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Smart logistics as a basis for the development of the smart city
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Transportation Research Procedia 39 (2019) 143–149 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Green Cities 2018 Green Cities 2018
Smart logistics as a basis for the development of the smart city Smart logistics as a basis for the development of the smart city a, a
Sabina Kauf a,* Sabina Kauf *
Faculty of Ecomonics. Opole University, pl. Kopernika 11a, 45-040 Opole, Poland Faculty of Ecomonics. Opole University, pl. Kopernika 11a, 45-040 Opole, Poland
a
Abstract Abstract In this article the issues of role and meaning of intelligent technologies has been undertaken especially in area of logistics, In this article issues of of rolesmart and cities meaning of intelligent has been undertaken especially without which the development would be actuallytechnologies impossible. Even though we can argue aboutinit,area whatofitlogistics, actually without„intelligent”, which development smartit cities actually impossible. They Even let though we can argueinfluence about it, of what it of actually means without aofdoubt coverswould use ofbe modern Technologies. to reduce negative flow good and people in urbanized areas, at the itsame timeuse they increaseTechnologies. level of quality of life city.negative In the article we discussed trial means „intelligent”, without a doubt covers of modern They let in to the reduce influence of flow ofagood anddefining people in urbanized areas, city’. at the As same time they level of quality of life theofcity. In the article that we discussed a trial of concept of ‘smart a main goal increase we set indication of result in in area smart logistics, let to optimize of defining concept of ‘smart city’. As and a main goal we set indication of result area ofinnovation smart logistics, let to optimize logistic processes through digitalization use of information Technologies that in increase level ofthat cities, at the same time supporting of smart city. main idea of the article is that addressing topics aboutlevel smart seriously can logistic processesdevelopment through digitalization and The use of information Technologies that increase innovation of city cities, at the same time supporting development of-smart city. main the The article is that addressing about smart cityon seriously can bring many benefits to all cities both in theThe short and idea longof term. methodology used intopics this research is based the critical bring many benefits all cities - both in the short Thecity. methodology used in this research is based on the critical analysis of Polish andtoforeign language literature onand the long topic term. of smart analysis of Polish and foreign language literature on the topic of smart city. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2018 The Authors. by Elsevier B.V. This is open access article the license This is an an open accessPublished article under under the CC CC BY-NC-ND BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection peer-review under responsibility of of This is anand open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licensecommittee (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the the scientific scientific committee of Green Green Logistics Logistics for for Greener Greener Cities Cities 2018. 2018. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Green Logistics for Greener Cities 2018. Keywords: smart logistics, smart city, ITS Keywords: smart logistics, smart city, ITS
1. Introduction 1. Introduction None of smart cities can’t run properly without smart solutions in area of logistics. Implementation of modern None of offunctioning smart citiesofcan’t properlyimpossible without smart solutions in area of logistics. of modern concepts citiesrun is actually without intelligent solutions in the Implementation area of flow of people and concepts of functioning is actually impossible withoutprovide intelligent solutions in the area ofofflow of people It’s and foods. Smart logistics isofa cities necessary condition to efficiently urban areas and mobility its residents. foods. Smart logistics isdevelopment a necessary condition to efficiently provide urbanofareas andcauses mobility of its residents. It’s because of exponential of the cities and increasing number flows, congestion and lowers because of exponential development of the cities way and to increasing of flows, causes congestion andleads lowers level of quality of life in the city. New creative solve thenumber problems of inhabitants of the cities an level of that quality of lifeallinoftheareas city.ofNew way to solve the problems of inhabitants of the tocities leads Internet connects life. creative Today every customer uses many sales channel, thanks which hasan a Internet freedom that connects all of areas of and life.ma Today customer salesofchannel, to which has a massive of choosing a place king every purchases. In thisuses waymany structure transportthanks of foods is changing. massive freedom of choosing a place and ma king purchases. In this way structure of transport of foods is changing. * Sabina Kauf. Tel.: +48 601 544 394; fax: +48 77 40 16 911 [email protected] * E-mail Sabina address: Kauf. Tel.: +48 601 544 394; fax: +48 77 40 16 911 E-mail address: [email protected] 2352-1465 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 2352-1465 © 2018 Thearticle Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection peer-review under responsibility of the scientific of Green Logistics for Greener Cities 2018. This is anand open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licensecommittee (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Green Logistics for Greener Cities 2018. 2352-1465 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Green Logistics for Greener Cities 2018. 10.1016/j.trpro.2019.06.016
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Permanent increase of orders made thanks to Internet platforms causes divisi on of orders and increases requirements for logistics, which guarantees supply for cities but also negatively effects on space of the city. This fact makes every city accommodate with ambivalence of logistics. That’s why it’s important that solutions In logistics are based on Technologies that doesn’t negatively affect the environment and doesn’t use too much space In the city at the same time increasing quality of life in it. That’s why a goal of this article is indicating solutions in the area of smart logistics that let to optimize logistic processes through digitalization and implementing information Technologies which increase level of innovation of the cities, at the same time supporting development of the smart city. According to the author, the best intelligent facilities are those that residents do not quite notice, but use them all the time. 2. Structure Literature Review – smart city The topic of smart city is very important because the creation and development of an intelligent city lead to obtain benefits for both parties, namely for the city managers and its residents. It is easier to manage an intelligent city, for example by improving access to information, developing procedures supporting the effective operation of offices and services, or - what is possible thanks to the involvement of residents in the operation and improvement of the city. Residents live more comfortably, among others because they can deal faster with offices, enjoy better functioning of public transport or feel safer because they have access to the current information about what's happening in the city, how interesting to spend free time etc. In a word, a smart city is a dream place to live, both for the authorities and residents. Concept of smart city can be considered from different points of view, that comes from dimensional development of the city .From enterprises point of view such as: GE, IBM, Simens or Cisco System, which want to gain new markets for their technologies. It’s estimated that size of technology market for smart cities from 2010 to 2020 will gain 108 mln of dollars (Müller-Seitz, Seiter, Wenz, 2016). We can think that this market is determined by supply more