100
C
98.96
98.75
The results of these experiments indicate that by selecting the females it is possible to distinguish mixed clutches of Coturnix eggs with a high degree of accuracy. It was felt by the observers that shell color pattern was the most valuable single characteristic in egg identification. REFERENCES Axelsson, J., 1932. Kg. Fysiograf. Sallskap. Handl., 43(4): 97-99-100-101. Reviewed by Romanoff,
A. J., and A. L. Romanoff, 1949. The Avian Egg. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, New York. Howes, J. R., and W. D. Ivey, 1961. Coturnix quail for avian research. Feedstuffs, 33 (No. 21): 38. Padgett, C. A., and W. D. Ivey, 19S9. Coturnix quail as a laboratory research animal. Science, 129: 267-268. Wetherbee, D. K., 1961. Investigations in the life history of the common coturnix. The American Midland Naturalist, 65: 168-186.
SPREADING EEG DEPRESSION IN CHICKENS T . OOKAWA AND JlRO GOTOH Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Anzyo, Aichi Prefecture, Japan (Received for publication June 22, 1964)
L
EAO (1944) reported originally the ' depression of spontaneous electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, caused by electrical or mechanical stimulation, in rabbits, and he designated this response as "spreading depression." Spreading depression (SD) accompanied by a slow potential change of the cortex has been reported
in many mammalia (Marshall, 19S9). In lower vertebrates, similar phenomenon has been observed in the retina of the toad (Gouras, 1958). In pigeons, Leao (1944) also mentioned the occurrence of SD, and recently Bures et al. (1960) have reported this phenomenon in pigeons using slow potential changes as the main indicator of
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Univ of Iowa-Law Library on June 25, 2015
A
RESEARCH NOTES
CH3OH CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 C=C(CH 2 ) 7 C0 2 H (Horning) * CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 C=C(CH 2 ) 7 C0 2 CH 3 7% BF3 CH 3 LiAlH4
CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 C=C(CH 2 ) 7 CH 2 OS0 2 ,/
\CH3 <
S02C1 . CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 C=C(CH 2 ) 7 CH 2 OH
CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 C=C(CH 2 ) 7 CH 3
_ + HCC0 2 C 2 H 6 CI NNCH 2 C0 2 C 2 H 6 / \ > CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 C=C(CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 Cu (dust) Alcoholic KOH
CH C104 HCC0 2 H / \ HCIO4 / \ CH3(CH2)7C = C(CH2)7CH3< CH3(CH2)7C = C(CH2)7CH3
LiAlH4 CH2 CH3(CH2)7C =
C(CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 (Nordby)
24
B.P. 100-105°C, nD 1.4490. Analysis calculated for Ci9H36: carbon—86.28, hydrogen—13.72; determined: carbon—86.25, hydrogen—13.75.
SIZE, SHAPE AND COLOR PATTERN AS CRITERIA FOR IDENTIFYING COTURNIX EGGS J. M. JONES, M. A. MALONEY AND J. C. GIIBREATH Poultry Science Department, Oklahoma State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Stillwater, Oklahoma (Received for publication June 22, 1964)
T
HE
usefulness
of Japanese quail
tain useful records from genetic studies,
(Coturnix coturnix japonica) in avian genetic and physiological studies has been demonstrated, Padgett and Ivey (1959), Howes and Ivey (1961). In order to ob-
single male mating pens consisting of several females should be used. The efficiency of this type of mating system depends upon the correct identification of the individual
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Univ of Iowa-Law Library on June 25, 2015
LiAlH4
RESEARCH NOTES
the eggs from five females being represented in each group. In this study, each group would represent a breeding pen containing five females. The number of eggs used for each female in each group was varied randomly from one to eight. This could be representative of eight days' egg production. An effort was made to assure that females having similar egg color patterns were not in the same group and this policy was followed throughout the three experiments. The mean score obtained in this experiment was 75 percent positive identification. The second experiment consisted of the eggs from twelve females divided into three groups representing four females per group. By reducing the number from five females to four females per group (or pen), the mean score increased from 75 percent to 93.33 percent accurate identification. The third experiment was designed on the basis of four groups with three females per group. This is a recommended number of females per male (Howes and Ivey, 1961). In this experiment each observer was given replications of each group to identify (Table 1). Each replication within group was varied randomly for the number of eggs per female. The mean percentage of accurately identified eggs was 98.75 percent. These results, as shown in Table 1, indicate that eggs from pens containing three properly selected females may be identified. In order to obtain results comparable to those in these experiments, only females with distinct differences in egg size, shape and color pattern should be placed in multiple female pens. It was also observed that a female occasionally lays an egg which varies from her normal pattern. This presents a problem only when two or all three females simultaneously lay eggs which vary from the normal pattern.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Univ of Iowa-Law Library on June 25, 2015
