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Smart composites and composite structures In honour of the 70th anniversary of Professor Carlos Alberto Mota Soares
ARTICLE IN PRESS Composite Structures xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Composite Structures journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct
Editorial
Smart composites and composite structures In honour of the 70th anniversary of Professor Carlos Alberto Mota Soares Carlos Alberto Mota Soares is a distinguished Professor of the University of Lisbon since 2013 and of the Technical University of Lisbon (IST) from 1985 to 2013. Professor C.A. Mota Soares joined IST in 1977 as an Assistant Professor; after 2 years, he became Associate Professor. He was also a visiting Professor of Iowa University for 1 year (1983–1984). At IST, Professor C.A. Mota Soares directed the Centre of Mechanics & Materials of the Technical University of Lisbon (CEMUL) and mechanical engineering department for 10 years each. He is currently chairing the Associate Laboratory in Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (LAETA) and the Institute of Mechanical Engineering (IDMEC) since 2006 and 1992, respectively. Professor C.A. Mota Soares got his superior education in England from 1964 to 1977. Indeed, he was first a mechanical engineering apprentice at the British Leyland Motor Corporation (1964–1971); during that period, he got his B.Sc. in mechanical engineering and M.Sc. in mechanics of solids from Aston University at Birmingham in 1970 and 1971, respectively. Then, he got his Ph.D. in structural dynamics from Surrey University at Guildford in 1975. Finally, he passed 3 years (1974–1977) as a research associate at the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research (ISVR) of Southampton University. During his long research career, Professor C.A. Mota Soares contributed significantly to various fields such as computer aided optimal design of structural and mechanical systems, topology design of structures, mechanics of composite materials and structures, engineering and structures computational technology, smart technologies in structural engineering, and structural and multidisciplinary optimization. For this purpose, he organised 18 editions of renown international, European and national conferences among which is the biennial ECCOMAS thematic Conference on Smart Structures and Materials (SMART), which he cofounded in 1993. SMART’2015 is one reason for focusing this special issue on smart composites and composite structures; another reason is that these topics are his two dominant research fields. Professor C.A. Mota Soares organised also three NATO summer schools, two Advanced Study Institutes and one Advanced Research Workshop, on some of above topics. Besides, he coordinated 40 COMETT courses and 11 national, 10 European and 2 AGARD projects. Professor C.A. Mota Soares is very active in the management of international, European and national research programs (BRITE, GROWTH, NMP, EUCLID and FCT) and scientific societies (IACM, ECCOMAS and APMTAC). He also well served the computational mechanics scientific community through his numerous collective publications. Indeed, he edited 7 books, 10 proceedings and 19 special issues for several journals of which he is associate editor (10), editorial board member or reviewer (6). Besides, he published http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.04.049 0263-8223/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
20 edited book chapters, 89 journal and 191 proceeding international and national articles. The latter cover various topics, some of which are within 13 supervised PhD theses, such as finite elements, beams, plates and shells, gradient and evolutionary optimization, active control, passive, active and hybrid passive-active damping, effective material properties optimization-based inverse identification, damage detection, static, vibration and buckling analyses, smart composites and composite structures. The last two topics dominate Professor C.A. Mota Soares’ research activities; he started them around 1998 and 1994, respectively. As these are also of interest to COMPOSITE STRUCTURES journal contributors and readers, they are the focus of the present special issue. For honouring the 70th anniversary of Professor C.A. Mota Soares, 20 renown researchers from his network and that attended SMART’2015 were invited to contribute to this special issue of COMPOSITE STRUCTURES journal that focuses on his two main research topics of ‘smart composites’ and ‘composite structures’. After the journal regular peer-review process, 16 submissions were successful; among them, 9 tackled the former research topic and 7 treated the latter one. These contributions present hot issues of the moment related to these topics as illustrated, for the first topic, in the state of the art on multifunctional material systems [1]; the latter