So you have to cancel journals? statistics that help

Pergamon Library Collections, Acquisitions, & Technical Services 26 (2002) 259 –281

So you have to cancel journals? Statistics that help Halcyon R. Ensslea,1 Michelle L. Wildeb,* a

Colorado State University Libraries, Morgan Library, Room 155, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA Colorado State University Libraries, Morgan Library, Room 157, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA

b

Abstract Few libraries have been immune to the impact of inflation on journal prices, and many have been involved in extensive journal cancellation projects. To aid in the cancellation decision process, Colorado State University Libraries have been compiling internal statistics on journal usage and merging them with statistics from commercial sources. This paper describes the process and outlines how the collected data can be used both to identify journals for cancellation and to provide justification for these decisions to the campus community. As the inflation rate of journals has outstripped many library budgets, cancellation projects have become a routine part of library collection management for universities. These projects are extremely difficult since decisions have serious implications for the collection and library relations with the academic departments. Deciding which journals should be canceled becomes a serious and frustrating task. Statistical information about a library collection can be a valuable tool in both identifying journals for cancellation and justifying cancellation decisions. The Colorado State University Libraries (CSUL) have been collecting a variety of statistics about the periodicals collection for several years. This article will discuss how these statistics were used in a recent cancellation project. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Literature review Since few academic libraries have escaped the need to go through journal cancellation projects, the literature on serials cancellation is extensive. The following titles are selected sources that are representative of the approaches taken to this exercise. A definition of thirteen “do’s” and “don’ts” involved in a serials cancellation project is

E-mail address: [email protected] * Corresponding author. 1 E-mail address: [email protected] (M.L. Wilde). 1464-9055/02/$ – see front matter © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 1 4 6 4 - 9 0 5 5 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 2 5 4 - 3

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provided by Metz [1]. Lancaster delineates the problems and limitations of three approaches to evaluating library collections: subjective evaluation by subject specialists; checking against external benchmarks, and measurement by volume and type of use [2]. Madison highlights the importance of involving the academic community in journal cancellation decisions. She notes that the discussion on cancellations, which could have been narrowly focused on the library’s fiscal problems, was structured at her institution so that it created an open dialogue on the future of the library and scholarly communications [3]. The reality of campus politics and the importance of rational decisions in collection management are key factors, as shown by Millson-Martula [4]. Richards and Prelec provide a thoughtful analysis of the place of serials cancellations as an integral part of overall collection development and a generic serials review project plan is also provided [5]. Use is an integral part of the majority of serials cancellation projects. Various methods of measuring use can be applied: the “sweep” or reshelving count is quite common, but other methods such as questionnaires, slips and surveys are also widely used. Herzog and Armistead give an analysis of the general steps required in designing an effective journal use study [6]. Hubbard and Williams and Dadashzadeh, Payne and Williams, discuss the Wichita State University project which used periodical reshelving statistics as its primary criteria for cancellation and which resulted in the development of the Periodicals Analysis Database (PAD). PAD is a decision support system that provides a model for an automated decision system that produces an actual cost per use figure as opposed to a cost/use ratio [7]. A procedure for accumulating use statistics with barcodes and scanners is outlined by Ralston and Francq [8]. The “slip” method, attached slips to be initialed by users, was used in a Canadian study by K.E. Marshall [9]. A model defining an “effectiveness factor” as determined by authors who both write in and cite the journals is proposed by Miller and O’Neill [10], and a study incorporating faculty journal preferences as one factor is discussed by Dess [11]. A thoughtful analysis of the effectiveness and types of use studies is given by Broadus [12]. Another indication of journal usage can be obtained through ILL data. Duda and Meszaros analyze the results of a ten year project using fax transmission for articles from canceled journals requested through ILL [13], and Khalil[14] and the Wichita State [15] study show the value of automated ILL statistics for collection development. Numerous articles show the use of citation and impact data in determining journal cancellations. Garfield outlines the methodology used to produce impact factors and shows some of the limitations of their use [16]. Schoch compares citation data collected in a pure science discipline with that in an applied science discipline and explores the implications of the relationships between citation frequency and cost and publisher type [17]. An extensive review of the literature on the use of citation analysis, along with cost and usage, is provided by Altmann [18]. In a master’s paper prepared for the University of North Carolina, Vaughan compares three methods of use measurement; reshelving, citation analysis, and the ISI impact factor. Vaughan concludes that reshelving and citation analysis generate the most similar rankings of journals. However, it is recommended that results be combined from both methods to achieve the most complete picture of use and journal value [19]. The potential pitfalls of using citation analysis for journal management or cancellation are also outlined by Stankus and Rice [20]. A comprehensive review of several methods of gathering use data are provided by Soete and Salaba who define seven different components of analysis, all of which focus on the