females eggs. Due to the laying habits of the Coturnix female, and the lack of an efficient trapnest system, the proper identification of the individual female's eggs becomes a problem. The uniformity of an individual female's eggs has been observed by several investigators. Axelsson (1932) reported that, among wild birds, only occasionally is an individual found whose eggs deviate widely from the normal color. Among domestic chicken and turkey females each bird lays eggs that are more or less consistently of the same shape and color. Wetherbee (1961) stated that since individual Coturnix females lay eggs of varied shape and color, mixed clutches cannot be distinguished by these criteria. It has been observed at this station, however, that most individual Coturnix females do lay eggs of similar size, shape and color pattern. This similarity may possibly be useful in setting up selected groups in order to facilitate multiple female breeding pens. This study was conducted in order to determine the ability of an investigator to identify Coturnix eggs from specific females in multiple female pens, based on differences in egg size, shape and color pattern. From 24 Coturnix females, 513 eggs were utilized in a series of three experiments. Each of the 24 females were kept in individual cages. The eggs from each female were identified numerically to assure proper identification. Three eggs from each female were selected at random and placed in a petri dish to serve as a guide for the identification of her eggs. Five individual observers working independently of each other were utilized in each of the three experiments. Each observer was scored on his ability to identify accurately the eggs from each female. In the first experiment, eggs from ten females were divided into two groups with
1293
1294
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 1.—Percentage positive identification in trial 3 Observe] Mean D
E
B
Group 1 Rep. 1 Rep. 2
100 100
100 100
100 100
100 100
100 100
100 100
Group 2 Rep. 1 Rep. 2
91.7 100
100 100
100 100
100 100
100 100
98.34 100
Group 3 Rep. 1 Rep. 1
100 91.7
100 100
91.7 100
100 100
100 100
98.34 98.34
Group 4 Rep. 1 Rep. 2
100 100
100 100
100 100
91.7 83.34
100 100
98.34 96.67
96.88
100
x Individual score
97.92
x Score for all 5 observers
100
C
98.96
98.75
The results of these experiments indicate that by selecting the females it is possible to distinguish mixed clutches of Coturnix eggs with a high degree of accuracy. It was felt by the observers that shell color pattern was the most valuable single characteristic in egg identification. REFERENCES Axelsson, J., 1932. Kg. Fysiograf. Sallskap. Handl., 43(4): 97-99-100-101. Reviewed by Romanoff,
A. J., and A. L. Romanoff, 1949. The Avian Egg. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, New York. Howes, J. R., and W. D. Ivey, 1961. Coturnix quail for avian research. Feedstuffs, 33 (No. 21): 38. Padgett, C. A., and W. D. Ivey, 19S9. Coturnix quail as a laboratory research animal. Science, 129: 267-268. Wetherbee, D. K., 1961. Investigations in the life history of the common coturnix. The American Midland Naturalist, 65: 168-186.
SPREADING EEG DEPRESSION IN CHICKENS T . OOKAWA AND JlRO GOTOH Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Anzyo, Aichi Prefecture, Japan (Received for publication June 22, 1964)
L
EAO (1944) reported originally the ' depression of spontaneous electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, caused by electrical or mechanical stimulation, in rabbits, and he designated this response as "spreading depression." Spreading depression (SD) accompanied by a slow potential change of the cortex has been reported
in many mammalia (Marshall, 19S9). In lower vertebrates, similar phenomenon has been observed in the retina of the toad (Gouras, 1958). In pigeons, Leao (1944) also mentioned the occurrence of SD, and recently Bures et al. (1960) have reported this phenomenon in pigeons using slow potential changes as the main indicator of
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Univ of Iowa-Law Library on June 25, 2015
A