covered carbon nanomaterials (tubes and fibres), functionally graded materials, piezoelectric materials (for actuation, sensing and energy harvesting/generation), shape memory materials (alloys and polymers) and few others. Smart composites result from the use of smart materials, such as piezoelectric ceramics, in composite materials as reinforcements or in/on composite structures as transducers for sensing, actuation or energy transduction; though, their applications performance and effective properties need accurate evaluations. Thus, numerical analyses of multi-layered actuators and mechanically amplified piezoelectric actuators (APA) for high temperature applications [2] show that APA are suited for producing high stroke. Besides, finite element (FE) linear and nonlinear characterizations that include electrode and protective layer effects of macro-fibre composite transverse mode response transducers [3] show that effective piezoelectric and dielectric coefficients may vary substantially with the actuation electric field. Moreover, it is shown in [4] that the evolutionary optimization-based robustly inverse-identified effective three-dimensional (3D) elastic behaviour of a piezoceramic patch bonded to a multilayer unidirectional fibre composite depends on the retained (before or after sensitivity analyses) design of experiments parameters. In addition, using different interface models and unit cell FE calculations, piezoelectric composites effective properties are shown [5] to depend strongly
ARTICLE IN PRESS 2
Editorial / Composite Structures xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
on the fibre–matrix adhesion interface (debonding/perfect bonding). Murakami’s zig-zag functions enriched sinus model-based higher-order plate C0 eight-node FEs are presented in [6] for piezoelectric smart composites analysis; they include transverse normal stress, allowing the use of 3D constitutive equations. A higherorder shear deformation theory-based FE model is also presented in [7] for free and forced vibration analyses of laminated soft core sandwich plates with piezoelectric sensors and actuators; it is used in particular for assessing the effect of the core transverse compressibility on modal damping and frequency response. Piezoelectric materials are often used as receivers (sensors) or generators (actuators) for the detection of delamination, the most common damage of composite laminates. This can be reached for example using the electromechanical impedance method, as proposed in [8] with temperature compensation, or the auto-regression models, as presented in [9] for low-velocity impact-induced delamination. Composite structures are currently widely used for aeronautic constructions and being extended to automotive, railway, ship and civil engineering ones. As they have numerous advantages in comparison to metallic structures, they have also severe disadvantages concerning their damage modelling and detection, wave propagation response, fatigue life prediction, joining and pre-stress issues. These hot topics are addressed in the remaining seven contributions. Indeed, intra-laminar damage in polymer composites in the presence of finite fibre rotation is investigated in [10], focusing on the constitutive model, and in [11], dedicated to numerical analysis and validation. Besides, an improved material model for the FE simulation of quasi-continuous mode conversion during Lamb wave propagation in carbon fibre reinforced polymer layers is proposed in [12]; while, fatigue life prediction of laminated composites is tackled in [13] using a multiscale micromechanics-based approach. Hybrid metal-composite clinching joints of short fibre reinforced composites are analysed using a finite deformation model in [14]; on the other hand, pre-stressed composite structures modelling, manufacturing and optimal design are preliminarily investigated in [15]. Finally, a spectral/hp FE is proposed in [16] for the large deformation analysis of composite shells. As a closer of this honouring issue, the below listed guest editors would like to thank the authors for their high quality contributions and the peer-reviewers for their help to assess the suitability of the latter for their publication in the journal of COMOSITE STRUCTURES. The guest editors hope that this honouring issue contributes significantly to the state-of-the-art of the research and engineering interest area of smart composites and composite structures so that it can serve the needs of this journal academia and industry readers and contributors. References [1] Ferreira ADBL, Nóvoa PRO, Marques AT. Multifunctional material systems: a state-of-the-art review. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.compstruct.2016.01.028. [2] Zappino E, Carrera E, Rowe S, Mangeot C, Marques H. Numerical analyses of piezoceramic actuators for high temperature applications. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.01.084.