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cost-effectiveness of a subscription. They then outline how these methods can be used to establish a cut-off point, based on these seven components, for review for potential cancellation [21]. The second part of their study focuses on a follow-up to the landmark studies done by Henry Barschall [22] in 1986 and 1988, which “thrust journal cost issues into the limelight and spurred libraries and library associations to concerted action” [23]. Cost is also a major factor in a procedure delineated by Francq which develops a relational index for usage and cost [24]. The role of full-text databases and electronic journals in collection development and journal cancellation projects is the next major issue for libraries. Young outlines the questions and issues raised in beginning to collect data for these sources [25]. Sprague and Chambers provide an extensive literature review of the studies on full-text databases in a case study comparing print journals to their full-text counterparts as part of a journal cancellation project [26]. The growing impact of electronic resources on cancellation and storage decisions is explored by Jaguszewski and Probst [27].

2. Collecting the data Although there has been a wealth of information written about canceling periodicals, getting hard facts on actual journal use has always been problematic. Faced with the continued increase in journal prices and realizing that more cancellation projects were inevitable, the Collection Management unit of Reference Services at CSUL made the decision to develop better methods for collecting use data for current journals. Since so much information is now available electronically it made sense to capture as much of this information as possible to justify journal cancellations. One of the assets of electronic information is the potential for collecting ample data about the use of the publication, including number of searches performed, number of articles retrieved, etc. Although the advantage for generating statistics from this data are apparent to libraries, not all publishers are collecting or disseminating this information. To further complicate the situation, some publishers provide data only on request, and even when the information is provided, it lacks uniformity. Data are provided in as many different formats as there are interfaces for the resources, making it impossible to load the numbers into a database for evaluation without a significant amount of manipulation. In early 2000, ARL initiated their E-Metrics Project which was a “collaborative project to address measures for the delivery of networked information resources and services” [28]. Major recommendations of the project identified and defined key statistics that should be provided to subscribers of these services. It is hoped that the publishers of electronic resources will recognize the need for such standardization. In spite of uneven information from electronic resources, the information CSUL had available allowed cancellation decisions to be made based on several factors: Y Y Y Y

the actual in-house use current journals were receiving the availability of full text of the journal online. number of citations and citation impact studies provision of copies of articles rapidly and at no charge to the user.