than by real demand reported by autonomy units. Nevertheless concept of smart city naps huge meaning because of increasing processes of urbanization and still increasing number of inhabitants (in 2007 their number was more than number of country inhabitants) of those cities causa economic and environmental problems in highly urbanized areas. Intelligent Technologies open up to cities New possibilities of preventing its negative effects. That’s how intelligent energy webs let to reduce use of energy , at the same time emission of CO 2, and intelligent systems of transportation and controlling its movement , let to Lower costs. From estimation of European Commission we can see that costs of congestion in UE countries cause loss for about a 1% GDP (Müller-Seitz, Seiter, Wenz, 2016). Even though concept of ‘smart city’ is getting more and more popular , until today there is no one accepted definition. Analysis of literature in this area lets to show two definition as those who describe smart city as (1): City that is functioning with ICT Technologies (Hollands 2008; Komninos 2008) and (2) new paradigm in development of the city in which key role is human and social capital, education and natural environment (Neirotti at. al. 2014; Giffinger at. al. 2007, Lombardiat al. 2012). As a consequence in literature we can find definitions that underscore technological aspect in concept of smart that is preached in area of business. This direction is defined by T. Bakici, E. Almiralli J. Wareham (2013), according to which ‘smart city’ „smart city as a high-tech intensive and advanced city that connects people, information and city elements using new technologies in order to create a sustainable, greener city, competitive and innovative commerce, and an increased life quality”. In similar direction smart city defines IBM: „A city is an interconnected system of systems. A dynamic work in progress, with progress as its watchword. A tripod [infrastructure, operations, people] that relies on strong support for and among each of its pillars, to become a smarter city for all” (IBM 2015).In those frames information technologies are a tool of development of the city that indicates to think that smart city is intelligent city . The goal to use ICT technologies is increasing the effectiveness of use of resources ,creating new work places, increasing quality of l44 life of inhabitants and increase in innovation. Characteristic feature of smart city is intelligent exchange of information between different subsystems in the city. It lets to increase efficiency and to equalize ecosystem of the city ., build intelligent connections between resources and conscious actions of its inhabitants. Smart city relates to seeking and identifying intelligent solutions, that will let the cities to increase quality of provided services (Giffinger, Fertner, Kramar, Kalasek, Pichler-Milanovic´, Meijers, 2012, s. 2291). In scientific discourse defining of a smart city concept more and more often cross the narrow understanding of development of the city , based only on ICT technologies. In this aspect smart concepts let to create the city that can
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connect unit input with social one, to indicate better services and provide good quality infrastructure. ,As for the concept smart we connect technology, information and infrastructure and political vision to one programme of improvement of the city and its services (Correia, Wünstel, 2011). In this flow smart cities are defined by A. Caragliu, Ch. Del Bo, P. Nijkamp (2011), writing: “We believe a city to be smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance”. N. Komninos (2008) wrote: „(Smart) cities as territories with high capacity for learning and innovation, which is built-in the creativity of their population, their institutions of knowledge creation, and their digital infrastructure for communication and knowledge management” †. Differentiation definition of ‘smart city’ concept is a consequence of implementing it in two different areas(1) in hard features of location such as buildings, energetic nets, water economy , recycling ,mobility , logistics , where information and communicative technologies can have decisive role in functioning of the system ‘city’ (Neirotti at. al. 2014), and (2) soft features of location such as education , social capital, culture , innovations correlating and codeciding of interests. In this case implementation of intelligent technologies makes support for development of intellectual capital and transfer of knowledge , needed to correct working of system of innovation. As a consequence completing the requirements of smart city forces implementation and monitoring of processes of continued learning, correctly chosen innovation and estimating innovative culture , cooperation between urban policies and different users of urbanized areas (Murray, Minevich, Abdoullaev, 2011). Implementing concept of smart city needs holistic approach to the city and integration of different urban systems. Non system is functioning without the support of other, implementing intelligent technologies to every one of them is not enough to create smart city. Many explorers wanting to explain importance of smart city points out smart areas. That’s why for example Komninos (2011) points out 4 possible dimensions (1) information and communication technologies (2)information technologies that change way of living and working (3)integration of ICT technology with urban infrastructure and (4) connecting ICT technologies and people in a way to make it possible to increase innovation, potential of learning and knowledge Giffingerat al. (2007) are pointing out four different characteristics of smart city (1)industry (2)education(3)participation(4)technical infrastructure. Popularized by Austrian explorers from Vienna University of Technology model of smart city points out six areas :(1) smart economy, (2) smart mobility, (3) smart environment, (4) smart people, (5) smart living in (6) smart governance (Giffinger, Gudrun 2010). Pointed quality of life as characteristics seems to be a little bit controversial because the idea of the smart city is going to improve the quality of life in the city. An important element distinguished by the concept among our models is presence of ‘mobility’ as different, important dimension that describes availability of communication, teleinformatic infrastructure and innovative and safe transportation systems. At the same time smart city can be described as a concept that uses set of tools and solutions of cities, that basis to implement information and informatic technologies that are used to increase of mobility if interesants who support functioning of the city and that are easing everyday life of inhabitants, at the same time respecting natural environment. This conceptualization shows that being ‘smart city’ is equal to using the smart logistics. Only then it will be possible to supply the cities and be able to match increasing requirements of interesansts in the area of completing deliveries and manage one’s household of communal rubbish. Cities have a function of shopping centers and make places of location of production factories , this creates description of requirements of logistics, which main goal is use of flows of people and loads. As a consequence cities need logistics with proper infrastructure, information nets and effective business models. Going to be smart they are forced to more logistic thinking and practical use of smart logistics achievements. 3. Smart logistics as support for smart city In the beginning vie indicted that smart cities cannot work without logistic support and intelligent solutions. At the same time smart logistics can support concepts of smart city. What is it that characterizes smart logistics? In the literature of the subject it has a lot of meanings and it is used in many logistic operations (intelligent transport, warehouse, management of the orders) that are planned, managed and controlled in more intelligent way that with
†
A wider review of the definition of smart city presents: (Albino, Berardi,Dangelico, 2015)
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use of traditional solutions(Fig. 1).