[3] Trindade MA, Benjeddou A. Finite element characterization of multilayer d31 piezoelectric macro-fibre composites. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.10.011. [4] Benjeddou A, Hamdi M. Robust identification of the effective threedimensional elastic behaviour of a piezoceramic patch bonded to a multilayer unidirectional fibre composite. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.004. [5] Brito-Santana H, de Madeiros R, Rodriguez-Ramos R, Tita V. Different interface models for calculating the effective properties in piezoelectric composite materials with imperfect fiber–matrix adhesion. Compos Struct 2016. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.003. [6] Polit O, D’Ottavio, Vidal P. High-order plate finite elements for smart structure analysis. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct. 2016.01.092. [7] Araújo AL, Carvalho VS, Mota Soares CM, Belinha J, Ferreira AJM. Vibration analysis of laminated soft core sandwich plates with piezoelectric sensors and actuators. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct. 2016.03.013. [8] Wandowski T, Malinowski PH, Ostachowicz WM. Delamination detection in CFRP panels using EMI method with temperature compensation. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.056. [9] Nardi D, Lampani L, Pasquali M, Gaudenzi P. Detection of low-velocity impactinduced delaminations in composite laminates using auto-regressive models. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.005. [10] Eskandari S, Pires FMA, Camanho PP, Marques AT. Intralaminar damage in polymer composites in the presence of finite fiber rotation: Part I – constitutive model. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.compstruct.2016.01.047. [11] Eskandari S, Pires FMA, Camanho PP, Marques AT. Intralaminar damage in polymer composites in the presence of finite fiber rotation: Part II – numerical analysis and validation. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.compstruct.2016.01.048. [12] Hennings B, Lammering R. Material modeling for the simulation of quasicontinuous mode conversion during Lamb wave propagation in CFRP-layers. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.051. [13] Mustafa G, Crawford C, Suleman A. Fatigue life prediction of laminated composites using a multi-scale M-LaF and Bayesian inference. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.024. [14] Dean A, Sahraee S, Reinoso J, Rolfes R. Finite deformation model for short fibre reinforced composites: application to hybrid metal-composite clinching joints. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.045. [15] Graczykowski C, Orlowska A, Holnicki-Szulc J. Prestressed composite structures – modeling, manufacturing, design. Compos Struct 2016. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.085. [16] Gutierrez Rivera M, Reddy JN, Amabili M. A new twelve-parameter spectral/hp shell finite element for large deformation analysis of composite shells. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.068.
Guest Editors Ayech Benjeddou Supméca – ROBERVAL UMR 7337 UTC/CNRS, France Aurélio L. Araújo IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Erasmo Carrera Politecnico di Torino, Italy J.N. Reddy Texas A&M University, USA Antonio Torres Marques University of Porto, Portugal Cristóvão M. Mota Soares Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Available online xxxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Composite Structures journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct
Editorial
Smart composites and composite structures In honour of the 70th anniversary of Professor Carlos Alberto Mota Soares Carlos Alberto Mota Soares is a distinguished Professor of the University of Lisbon since 2013 and of the Technical University of Lisbon (IST) from 1985 to 2013. Professor C.A. Mota Soares joined IST in 1977 as an Assistant Professor; after 2 years, he became Associate Professor. He was also a visiting Professor of Iowa University for 1 year (1983–1984). At IST, Professor C.A. Mota Soares directed the Centre of Mechanics & Materials of the Technical University of Lisbon (CEMUL) and mechanical engineering department for 10 years each. He is currently chairing the Associate Laboratory in Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (LAETA) and the Institute of Mechanical Engineering (IDMEC) since 2006 and 1992, respectively. Professor C.A. Mota Soares got his superior education in England from 1964 to 1977. Indeed, he was first a mechanical engineering apprentice at the British Leyland Motor Corporation (1964–1971); during that period, he got his B.Sc. in mechanical engineering and M.Sc. in mechanics of solids from Aston University at Birmingham in 1970 and 1971, respectively. Then, he got his Ph.D. in structural dynamics from Surrey University at Guildford in 1975. Finally, he passed 3 years (1974–1977) as a research associate at the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research (ISVR) of Southampton University. During his long research career, Professor C.A. Mota Soares contributed significantly to various fields such as computer aided optimal design of structural and mechanical systems, topology design of structures, mechanics of composite materials and structures, engineering and structures computational technology, smart technologies in structural engineering, and structural and multidisciplinary optimization. For this purpose, he organised 18 editions of renown international, European and