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A final component was cost. Excel spreadsheets were used to gather these components into a format which allowed the CSUL to analyze the actual use of the journals, and to create reports that facilitated comparisons of the data. 2.1. Sources of data A primary source of data was an ongoing use study of current titles in the Journal Reading Room (JRR) where the latest two to three years of current subscriptions are housed. These issues do not circulate, but are heavily used within the building. Data from commercial databases that provided title level information was also utilized, and statistics were collected from three commercial databases: Information Access Company-Infotrac (IAC), EBSCO Subscription Services and JSTOR (Journal Storage). Other sources of data included: OCLC statistics on ILL, and “Fast Flood,” a specialized local system set up to provide rapid ILL for titles which were lost in a devastating 1997 flood. A further source of data on journal use was a subsidized service called SUMO, which provides articles from UnCover (now Ingenta) at no cost to our patrons. In addition, a Local Journal Use Report was commissioned through the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). The CSUL also subscribe to ISI’s Journal Citation Report (JCR) which gives impact factors for selected journals. These last two reports were critical since the CSUL provides access to the entire file of ISI’s Web of Science database. Information from these sources was combined to support decisions for cancellation of journals. 2.2. Journal Use Study (JUS) In Fall 1998, a use study of the current journals in the collection was begun as an initial step in improving our ability to track journal use. Using methods similar to those described in the article by Ralston and Francq [29], a barcode on the shelf label in the Journal Reading Room (JRR) was scanned each time an issue was reshelved after being used. To increase the accuracy of the reshelving count, numerous signs were placed in the JRR asking users to place issues on book trucks rather than reshelving them. These data were collected and added to a database. Data captured from this study included journal title, call number, fund from which it was purchased, cost, and number of uses. This information is locally available from the Innovative Interfaces Inc. (III) catalog at CSUL. This reshelving data provided the foundation for the creation of subject specific spreadsheets to which other statistics were added during the next year. 2.3. JSTOR (journal storage) JSTOR is the result of a project begun in 1995 at Denison Library in Granville, Ohio. Its initial aim was to reduce costly space required by libraries to store back issues of journal titles by digitizing the articles. Begun modestly, it has blossomed into a internationally available database providing full text articles from back files of over 120 academic journals in 16 disciplines [30]. JSTOR provides a broad range of statistics, including a usage summary which compares local statistics with the average of other sites of the same size,

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totals from all sites, and accesses by month and by hour of the day and subdomain. The statistics used by CSUL are Accesses by Journal. This data includes title, three “browsing” categories (by volume or issue, tables of contents and citation,) two “viewing” categories (pages and articles,) and three “printing” categories (those printed using the JPRINT application, those downloaded in .pdf format and those downloaded in PostScript format.) CSUL had a certain amount of trouble determining which was the most valid JSTOR statistic to reflect appropriate use. After some discussion, it was decided to look at the “article viewing” total to determine use. At the time of this writing, the journals in JSTOR were primarily from the humanities and social science rather than from the sciences. (See Appendix A for details on formatting.) 2.4. OCLC Interlibrary Loan Monthly reports from OCLC contain forty different types of data, most of which is not needed. The report is edited, leaving only Journal Title, ISSN, Patron Department, Patron Status, Date in the Citation, Volume in the Citation and the Request Initiated Date. This is the report provided to selectors for their review. (See Appendix A for editing details.) The statistics gathered from ILL data can also be helpful in selecting new journal titles. 2.5. FAST FLOOD (FF) In 1997 CSUL was the victim of a disastrous flash flood which completely filled the basement of the main library where over 450,000 volumes were housed, including all of the bound journals. In order to supply our patrons with material from these journals, our ILL department made arrangements with six libraries for priority treatment. The six libraries were chosen based on the similarities of their journal collections. Using ARIEL technology, digitized transmission using a high quality scanner, these libraries send requested articles directly to CSUL, usually within two days. ILL requests are made online, eliminating paper work and speeding up the process. Patrons have several options for delivery, the most popular of which is Webview, a system which delivers the request to the patron’s desktop. This is completely separate from regular OCLC ILL and is only for requests from journals lost in the flood. Catalog records were modified to indicate flood damage so that it is possible to limit “Fast Flood” requests to items falling in this category. When a patron chooses “Easy Order Flood Item” an ILL order is automatically placed into the ARIEL system. This system has proven so popular with patrons, that it is being continued even though a large percentage of material has been replaced, either through gifts or purchase. FF is a key element in CSUL’s ability to continue to provide timely access to flood damaged materials. It also provides selectors with information on articles from the bound (1996 and older) collection which are being requested. The data collected was useful both in the recovery effort and in the journal cancellation project, providing us with use data on titles which normally would have been available on-site. Information collected from the fast flood operation includes journal title, number of requests and ISSN. To simplify analysis of the data, FF and OCLC ILL data were combined on the final spreadsheets.