Intelligent transportation systems
Intelligent inventory management
Intelligent logistic provider
Intelligent order management
Fig. 1. Key areas of smart logistics. Source: (McFarlane, Giannikas, Wenrong 2016)
Smart logistics refers to use in implementation of logistic tasks, new intelligent technologies, understood as equipped in intelligent systems of computer support, that lets to fully automate processes. Among smart solutions which contribute to logistic system’s functioning and making them more ‘smart’ there are (Kauf, 2017): intelligent transportation systems (ITS) – combination of information and communication technologies and infrastructure and vehicles; the aim is to improve safety, increase efficiency of transport processes and natural environment protection; they guarantee safer, more coordinated and smarter use of transport network; autonomous logistics – systems providing unmanned, autonomous movement of people and cargo with the minimized contribution of human labour; physical internet – is the ability to the most effective moving of goods to any place in short time with getting economic, social and environmental balance, which main goal is, providing stability of global mobility of products and ability to collecting and keeping, sales and use of goods; intelligent cargo – loads having knowledge about where are, where they go , when they should be there and who should reload them; self-organizing logistics – is selforganising logistic system, which can work without any big effort of managers and engineers From smart Logistics point of view and its solutions with smart city , at first we can notice actions connected to management of transport ,congestion and mobility . This is because cities with crowded communication issues make it more difficult to live and run companies , they become less competitive. At the same time they stop development of smart concept. Indication of innovative technical solutions for city logistics can be one of the reasons to integrate smart city concept. In city logistics we take into account transport, warehousing, vertical configuration of the net, telecommunication net, communal economy, equipping in energy vehicles and water, recycling – all of those actions that create daily circle of life for the city as economic, social and cultural space. Having those arguments into account, certain areas of smart city we can indicate those elements of smart logistics that support development of intelligent city. Area in which meaning of smart Logistics is intuitive is the biggest, is represented by smart mobility. It’s not the only area. Smart logistics supports development of smart economy, smart environment and smart living. 4. Smart logistic and smart mobility The biggest influence of smart logistics for realization smart city concept is visible in area of smart mobility which means huge web of connections, transport and communication with big speed of connecting all of the resources of the city (Stawasz, Sikora-Fernandez, Turała, 2012). Smart mobility is narrowly connected with implementation of ICT technologies (Information and communication technologies) and intelligent systems of transport (ITS). ICT technologies can be divided according to level of its costs. In the first group there are low -cost solutions connected to managing applications that control traffic lights of crossings , messages that are shown on
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boards with changeable data. (VMS). In this group there are also systems of automatic identification of vehicles. (AVI) (Modelowanie logistyki, 2014). To solutions with higher costs we put for example telematics that is a connection of countable technology (IT) with telecommunication. Its implementation in macro scale lets to for example: (Modelowanie logistyki, 2014): Increase of safety of traffic and lowering costs of external transport Reduction of pollutions from natural environment Development of intermodal transport They are also causing easier management of public transport, thanks to: monitoring and controlling fleet, access to information from users in the reals time, ability to plan a journey and creating intelligent systems of transport (ITS), which main goal is to support, control and management of processes in transport and connecting those systems. In context of transport and management of flows in the city, smart logistics is conditioning the optimizing of flows. Creates basics of implementation to urban traffic of vehicles that communicate with each other, and managing person of traffic can make measurements and forecast their behavior. Basics of optimizing of movements are GPS data (for example speed and location) that are sourced in the real time. Studies over communicative vehicles show many new possibilities in area of better use of supply train. Adapted to individual orders, predicting and always ready do drive .Through communication V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle) and V2I – (Vehcile to Infrastructure) – connection can prevent traffic jam lower use of petrol and emission of exhaust fumes also reduce number of car accidents. Example for those implementations is project of Audi Travolution, which main concept is vehicle communication with traffic lights through mobile net. Thank to set computer system it will agree with traffic lights and will inform the driver about speed he needs to have to go straight to a green light on next crossing. In case of a car connected to web, driver abbreviates time of his standard decreases use of fuel and as a effect reduces the emission C02 (Audi Travolution 2018). ICT systems let to exchange of data and synchronization of time of urban communication ride. Another smart city area that needs support of smart logistics is smart economy. That dimension of intelligent city shows up in high productivity, innovative climate and elasticity of labour market. It’s also well planned economical structure of the city that makes smart city look as attractive locations for industry, trade and services. Distances between place of living and place of work re usually nor very big, low-emission factories are integrated with the view. According to idea of smart economy, factories should be designed according to Industry 4,0 standards for example self-organized systems of production, management of cyber-physical systems. Although smart industry needs smart logistics support because any logistic processes also have to be smart. That means ability to communicate with different artefacts and manufacturing information’s in a real time to achieve fast and individual reaction in area of physical flows with making sure about costs effectiveness. In this case smart logistic is a condition to optimize flows and undisturbed communication between machines. As an effect processes of flow are see-through and thanks to implementation of ICT technology its possible to expedite creating of values among all chain of deliveries (Giffingerat. al., 2007). In this dimension enters also popular share economy. Its implementation usually requires bravery of urban police, who need to be okay with increasing level of inhabitants. Although change needs to be not only in mentality but also in communication. Dominative role start to have dialogue, mediation, deliberation on sharing economy or actually share of electric vehicles that makes important support for transport system of the cities. Even though important condition of its functioning is creating the nets of charging stations, that provides important replenish for vehicles that are functioning in this system and making it possible to give a services of charging private vehicles or corporate ones. Apart from that car sharing needs implementation of mobile applications and countable system also charge conscriptions . As an example we can point out smartphones that have navigation systems and GPS, which make it possible to direct arrival to the nearest available car or other vehicle. Social websites , estimation systems and recommendation, they guarantee lucidity of sharing systems and build trust to it. This trend includes many car concerns just like General Motors implemented car-sharing company to the market which name is Mayen, which only works in one city of Michigan. Owns car-sharing system Drive Now also has the BMW (together with Sixth company) which covers chosen cities in Germany, Austria, Denmark, Great Britain, Sweden and USA. Nevertheless Daimler has created platform called Car2Go, that works in Europe and The United States. GM also works on autonomous taxis. The premiere of robot-taxis in crowded agglomerations is planned for 2019.
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Smart logistics is necessary to implementing smart environment which optimize of Energy use, through use of resources of new able energy , it goes to actions that decrease emission of pollution, economy is based on equal development rule. We can say that making it real for smart environment is impossible without smart logistics. Logistics causes the biggest burden of natural environment. They come from configuration of transport nets that are stored and making it possible to undisturbed functioning of the city as economic, social and culture space. Logistic action absorb natural resources as energy, martials, area and they generate pollution and noise. That’s why making smart city real is possible only through realization of logistic tasks that will be environmentally and socially friendly. Its means necessity to ease the line infrastructure through consolidation of deliveries and optimize of route. It’s important to apply intelligent ways of transportation, that are run by renewable energy sources that stop greenhouse gasses emission. Also in this area, important support is Intelligent Transport System ITS which lets to shorten time of travel and reduce inconveniences which are pollution or noise and higher safety in transportation. Based on data given by Proper(2001)to benefits from using ITS we can get credit for:
increase of bandwidth of street nets by 20-25%; improvement of safety of traffic (decrease of car accidents by 40-80%; decrease time of travelling and use of energy by 45-70%; improvement of convenience of travelling and conditions of traffic of drivers that are traveling by collective transport and pedestrians; reduction of costs of management of traffic supply train; reduction of costs connected to maintenance and renewal of surface; improvement of quality of natural environment (reduction of exhaust fumes by 30-50% increase of economic advantages.