national conferences among which is the biennial ECCOMAS thematic Conference on Smart Structures and Materials (SMART), which he cofounded in 1993. SMART’2015 is one reason for focusing this special issue on smart composites and composite structures; another reason is that these topics are his two dominant research fields. Professor C.A. Mota Soares organised also three NATO summer schools, two Advanced Study Institutes and one Advanced Research Workshop, on some of above topics. Besides, he coordinated 40 COMETT courses and 11 national, 10 European and 2 AGARD projects. Professor C.A. Mota Soares is very active in the management of international, European and national research programs (BRITE, GROWTH, NMP, EUCLID and FCT) and scientific societies (IACM, ECCOMAS and APMTAC). He also well served the computational mechanics scientific community through his numerous collective publications. Indeed, he edited 7 books, 10 proceedings and 19 special issues for several journals of which he is associate editor (10), editorial board member or reviewer (6). Besides, he published http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.04.049 0263-8223/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
20 edited book chapters, 89 journal and 191 proceeding international and national articles. The latter cover various topics, some of which are within 13 supervised PhD theses, such as finite elements, beams, plates and shells, gradient and evolutionary optimization, active control, passive, active and hybrid passive-active damping, effective material properties optimization-based inverse identification, damage detection, static, vibration and buckling analyses, smart composites and composite structures. The last two topics dominate Professor C.A. Mota Soares’ research activities; he started them around 1998 and 1994, respectively. As these are also of interest to COMPOSITE STRUCTURES journal contributors and readers, they are the focus of the present special issue. For honouring the 70th anniversary of Professor C.A. Mota Soares, 20 renown researchers from his network and that attended SMART’2015 were invited to contribute to this special issue of COMPOSITE STRUCTURES journal that focuses on his two main research topics of ‘smart composites’ and ‘composite structures’. After the journal regular peer-review process, 16 submissions were successful; among them, 9 tackled the former research topic and 7 treated the latter one. These contributions present hot issues of the moment related to these topics as illustrated, for the first topic, in the state of the art on multifunctional material systems [1]; the latter covered carbon nanomaterials (tubes and fibres), functionally graded materials, piezoelectric materials (for actuation, sensing and energy harvesting/generation), shape memory materials (alloys and polymers) and few others. Smart composites result from the use of smart materials, such as piezoelectric ceramics, in composite materials as reinforcements or in/on composite structures as transducers for sensing, actuation or energy transduction; though, their applications performance and effective properties need accurate evaluations. Thus, numerical analyses of multi-layered actuators and mechanically amplified piezoelectric actuators (APA) for high temperature applications [2] show that APA are suited for producing high stroke. Besides, finite element (FE) linear and nonlinear characterizations that include electrode and protective layer effects of macro-fibre composite transverse mode response transducers [3] show that effective piezoelectric and dielectric coefficients may vary substantially with the actuation electric field. Moreover, it is shown in [4] that the evolutionary optimization-based robustly inverse-identified effective three-dimensional (3D) elastic behaviour of a piezoceramic patch bonded to a multilayer unidirectional fibre composite depends on the retained (before or after sensitivity analyses) design of experiments parameters. In addition, using different interface models and unit cell FE calculations, piezoelectric composites effective properties are shown [5] to depend strongly
ARTICLE IN PRESS 2
Editorial / Composite Structures xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
on the fibre–matrix adhesion interface (debonding/perfect bonding). Murakami’s zig-zag functions enriched sinus model-based higher-order plate C0 eight-node FEs are presented in [6] for piezoelectric smart composites analysis; they include transverse normal stress, allowing the use of 3D constitutive equations. A higherorder shear deformation theory-based FE model is also presented in [7] for free and forced vibration analyses of laminated soft core sandwich plates with piezoelectric sensors and actuators; it is used in particular for assessing the effect of the core transverse compressibility on modal damping and frequency response. Piezoelectric materials are often used as receivers (sensors) or generators (actuators) for the detection of delamination, the most common damage of composite laminates. This can be reached for example using the electromechanical impedance method, as proposed in [8] with temperature compensation, or the auto-regression models, as presented in [9] for low-velocity impact-induced delamination. Composite structures are currently widely used for aeronautic constructions and being extended to automotive, railway, ship and civil engineering ones. As they have numerous advantages in comparison to metallic