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2.6. SUMO (subsidized CARL UnCover, now Ingenta) CSUL provides at no cost, hard copy of articles in journals available from Ingenta which are not owned by the library. An upper limit of $40.00 is placed on any one article ordered by a patron. The SUMO data are sent monthly from Ingenta. Since this service is unique to CSUL, detailed information will not be given on processing this data. The final information extracted is the journal title, the number of articles provided and the cost of supplying the articles. Information from this database allows us to estimate costs of providing journal articles on an article-by-article basis, which is a useful factor in determining journal cancellation. 2.7. Local Journal Use Report (LJUR) The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), the company that produces Science Citation Index, Social Science Citation Index and Arts & Humanities Citation Index (online, Web of Science) performs this service for a fee for individual institutions. ISI analyzes the information from its citation database and provides the institution with information about the journals in which their faculty have published or which their faculty have cited. The time frame for CSUL’s study was 1981–1998. Approaches for displaying the data include: Y Source Journal Listing –Journals in which one or more articles were published by the faculty. This report can be sorted by journal, total number of articles published and by number of articles published in one year. Y Cited Journal Listing –Journals that were cited one or more times by the faculty. This report can be sorted by journal, total number of times cited and number of times cited in the year. Graphs can be produced for individual journal titles showing number of articles published and number of articles cited for the years covered in the report. Y Journals can also be sorted by individual publishers and by all journals in a specific subject area. This report is expensive and has some limitations. Since the program cannot be installed on a shared drive, it must be installed on a “C” drive, and therefore one person must be responsible for running reports for other users. LJUR will occasionally crash the computer when the program is exited. In spite of these limitations, the data are extremely useful for the purpose of measuring journal importance to our faculty. 2.8. Journal Citation Reports-ISI (JCR)-impact factors Statistics, no matter how complete, tell only part of the story when evaluating journals during a cancellation process. In addition to usage, it is vitally important that librarians also look at the impact that an individual journal has on the subject area in question. While there is no definitive way of evaluating periodicals, ISI also publishes Journal Citation Reports (JCR), “quantitative tools for ranking, evaluating, categorizing, and comparing journals” [31]. This report includes the number of times a journal was cited in a given year, the number

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of articles published during that same year, and the cited half life of the articles. An impact factor is also calculated for each journal. The impact factor is “a measure of the frequency with which the “average article” in a journal has been cited in a particular year or period. The annual JCR impact factor is a ratio between citations and recent citeable items published” [32]. The numbers can be reviewed on an individual basis or against other journals in a specific area of study. 2.9. Information Access Company-Infotrac (IAC) (since canceled by CSUL) Infotrac (IAC) was one of the earliest aggregators of electronic indexes to articles. Begun in 1985 as a videodisk index system, the access to indexes provided by IAC is now available on the web. IAC provides two sets of data monthly. The monthly usage summary shows the total sessions, total connect time, average session time, total “views” and total “retrievals.” The summary of use by databases is divided by number of sessions, number of “views” and number of “retrievals.” These were compiled to create a report containing journal retrievals with ISSN, total “views,” the number of abstracts/citations viewed, the number of full text articles retrieved and some data on printing. Getting this data into useable form was somewhat painful at the time, and the instructions available in Appendix A may not be necessary if the output from IAC has been improved. (IAC statistics were not used in the final cancellation report as they were not current.) 2.10. EBSCO Online (since canceled by CSUL) EBSCO Online is a research tool that provides access to full text articles from scholarly journals published online (e-journals). The EBSCO files can be obtained from their site, http:/eadmin.epnet.com/eadmin/login.htm. A customer ID and a password are required to obtain the statistics. The one drawback is that if a hard copy is desired, the print option must be chosen very quickly, or the data will not be retrieved. The monthly summary shows journal title, abstracts browsed, abstracts downloaded and full text articles. Instructions for processing EBSCO data can be found in Appendix A. Again, methods necessary to extract data may have changed since the use by CSUL. EBSCO statistics were not used in the final cancellation project as they were not current. 2.11. Future sources of data CSUL recently began to investigate the data supplied by vendors at the database level. While canceling individual journal titles can be a source of savings, other resources made available online must also be examined to determine which of these databases are cost effective. Database statistics can provide information such as per-search costs vs. the cost of subscriptions to the journals covered, and whether setting the number of simultaneous users lower would meet the need and still reduce costs. In addition, the intent over the next couple of years is to expand the collection of statistics to include in-house use of bound journals and begin using statistics from the Innovative Interfaces system to track check-outs of bound