It’s also important to support intelligent urban systems by autonomic vehicles, effective use of data and implementing intelligent Energy systems that are accommodated to use of Energy that is used to lighten up the streets. More advanced solutions work by ecosystems, they give overload of energy to places in need. In context of smart environment we also need intelligent solutions in area of reverse logistics. I think about intelligent use of communal pollutions. This technology says that putting sensors in pollution containers that are monitoring level of fill of containers all the time. Basing on information that come from sensors, the most optimal scheme is created of drive of dustcarts which only takes into account only full containers .thanks to that, vehicles don’t have to stop by every container but only by those which really needs a drain. Even though all from mentions characteristics of smart city cause to increase of quality of life, smart living is a different feature of intelligent city. In this dimension meaning of smart logistics causes creation of availability of location which means places for studying and culture, points of NHS or to green areas. Actualization in mobility of inhabitants. This is connected to transportation. Smart logistics through implementation of intelligent solutions in transportation lets to reduce car accidents and external costs of transportation. Smart living are supporting those solutions as intelligent parking that not only use systems of boards with changeable data and give information about free parking places (ITS systems) bit also mobile applications. Driver can get information about free parking places even, from the application , before starting his journey. Also very helpful are sensors located in multilevel parking, on curbs or lights, that inform about free parking places. More and more often parking is easier because of intelligent, automated and multi-level parking. Meaning of intelligent solutions in area of parking is important because we lose 10 days of our lives for looking for parking spot (Kauf 2014),and seeking for free spaces to park makes almost one-third of traffic. Intelligent management is causing reduction of blockage and emission of pollution (Kauf 2014). Smart logistics can cause improvement of quality of life through solutions that are supporting traffic safety for example Smart City Brake Support which main task is to prevent happenings such as crashing by the back of the vehicle or decreasing its results thanks to implementing sensor that monitors road in front of the car. In case of finding reaction that driver won’t do anything , turn on the brakes. Moreover smart Logistics and intelligent systems of managing of traffic support improvement of quality of life in the city through collecting information about number of cars on the streets, number of passengers on bus stops and vehicles , difficulties in traffic, faith happenings on roads, weather conditions etc. Thanks to analysis of information they can propose solution as planning of drive by alternative roads , as a consequence improve journey to work, deliver more details information
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to urban planners, increase efficiency of companies. This system is causing to close down the overload on the streets, decrease use of fuel and CO2 emission. 5. Conclusion More and more urban agglomerations are heading to be smart. Realization of this goal needs a support from smart logistics and in almost all areas of functioning of the city. The biggest meaning of intelligent solution is visible in the area of transportation, mobility and equal development. It’s because of huge contribution of logistics in providing undisturbed functioning of the city and negative influence to natural environment. Smart Logistics supports management of infrastructure of the city in the real time. Its lets to increase safety, comfort and quality of life in the city, increasing availability of public use places. Efficient management of urban infrastructure, monitoring of the city, environment pollution ,managing of traffic, lightning of the city in considerable way causes reduction of costs and decrease of environment pollution. In crisis situations it lets to react fast thanks to use of automatic analysis and observation of happenings and intelligent system of notifications. References Albino V., Berardi U., Dangelico R.M., 2015. Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives, “Journal of Urban Technology”, Vol. 22, No. 1, s. 3-21. Audi Travolution 2015, http://www.gadgetreview.com/audi-travolution-project-predicts-red-traffic-lights, dostęp: 08.02.2018. Bakici T., Almirall E., Wareham J., 2013. A Smart City initiative: the case of Barcelona, „Journal of Knowledge Economy”, vol. 4, issue 2, s. 135–148. Caragliu A., Del Bo Ch., Nijkamp P., 2011. Smart Cities in Europe, „Journal of Urban Technology”, vol. 18, issue 2, s. 65–82. Cities? ACE Architecture, ”City and Environment’ 2010 no. 12, s. 7-25 Correia, L. M., Wünstel, K., 2011. Smart cities applications and requirements. White Paper. Net., s. 9. Giffinger P., Fertner C., Kramar H., Kalasek R., Pichler-Milanovic´ N., Meijers E., 2007. Smart Cities: Ranking of European Medium-sized Cities. Vienna: Centre of Regional Science, s. 2291. Giffinger R., Fertner C., Kramar H., Kalasek R., Pichler-Milanovic N., Meijers E., 2007. Smart Cities. Ranking of European medium-sized cities, Centre for Regional Science, Vienna University of Technology, http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf (07.02.2018). Giffinger R., Gudrun H., Smart Cities Ranking: An Effective Instrument for the Positioning of citis, “ACE: Architecture, City and Environment”, vol. 4, n 12, p. 7-26 ń Hollands R.G., 2015. Will the real smart city please stand up? Intelligent, progressive or entrepreneurial?, „City”, 2008, vol. 12, no. 3, s. 303-320. IBM, “SmarterCities”, IBM Smarter Planet 2015. Kauf S., 2014. IT jako podstawa wdrożenia inteligentnej logistyki miasta, „Logistyka”, Logistyka-Nauka, Nr 4, s. 3958. Kauf S., 2012, Smart w logistyce miejskiej jako warunek rozwoju współczesnych miast, „Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka”, nr 2. Komninos N., 2008. Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks, Routledge, London–New York. Komninos N., 2011. Intelligent Cities: Variable Geometries of Spatial Intelligence, ”Intelligent Buildings International”, no 3, s. 172-188. Lombardi P., Giordano S., Farouh H., 2012. Yousef W., Modelling the smart city performance, „Innovation – The European Journal of Social Science Research” 2012, vol. 25, no. 2, s. 137-149. McFarlane D., Giannikas V., 2016. Customer-oriented logistics and warehouse innovations Strengthening the role of the consumer in an omnichannel world, [online] http://www.gs1.org/sites/default/files/06_-_cambridge_tnl_oct2016.pdf, dostęp: 08.02.2018. Modelowanie logistyki miejskiej. Red. Nauk. M. Kiba-Janiak, J. Witkowski, 2014. PWE, Warszawa, s. 145 i n. Müller-Seitz G., Seiter M., Wenz P., 2016. Was ist eine Smart City?: Betriebswirtschaftliche Zugänge aus Wissenschaft und Praxis, Springer, Wiesbaden, s. 4. Murray A., Minevich M., Abdoullaev A., 2011. Being Smart about Smart Cities, "Searcher", Vol. 19, Issue 8, Special section, October, s. 20. Neirotti P., De Marco A., Cagliano A.C., Mangano G., Scorrano F, 2014. Current Trends in Smart CityInitiatives: Some Stylised Facts, “Cities”, no 38, s. 25-36. Proper A. T., 2001. Intelligent Transportation System Benefits: 2000 Update, U.S. Department of Transportation Washington D.C,. Stawasz D., Sikora-Fernandez D., Turała M., 2012. Koncepcja smart city jako wyznacznik podejmowania decyzji związanych z funkcjonowaniem i rozwojem miasta, „Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego”, Nr 721 Studia Informatica Nr 29, s. 100.