structures, they have also severe disadvantages concerning their damage modelling and detection, wave propagation response, fatigue life prediction, joining and pre-stress issues. These hot topics are addressed in the remaining seven contributions. Indeed, intra-laminar damage in polymer composites in the presence of finite fibre rotation is investigated in [10], focusing on the constitutive model, and in [11], dedicated to numerical analysis and validation. Besides, an improved material model for the FE simulation of quasi-continuous mode conversion during Lamb wave propagation in carbon fibre reinforced polymer layers is proposed in [12]; while, fatigue life prediction of laminated composites is tackled in [13] using a multiscale micromechanics-based approach. Hybrid metal-composite clinching joints of short fibre reinforced composites are analysed using a finite deformation model in [14]; on the other hand, pre-stressed composite structures modelling, manufacturing and optimal design are preliminarily investigated in [15]. Finally, a spectral/hp FE is proposed in [16] for the large deformation analysis of composite shells. As a closer of this honouring issue, the below listed guest editors would like to thank the authors for their high quality contributions and the peer-reviewers for their help to assess the suitability of the latter for their publication in the journal of COMOSITE STRUCTURES. The guest editors hope that this honouring issue contributes significantly to the state-of-the-art of the research and engineering interest area of smart composites and composite structures so that it can serve the needs of this journal academia and industry readers and contributors. References [1] Ferreira ADBL, Nóvoa PRO, Marques AT. Multifunctional material systems: a state-of-the-art review. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.compstruct.2016.01.028. [2] Zappino E, Carrera E, Rowe S, Mangeot C, Marques H. Numerical analyses of piezoceramic actuators for high temperature applications. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.01.084.
[3] Trindade MA, Benjeddou A. Finite element characterization of multilayer d31 piezoelectric macro-fibre composites. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.10.011. [4] Benjeddou A, Hamdi M. Robust identification of the effective threedimensional elastic behaviour of a piezoceramic patch bonded to a multilayer unidirectional fibre composite. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.004. [5] Brito-Santana H, de Madeiros R, Rodriguez-Ramos R, Tita V. Different interface models for calculating the effective properties in piezoelectric composite materials with imperfect fiber–matrix adhesion. Compos Struct 2016. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.003. [6] Polit O, D’Ottavio, Vidal P. High-order plate finite elements for smart structure analysis. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct. 2016.01.092. [7] Araújo AL, Carvalho VS, Mota Soares CM, Belinha J, Ferreira AJM. Vibration analysis of laminated soft core sandwich plates with piezoelectric sensors and actuators. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct. 2016.03.013. [8] Wandowski T, Malinowski PH, Ostachowicz WM. Delamination detection in CFRP panels using EMI method with temperature compensation. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.056. [9] Nardi D, Lampani L, Pasquali M, Gaudenzi P. Detection of low-velocity impactinduced delaminations in composite laminates using auto-regressive models. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.005. [10] Eskandari S, Pires FMA, Camanho PP, Marques AT. Intralaminar damage in polymer composites in the presence of finite fiber rotation: Part I – constitutive model. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.compstruct.2016.01.047. [11] Eskandari S, Pires FMA, Camanho PP, Marques AT. Intralaminar damage in polymer composites in the presence of finite fiber rotation: Part II – numerical analysis and validation. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.compstruct.2016.01.048. [12] Hennings B, Lammering R. Material modeling for the simulation of quasicontinuous mode conversion during Lamb wave propagation in CFRP-layers. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.051. [13] Mustafa G, Crawford C, Suleman A. Fatigue life prediction of laminated composites using a multi-scale M-LaF and Bayesian inference. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.024. [14] Dean A, Sahraee S, Reinoso J, Rolfes R. Finite deformation model for short fibre reinforced composites: application to hybrid metal-composite clinching joints. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.045. [15] Graczykowski C, Orlowska A, Holnicki-Szulc J. Prestressed composite structures – modeling, manufacturing, design. Compos Struct 2016. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.085. [16] Gutierrez Rivera M, Reddy JN, Amabili M. A new twelve-parameter spectral/hp shell finite element for large deformation analysis of composite shells. Compos Struct 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.068.
Guest Editors Ayech Benjeddou Supméca – ROBERVAL UMR 7337 UTC/CNRS, France Aurélio L. Araújo IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Erasmo Carrera Politecnico di Torino, Italy J.N. Reddy Texas A&M University, USA Antonio Torres Marques University of Porto, Portugal Cristóvão M. Mota Soares Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Available online xxxx