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journals. The challenge of analyzing the use and impact of full-text databases and electronic journals is also becoming a critical issue.

3. Using the data in collection development Although the impact of journal cancellation projects resonates through the university as a whole, it is most traumatic for the sciences and engineering departments. For these disciplines, the journal literature is the backbone of research efforts, and for more theoretical areas of study, the journal collection of a library is the scholar’s laboratory. Therefore, identifying journals that are good candidates for cancellation can be a daunting task. The CSUL have not been immune to the impact of inflation and have been involved in an extensive journal cancellation project for the past two years. These projects have the biggest impact on subject librarians, who must work with the faculty to identify which journals should be canceled. Perhaps the most difficult part of this task is justifying why some journals should be cut while other subscriptions are maintained. Telling faculty that the library has to cancel journals because of budgetary constraints wears thin, so it is vital that other information be made available to make a case. Statistics can be a powerful tool for justifying difficult decisions, and the CSUL are fortunate enough to have access to a wide variety of use statistics about the periodical collection. The first step of a journal cancellation project is identifying which journals are candidates for cancellation. As described earlier in this article, CSUL collects a wealth of information about our periodicals collection, however, there is not a master list that includes all of the numbers for each journal. Instead, the statistics are organized by the type of information that is being gathered, which means that ILL statistics are included on one list, while journal room usage statistics are found on another list. This means that in order to get complete statistics for any given journal, one must compile information from multiple sources. Maintaining a comprehensive list of statistics for 8,000⫹ subscriptions in the CSUL collection would be incredibly time consuming and frustrating due to the variety of numbers available. The job does not become any easier when it is divided among the subject selectors, since each librarian is responsible for multiple subject areas and within each subject area there are numerous journals. Therefore, subject selectors had to devise strategies to narrow down the list to a manageable size. One solution was to pick a benchmark statistic to use for the initial cut. This benchmark statistic served to shorten the list of titles and eliminated the need to compile a complete set of statistics for each subscription in the collection. Since low usage was one of the primary criteria for this cancellation project, the Journal Use Study provided a good starting point. It is important to realize that this was just a beginning, since basing the list of potential candidates for cancellation on how many times new issues of that journal have been used is inherently flawed. First, these statistics do not take into account the Web availability for a number of subscriptions. Secondly, journal use statistics only reflect the use of the unbound periodicals, which is generally the most recent two years issues. Finally, studies have shown that persistent undercounting is inherent in reshelving counts, the method used at CSUL [33]. When using reshelving counts, a necessary assumption is that everyone who is using the unbound periodicals is not re-shelving them.