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Green Cities 2018 Green Cities 2018
Smart logistics as a basis for the development of the smart city Smart logistics as a basis for the development of the smart city a, a
Sabina Kauf a,* Sabina Kauf *
Faculty of Ecomonics. Opole University, pl. Kopernika 11a, 45-040 Opole, Poland Faculty of Ecomonics. Opole University, pl. Kopernika 11a, 45-040 Opole, Poland
a
Abstract Abstract In this article the issues of role and meaning of intelligent technologies has been undertaken especially in area of logistics, In this article issues of of rolesmart and cities meaning of intelligent has been undertaken especially without which the development would be actuallytechnologies impossible. Even though we can argue aboutinit,area whatofitlogistics, actually without„intelligent”, which development smartit cities actually impossible. They Even let though we can argueinfluence about it, of what it of actually means without aofdoubt coverswould use ofbe modern Technologies. to reduce negative flow good and people in urbanized areas, at the itsame timeuse they increaseTechnologies. level of quality of life city.negative In the article we discussed trial means „intelligent”, without a doubt covers of modern They let in to the reduce influence of flow ofagood anddefining people in urbanized areas, city’. at the As same time they level of quality of life theofcity. In the article that we discussed a trial of concept of ‘smart a main goal increase we set indication of result in in area smart logistics, let to optimize of defining concept of ‘smart city’. As and a main goal we set indication of result area ofinnovation smart logistics, let to optimize logistic processes through digitalization use of information Technologies that in increase level ofthat cities, at the same time supporting of smart city. main idea of the article is that addressing topics aboutlevel smart seriously can logistic processesdevelopment through digitalization and The use of information Technologies that increase innovation of city cities, at the same time supporting development of-smart city. main the The article is that addressing about smart cityon seriously can bring many benefits to all cities both in theThe short and idea longof term. methodology used intopics this research is based the critical bring many benefits all cities - both in the short Thecity. methodology used in this research is based on the critical analysis of Polish andtoforeign language literature onand the long topic term. of smart analysis of Polish and foreign language literature on the topic of smart city. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2018 The Authors. by Elsevier B.V. This is open access article the license This is an an open accessPublished article under under the CC CC BY-NC-ND BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection peer-review under responsibility of of This is anand open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licensecommittee (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the the scientific scientific committee of Green Green Logistics Logistics for for Greener Greener Cities Cities 2018. 2018. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Green Logistics for Greener Cities 2018. Keywords: smart logistics, smart city, ITS Keywords: smart logistics, smart city, ITS
1. Introduction 1. Introduction None of smart cities can’t run properly without smart solutions in area of logistics. Implementation of modern None of offunctioning smart citiesofcan’t properlyimpossible without smart solutions in area of logistics. of modern concepts citiesrun is actually without intelligent solutions in the Implementation area of flow of people and concepts of functioning is actually impossible withoutprovide intelligent solutions in the area ofofflow of people It’s and foods. Smart logistics isofa cities necessary condition to efficiently urban areas and mobility its residents. foods. Smart logistics isdevelopment a necessary condition to efficiently provide urbanofareas andcauses mobility of its residents. It’s because of exponential of the cities and increasing number flows, congestion and lowers because of exponential development of the cities way and to increasing of flows, causes congestion andleads lowers level of quality of life in the city. New creative solve thenumber problems of inhabitants of the cities an level of that quality of lifeallinoftheareas city.ofNew way to solve the problems of inhabitants of the tocities leads Internet connects life. creative Today every customer uses many sales channel, thanks which hasan a Internet freedom that connects all of areas of and life.ma Today customer salesofchannel, to which has a massive of choosing a place king every purchases. In thisuses waymany structure transportthanks of foods is changing. massive freedom of choosing a place and ma king purchases. In this way structure of transport of foods is changing. * Sabina Kauf. Tel.: +48 601 544 394; fax: +48 77 40 16 911 [email protected] * E-mail Sabina address: Kauf. Tel.: +48 601 544 394; fax: +48 77 40 16 911 E-mail address: [email protected] 2352-1465 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 2352-1465 © 2018 Thearticle Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection peer-review under responsibility of the scientific of Green Logistics for Greener Cities 2018. This is anand open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licensecommittee (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Green Logistics for Greener Cities 2018. 2352-1465 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Green Logistics for Greener Cities 2018. 10.1016/j.trpro.2019.06.016
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Permanent increase of orders made thanks to Internet platforms causes divisi on of orders and increases requirements for logistics, which guarantees supply for cities but also negatively effects on space of the city. This fact makes every city accommodate with ambivalence of logistics. That’s why it’s important that solutions In logistics are based on Technologies that doesn’t negatively affect the environment and doesn’t use too much space In the city at the same time increasing quality of life in it. That’s why a goal of this article is indicating solutions in the area of smart logistics that let to optimize logistic processes through digitalization and implementing information Technologies which increase level of innovation of the cities, at the same time supporting development of the smart city. According to the author, the best intelligent facilities are those that residents do not quite notice, but use them all the time. 2. Structure Literature Review – smart city The topic of smart city is very important because the creation and development of an intelligent city lead to obtain benefits for both parties, namely for the city managers and its residents. It is easier to manage an intelligent city, for example by improving access to information, developing procedures supporting the effective operation of offices and services, or - what is possible thanks to the involvement of residents in the operation and improvement of the city. Residents live more comfortably, among others because they can deal faster with offices, enjoy better functioning of public transport or feel safer because they have access to the current information about what's happening in the city, how interesting to spend free time etc. In a word, a smart city is a dream place to live, both for the authorities and residents. Concept of smart city can be considered from different points of view, that comes from dimensional development of the city .From enterprises point of view such as: GE, IBM, Simens or Cisco System, which want to gain new markets for their technologies. It’s estimated that size of technology market for smart cities from 2010 to 2020 will gain 108 mln of dollars (Müller-Seitz, Seiter, Wenz, 2016). We can think that this market is determined by supply more than by real demand reported by autonomy units. Nevertheless concept of smart city naps huge meaning because