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CSUL reshelves between 165,000 and 200,000 issues a year, but one of the most common challenges to Journal Room statistics is that these reshelving numbers are inaccurate. If one assumes that the Journal Use Study statistics are a reasonable indicator of use, the next problem becomes deciding what constitutes low use. When examining the statistics, it quickly becomes evident that there is no uniform standard for “low-use;” it is best to compare journals within individual disciplines rather than across the board. In some cases “low-use” journals had been used fewer than twice a year, while for other disciplines “low-use” journals had been used fewer than 15 times a year. Intra-disciplinary comparisons help ensure that the cancellations are more evenly spread among the departments, and that the collection will not lose its diversity. On the surface, usage seems to be a good justification for canceling periodicals, however, upon closer examination, one soon discovers that this is not always the case. Trueswell concluded that “approximately 80% of the circulation requirements are satisfied by approximately 20% of the library’s holdings” [34]. If this is true, CSUL is obviously purchasing a wealth of materials that are never taken off the shelf. Although it is disturbing to consider that such a large part of the collection is under-utilized, it is not as problematic with one-time monograph purchases as it is with periodical subscriptions, which represent continuing commitments to spend significant amounts of money each year. The primary problem with usage statistics is that they fail to take into consideration the impact of a journal in an individual subject area. ISI’s Journal Citation Reports (JCR) provide valuable insight into the importance of a periodical to a given discipline. Using a complicated equation that is based on the number of articles published in a given periodical and the number of times that those articles have been cited, JCR calculates an impact factor for each periodical. One can look at periodicals on an individual basis or compare periodicals to other publications within a specific subject area. For the sciences in particular, certain high-impact periodicals are a vital part of the collection, and regardless of use, certain titles should be owned simply because they represent the standard in an individual field. These high-impact periodicals not only add to the strength of the collection, but they can also be used as recruiting tools for new faculty and students. For the purposes of this study, the impact factors were broken down by subject area. This was, in part, due to the variation in impact factors among disciplines. A recent article in Nature explains: Draw up a list of journals in a particular field and, with a few exceptions, there seems a pretty good correlation between a journal’s impact factor and its perceived quality. But start making comparisons between fields —something the ISI warns against —and the results quickly become meaningless: mathematics researchers rarely cite more than one or two references, for example, whereas a typical paper in molecular biology includes dozens. This causes a wide variation in impact factors, even between comparable journals serving different disciplines [35].

For subject librarians who are dealing with hundreds of journal subscriptions across many disciplines, the JCR can be a valuable tool. It can also help a librarian justify retention of a high-impact, low-use journal. For example, the journal Annals of Mathematics had not been

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reshelved once over a period of two years, a statistic which implies that since the journal is not being used it is not an important part of the collection. However, when one looks at the JCR, it becomes evident that this journal has one of the highest impact factors among mathematics publications. Removing such high-impact, low-use journals from the list of potential cancellations before sending the list to the faculty increases the librarian’s credibility, and makes it much easier to justify a cancellation decision. Although JCR is an invaluable tool when trying to identify journals for a cancellation project, the JCR reports can be quite controversial, and questions about the validity and reliability of these reports regularly surface in the literature of the sciences and social sciences. According to Eugene Garfield, Founder and Chairman Emeritus, ISI “ISI does not depend on the impact factor alone in assessing the usefulness of a journal, and neither should anyone else” [36]. In 2000 Garfield outlined other limitations of the Journal Citation Reports in an editorial for the Croation Medical Journal [37]. In 1998 Hecht discussed the shortcomings of impact factors, pointing out, among other things, that ISI considers publications that publish predominantly research reports in the same category as publications that publish primarily review articles [38]. This is problematic since review articles are typically cited more frequently than research articles, but reviews “simply cannot have the same immediacy and influence as an innovative research paper” [39]. In 2000, Nisonger examined the effect that self-citation had on journal impact factors, and gives some sound advice for librarians who wish to incorporate JCR impact factors into journal cancellation decisions [40]. He cautions, “the JCR is a useful tool that can assist research librarians in the serials decisionmaking process. Yet, serials collection management decisions should not be made on the basis of JCR citation data, but instead in conjunction with other traditional factors . . .” [41]. Once the JCR impact factors had been added to the spreadsheet, the 50 highest impact journals in each field were removed from the list. Although the Journal Room Study had already eliminated many of these journals, there were still a few high impact titles that would have slipped through the cracks if the JCR had not been used. CSUL has also purchased a Local Journal Use Studies (LJUR) from ISI. This report, which is based on the JCR, details the publishing habits of CSU researchers from 1981–1998. The LJUR data can be manipulated in a number of different ways, and can even be broken down by year. For the purposes of this report, the number of times a journal had been cited by CSU researchers (CSU Cited) and the number of articles that had been published by CSU researchers from 1981–1998 (CSU Source) were taken into consideration. Although this was not one of the criteria for keeping or removing journals from the list of possible cancellations, it was very useful when working with faculty members to justify canceling a particular title. Not surprisingly, few of the journals left on the list at this point had ever been published in or cited by CSU researchers. At this point, there was a viable list of potential journals for cancellation. Since the lists were a much more manageable size, data were added from ILL and SUMO reports, as well as two years of subscription prices for each publication. Faculty were then asked to comment on the list. It is impossible to anticipate how individuals and departments will respond to suggestions for cancellation. One of the priorities of this project was to let the departments make the ultimate decision about which journals should be canceled, therefore the list contained twice the number of journals that CSU needed to cancel. To facilitate faculty involvement, Web