of increasing processes of urbanization and still increasing number of inhabitants (in 2007 their number was more than number of country inhabitants) of those cities causa economic and environmental problems in highly urbanized areas. Intelligent Technologies open up to cities New possibilities of preventing its negative effects. That’s how intelligent energy webs let to reduce use of energy , at the same time emission of CO 2, and intelligent systems of transportation and controlling its movement , let to Lower costs. From estimation of European Commission we can see that costs of congestion in UE countries cause loss for about a 1% GDP (Müller-Seitz, Seiter, Wenz, 2016). Even though concept of ‘smart city’ is getting more and more popular , until today there is no one accepted definition. Analysis of literature in this area lets to show two definition as those who describe smart city as (1): City that is functioning with ICT Technologies (Hollands 2008; Komninos 2008) and (2) new paradigm in development of the city in which key role is human and social capital, education and natural environment (Neirotti at. al. 2014; Giffinger at. al. 2007, Lombardiat al. 2012). As a consequence in literature we can find definitions that underscore technological aspect in concept of smart that is preached in area of business. This direction is defined by T. Bakici, E. Almiralli J. Wareham (2013), according to which ‘smart city’ „smart city as a high-tech intensive and advanced city that connects people, information and city elements using new technologies in order to create a sustainable, greener city, competitive and innovative commerce, and an increased life quality”. In similar direction smart city defines IBM: „A city is an interconnected system of systems. A dynamic work in progress, with progress as its watchword. A tripod [infrastructure, operations, people] that relies on strong support for and among each of its pillars, to become a smarter city for all” (IBM 2015).In those frames information technologies are a tool of development of the city that indicates to think that smart city is intelligent city . The goal to use ICT technologies is increasing the effectiveness of use of resources ,creating new work places, increasing quality of l44 life of inhabitants and increase in innovation. Characteristic feature of smart city is intelligent exchange of information between different subsystems in the city. It lets to increase efficiency and to equalize ecosystem of the city ., build intelligent connections between resources and conscious actions of its inhabitants. Smart city relates to seeking and identifying intelligent solutions, that will let the cities to increase quality of provided services (Giffinger, Fertner, Kramar, Kalasek, Pichler-Milanovic´, Meijers, 2012, s. 2291). In scientific discourse defining of a smart city concept more and more often cross the narrow understanding of development of the city , based only on ICT technologies. In this aspect smart concepts let to create the city that can
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connect unit input with social one, to indicate better services and provide good quality infrastructure. ,As for the concept smart we connect technology, information and infrastructure and political vision to one programme of improvement of the city and its services (Correia, Wünstel, 2011). In this flow smart cities are defined by A. Caragliu, Ch. Del Bo, P. Nijkamp (2011), writing: “We believe a city to be smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance”. N. Komninos (2008) wrote: „(Smart) cities as territories with high capacity for learning and innovation, which is built-in the creativity of their population, their institutions of knowledge creation, and their digital infrastructure for communication and knowledge management” †. Differentiation definition of ‘smart city’ concept is a consequence of implementing it in two different areas(1) in hard features of location such as buildings, energetic nets, water economy , recycling ,mobility , logistics , where information and communicative technologies can have decisive role in functioning of the system ‘city’ (Neirotti at. al. 2014), and (2) soft features of location such as education , social capital, culture , innovations correlating and codeciding of interests. In this case implementation of intelligent technologies makes support for development of intellectual capital and transfer of knowledge , needed to correct working of system of innovation. As a consequence completing the requirements of smart city forces implementation and monitoring of processes of continued learning, correctly chosen innovation and estimating innovative culture , cooperation between urban policies and different users of urbanized areas (Murray, Minevich, Abdoullaev, 2011). Implementing concept of smart city needs holistic approach to the city and integration of different urban systems. Non system is functioning without the support of other, implementing intelligent technologies to every one of them is not enough to create smart city. Many explorers wanting to explain importance of smart city points out smart areas. That’s why for example Komninos (2011) points out 4 possible dimensions (1) information and communication technologies (2)information technologies that change way of living and working (3)integration of ICT technology with urban infrastructure and (4) connecting ICT technologies and people in a way to make it possible to increase innovation, potential of learning and knowledge Giffingerat al. (2007) are pointing out four different characteristics of smart city (1)industry (2)education(3)participation(4)technical infrastructure. Popularized by Austrian explorers from Vienna University of Technology model of smart city points out six areas :(1) smart economy, (2) smart mobility, (3) smart environment, (4) smart people, (5) smart living in (6) smart governance (Giffinger, Gudrun 2010). Pointed quality of life as characteristics seems to be a little bit controversial because the idea of the smart city is going to improve the quality of life in the city. An important element distinguished by the concept among our models is presence of ‘mobility’ as different, important dimension that describes availability of communication, teleinformatic infrastructure and innovative and safe transportation systems. At the same time smart city can be described as a concept that uses set of tools and solutions of cities, that basis to implement information and informatic technologies that are used to increase of mobility if interesants who support functioning of the city and that are easing everyday life of inhabitants, at the same time respecting natural environment. This conceptualization shows that being ‘smart city’ is equal to using the smart logistics. Only then it will be possible to supply the cities and be able to match increasing requirements of interesansts in the area of completing deliveries and manage one’s household of communal rubbish. Cities have a function of shopping centers and make places of location of production factories , this creates description of requirements of logistics, which main goal is use of flows of people and loads. As a consequence cities need logistics with proper infrastructure, information nets and effective business models. Going to be smart they are forced to more logistic thinking and practical use of smart logistics achievements. 3. Smart logistics as support for smart city In the beginning vie indicted that smart cities cannot work without logistic support and intelligent solutions. At the same time smart logistics can support concepts of smart city. What is it that characterizes smart logistics? In the literature of the subject it has a lot of meanings and it is used in many logistic operations (intelligent transport, warehouse, management of the orders) that are planned, managed and controlled in more intelligent way that with
†
A wider review of the definition of smart city presents: (Albino, Berardi,Dangelico, 2015)
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use of traditional solutions(Fig. 1).
Intelligent transportation systems
Intelligent inventory management
Intelligent logistic provider
Intelligent order management
Fig. 1. Key areas of smart logistics. Source: (McFarlane, Giannikas, Wenrong 2016)
Smart logistics refers to use in implementation of logistic tasks, new intelligent technologies, understood as equipped in intelligent systems of computer support, that lets to fully automate processes. Among smart solutions which contribute to logistic system’s functioning and making them more ‘smart’ there are (Kauf, 2017): intelligent transportation systems (ITS) – combination of information and communication technologies and infrastructure and vehicles; the aim is to improve safety, increase efficiency of transport processes and natural environment protection; they guarantee safer, more coordinated and smarter use of transport network; autonomous logistics – systems providing unmanned, autonomous movement of people and cargo with the minimized contribution of human labour; physical internet – is the ability to the most effective moving of goods to any place in short time with getting economic, social and environmental balance, which main goal is, providing stability of global mobility of products and ability to collecting and keeping, sales and use of goods; intelligent cargo – loads having knowledge about where are, where they go , when they should be there and who should reload them; self-organizing logistics – is selforganising logistic system, which can work without any big effort of managers and engineers From smart Logistics point of view and its solutions with smart city , at first we can notice actions connected to management of transport ,congestion and mobility . This is because cities with crowded communication issues make it more difficult to live and run companies , they become less competitive. At the same time they stop development of smart concept. Indication of innovative technical solutions for city logistics can be one of the reasons to integrate smart city concept. In city logistics we take into account transport, warehousing, vertical configuration of the net, telecommunication net, communal economy, equipping in energy vehicles and water, recycling – all of those actions that create daily circle of life for the city as economic, social and cultural space. Having those arguments into account, certain areas of smart city we can indicate those elements of smart logistics that support development of intelligent city. Area in which meaning of smart Logistics is intuitive is the biggest, is represented by smart mobility. It’s not the only area. Smart logistics supports development of smart economy, smart environment and smart living. 4. Smart logistic and smart mobility The biggest influence of smart logistics for realization smart city concept is visible in area of smart mobility which means huge web of connections, transport and communication with big speed of connecting all of the resources of the city (Stawasz, Sikora-Fernandez, Turała, 2012). Smart mobility is narrowly connected with implementation of ICT technologies (Information and communication technologies) and intelligent systems of transport (ITS). ICT technologies can be divided according to level of its costs. In the first group there are low -cost solutions connected to managing applications that control traffic lights of crossings , messages that are shown on
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boards with changeable data. (VMS). In this group there are also systems of automatic identification of vehicles. (AVI) (Modelowanie logistyki, 2014). To solutions with higher costs we put for example telematics that is a connection of countable technology (IT) with telecommunication. Its implementation in macro scale lets to for example: (Modelowanie logistyki, 2014): Increase of safety of traffic and lowering costs of external transport Reduction of pollutions from natural environment Development of intermodal transport They are also causing easier management of public transport, thanks to: monitoring and controlling fleet, access to information from users in the reals time, ability to plan a journey and creating intelligent systems of transport (ITS), which main goal is to support, control and management of processes in transport and connecting those systems. In context of transport and management of flows in the city, smart logistics is conditioning the optimizing of flows. Creates basics of implementation to urban traffic of vehicles that communicate with each other, and managing person of traffic can make measurements and forecast their behavior. Basics of optimizing of movements are GPS data (for example speed and location) that are sourced in the real time. Studies over communicative vehicles show many new possibilities in area of better use of supply train. Adapted to individual orders, predicting and always ready do drive .Through communication V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle) and V2I – (Vehcile to Infrastructure) – connection can prevent traffic jam lower use of petrol and emission of exhaust fumes also reduce number of car accidents. Example for those implementations is project of Audi Travolution, which main concept is vehicle communication with traffic lights through mobile net. Thank to set computer system it will agree with traffic lights and will inform the driver about speed he needs to have to go straight to a green light on next crossing. In case of a car connected to web, driver abbreviates time of his standard decreases use of fuel and as a effect reduces the emission C02 (Audi Travolution 2018). ICT systems let to exchange of data and synchronization of time of urban communication ride. Another smart city area that needs support of smart logistics is smart economy. That dimension of intelligent city shows up in high productivity, innovative climate and elasticity of labour market. It’s also well planned economical structure of the city that makes smart city look as attractive locations for industry, trade and services. Distances between place of living and place of work re usually nor very big, low-emission factories are integrated with the view. According to idea of smart economy, factories should be designed according to Industry 4,0 standards for example self-organized systems of production, management of cyber-physical systems. Although smart industry needs smart logistics support because any logistic processes also have to be smart. That means ability to communicate with different artefacts and manufacturing information’s in a real time to achieve fast and individual reaction in area of physical flows with making sure about costs effectiveness. In this case smart logistic is a condition to optimize flows and undisturbed communication between machines. As an effect processes of flow are see-through and thanks to implementation of ICT technology its possible to expedite creating of values among all chain of deliveries (Giffingerat. al., 2007). In this dimension enters also popular share economy. Its implementation usually requires bravery of urban police, who need to be okay with increasing level of inhabitants. Although change needs to be not only in mentality but also in communication. Dominative role start to have dialogue, mediation, deliberation on sharing economy or actually share of electric vehicles that makes important support for transport system of the cities. Even though important condition of its functioning is creating the nets of charging stations, that provides important replenish for vehicles that are functioning in this system and making it possible to give a services of charging private vehicles or corporate ones. Apart from that car sharing needs implementation of mobile applications and countable system also charge conscriptions . As an example we can point out smartphones that have navigation systems and GPS, which make it possible to direct arrival to the nearest available car or other vehicle. Social websites , estimation systems and recommendation, they guarantee lucidity of sharing systems and build trust to it. This trend includes many car concerns just like General Motors implemented car-sharing company to the market which name is Mayen, which only works in one city of Michigan. Owns car-sharing system Drive Now also has the BMW (together with Sixth company) which covers chosen cities in Germany, Austria, Denmark, Great Britain, Sweden and USA. Nevertheless Daimler has created platform called Car2Go, that works in Europe and The United States. GM also works on autonomous taxis. The premiere of robot-taxis in crowded agglomerations is planned for 2019.
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Smart logistics is necessary to implementing smart environment which optimize of Energy use, through use of resources of new able energy , it goes to actions that decrease emission of pollution, economy is based on equal development rule. We can say that making it real for smart environment is impossible without smart logistics. Logistics causes the biggest burden of natural environment. They come from configuration of transport nets that are stored and making it possible to undisturbed functioning of the city as economic, social and culture space. Logistic action absorb natural resources as energy, martials, area and they generate pollution and noise. That’s why making smart city real is possible only through realization of logistic tasks that will be environmentally and socially friendly. Its means necessity to ease the line infrastructure through consolidation of deliveries and optimize of route. It’s important to apply intelligent ways of transportation, that are run by renewable energy sources that stop greenhouse gasses emission. Also in this area, important support is Intelligent Transport System ITS which lets to shorten time of travel and reduce inconveniences which are pollution or noise and higher safety in transportation. Based on data given by Proper(2001)to benefits from using ITS we can get credit for:
increase of bandwidth of street nets by 20-25%; improvement of safety of traffic (decrease of car accidents by 40-80%; decrease time of travelling and use of energy by 45-70%; improvement of convenience of travelling and conditions of traffic of drivers that are traveling by collective transport and pedestrians; reduction of costs of management of traffic supply train; reduction of costs connected to maintenance and renewal of surface; improvement of quality of natural environment (reduction of exhaust fumes by 30-50% increase of economic advantages.
It’s also important to support intelligent urban systems by autonomic vehicles, effective use of data and implementing intelligent Energy systems that are accommodated to use of Energy that is used to lighten up the streets. More advanced solutions work by ecosystems, they give overload of energy to places in need. In context of smart environment we also need intelligent solutions in area of reverse logistics. I think about intelligent use of communal pollutions. This technology says that putting sensors in pollution containers that are monitoring level of fill of containers all the time. Basing on information that come from sensors, the most optimal scheme is created of drive of dustcarts which only takes into account only full containers .thanks to that, vehicles don’t have to stop by every container but only by those which really needs a drain. Even though all from mentions characteristics of smart city cause to increase of quality of life, smart living is a different feature of intelligent city. In this dimension meaning of smart logistics causes creation of availability of location which means places for studying and culture, points of NHS or to green areas. Actualization in mobility of inhabitants. This is connected to transportation. Smart logistics through implementation of intelligent solutions in transportation lets to reduce car accidents and external costs of transportation. Smart living are supporting those solutions as intelligent parking that not only use systems of boards with changeable data and give information about free parking places (ITS systems) bit also mobile applications. Driver can get information about free parking places even, from the application , before starting his journey. Also very helpful are sensors located in multilevel parking, on curbs or lights, that inform about free parking places. More and more often parking is easier because of intelligent, automated and multi-level parking. Meaning of intelligent solutions in area of parking is important because we lose 10 days of our lives for looking for parking spot (Kauf 2014),and seeking for free spaces to park makes almost one-third of traffic. Intelligent management is causing reduction of blockage and emission of pollution (Kauf 2014). Smart logistics can cause improvement of quality of life through solutions that are supporting traffic safety for example Smart City Brake Support which main task is to prevent happenings such as crashing by the back of the vehicle or decreasing its results thanks to implementing sensor that monitors road in front of the car. In case of finding reaction that driver won’t do anything , turn on the brakes. Moreover smart Logistics and intelligent systems of managing of traffic support improvement of quality of life in the city through collecting information about number of cars on the streets, number of passengers on bus stops and vehicles , difficulties in traffic, faith happenings on roads, weather conditions etc. Thanks to analysis of information they can propose solution as planning of drive by alternative roads , as a consequence improve journey to work, deliver more details information
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to urban planners, increase efficiency of companies. This system is causing to close down the overload on the streets, decrease use of fuel and CO2 emission. 5. Conclusion More and more urban agglomerations are heading to be smart. Realization of this goal needs a support from smart logistics and in almost all areas of functioning of the city. The biggest meaning of intelligent solution is visible in the area of transportation, mobility and equal development. It’s because of huge contribution of logistics in providing undisturbed functioning of the city and negative influence to natural environment. Smart Logistics supports management of infrastructure of the city in the real time. Its lets to increase safety, comfort and quality of life in the city, increasing availability of public use places. Efficient management of urban infrastructure, monitoring of the city, environment pollution ,managing of traffic, lightning of the city in considerable way causes reduction of costs and decrease of environment pollution. In crisis situations it lets to react fast thanks to use of automatic analysis and observation of happenings and intelligent system of notifications. References Albino V., Berardi U., Dangelico R.M., 2015. Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives, “Journal of Urban Technology”, Vol. 22, No. 1, s. 3-21. Audi Travolution 2015, http://www.gadgetreview.com/audi-travolution-project-predicts-red-traffic-lights, dostęp: 08.02.2018. Bakici T., Almirall E., Wareham J., 2013. A Smart City initiative: the case of Barcelona, „Journal of Knowledge Economy”, vol. 4, issue 2, s. 135–148. Caragliu A., Del Bo Ch., Nijkamp P., 2011. Smart Cities in Europe, „Journal of Urban Technology”, vol. 18, issue 2, s. 65–82. Cities? ACE Architecture, ”City and Environment’ 2010 no. 12, s. 7-25 Correia, L. M., Wünstel, K., 2011. Smart cities applications and requirements. White Paper. Net., s. 9. Giffinger P., Fertner C., Kramar H., Kalasek R., Pichler-Milanovic´ N., Meijers E., 2007. Smart Cities: Ranking of European Medium-sized Cities. Vienna: Centre of Regional Science, s. 2291. Giffinger R., Fertner C., Kramar H., Kalasek R., Pichler-Milanovic N., Meijers E., 2007. Smart Cities. Ranking of European medium-sized cities, Centre for Regional Science, Vienna University of Technology, http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf (07.02.2018). Giffinger R., Gudrun H., Smart Cities Ranking: An Effective Instrument for the Positioning of citis, “ACE: Architecture, City and Environment”, vol. 4, n 12, p. 7-26 ń Hollands R.G., 2015. Will the real smart city please stand up? Intelligent, progressive or entrepreneurial?, „City”, 2008, vol. 12, no. 3, s. 303-320. IBM, “SmarterCities”, IBM Smarter Planet 2015. Kauf S., 2014. IT jako podstawa wdrożenia inteligentnej logistyki miasta, „Logistyka”, Logistyka-Nauka, Nr 4, s. 3958. Kauf S., 2012, Smart w logistyce miejskiej jako warunek rozwoju współczesnych miast, „Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka”, nr 2. Komninos N., 2008. Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks, Routledge, London–New York. Komninos N., 2011. Intelligent Cities: Variable Geometries of Spatial Intelligence, ”Intelligent Buildings International”, no 3, s. 172-188. Lombardi P., Giordano S., Farouh H., 2012. Yousef W., Modelling the smart city performance, „Innovation – The European Journal of Social Science Research” 2012, vol. 25, no. 2, s. 137-149. McFarlane D., Giannikas V., 2016. Customer-oriented logistics and warehouse innovations Strengthening the role of the consumer in an omnichannel world, [online] http://www.gs1.org/sites/default/files/06_-_cambridge_tnl_oct2016.pdf, dostęp: 08.02.2018. Modelowanie logistyki miejskiej. Red. Nauk. M. Kiba-Janiak, J. Witkowski, 2014. PWE, Warszawa, s. 145 i n. Müller-Seitz G., Seiter M., Wenz P., 2016. Was ist eine Smart City?: Betriebswirtschaftliche Zugänge aus Wissenschaft und Praxis, Springer, Wiesbaden, s. 4. Murray A., Minevich M., Abdoullaev A., 2011. Being Smart about Smart Cities, "Searcher", Vol. 19, Issue 8, Special section, October, s. 20. Neirotti P., De Marco A., Cagliano A.C., Mangano G., Scorrano F, 2014. Current Trends in Smart CityInitiatives: Some Stylised Facts, “Cities”, no 38, s. 25-36. Proper A. T., 2001. Intelligent Transportation System Benefits: 2000 Update, U.S. Department of Transportation Washington D.C,. Stawasz D., Sikora-Fernandez D., Turała M., 2012. Koncepcja smart city jako wyznacznik podejmowania decyzji związanych z funkcjonowaniem i rozwojem miasta, „Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego”, Nr 721 Studia Informatica Nr 29, s. 100.