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Fig. 1. Web page.

pages were set up (see Fig. 1) for individual departments. These sites included .pdf files of the statistics, the JCR information, and, in some cases an entire list of the serials holdings for that subject area. There were surprisingly few challenges to the journals that were suggested for cancellation. In cases where faculty did question the cancellation of a subscription, pointing to the statistical rationale helped to alleviate the faculty member’s concerns. However, in some cases the person had a very legitimate concern. In one situation, the publisher had provided free online access to a journal for the previous year, and which meant that even though this journal was used on a regular basis, the library had no access to statistics regarding use. Since faculty were given a large number of journals to choose from, it was possible to accommodate many of the challenges and still cut the needed number of subscriptions. The journals canceled in this project have not been available since January 2001, and there have only been a handful of questions. Most importantly, library-department relationships have not suffered.

4. Conclusion (Tables 1 and 2)The methodology described above for identifying journals for cancellation utilized those statistics and factors which seemed most appropriate to the physical sciences (see Table 1). Due to the variation in the availability of statistics and their applicability to individual subject areas, spreadsheets for other disciplines may utilize different data (see Table 2). While different statistics may be more appropriate for some subject areas than others, the availability of a broad range of statistics for a wide spectrum

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Table 1 Mathematics journals—potential candidates for cancellation Journal title

Call number

WEB

1998–2000 Journal usage study

1998 Journal citation report impact factor (rank)1

1999 Journal citation report impact factor (rank)1

Archiv der Mathematik. Journal of Mathematics of Kyoto University. Manuscripta Mathematica. Canadian Mathematical Bulletin. Nagoya Mathematical Journal. Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences. The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics. Fundamenta Mathematicae. Bulletin (London Mathematical Society). Israel Journal of Mathematics. Russian Mathematical Surveys. Pacific Journal of Mathematics. Indiana University Mathematics Journal. Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra. Integral Equations and Operator Theory. Linear Algebra and It’s Applications. K-theory. Journal of Engineering Mathematics.

QA 1. A66 QA 1. K9

YES

1 1

0.216 (218) 0.247 (202)

0.212 (240) 0.238 (229)

QA 1. M2 QA 1. C372

YES

0 0

0.251 (198) 0.265 (191)

0.213 (239) 0.218 (238)

0

0.279 (183)

0.311 (192)

QA 1. N2423 QA 1. M437

YES

2

0.298 (178)

0.287 (210)

QA 1. Q22

YES

0

0.306 (175)

0.426 (139)

QA 1. F8 QA 1. L527

YES

0 0

0.307 (173) 0.309 (171)

0.339 (181) 0.417 (143)

0

0.347 (157)

0.446 (128)

0

0.354 (150)

0.353 (173)

QA 1. P3

0

0.355 (149)

0.354 (171)

QA 1. J975

0

0.369 (145)

0.304 (194)

1

0.370 (143)

0.440 (133)

QA 431. I48

0

0.391 (136)

0.350 (174)

QA 251. L52

0

0.392 (134)

0.385 (156)

QA 612.33. K27 QA 1. J61

0 1

0.510 (97) 0.517 (93)

0.375 (162) 0.347 (176)

QA 1. I92 QA 1. R82

QA 150. J68

YES

YES

1 First number refers to Journal Citation Report Impact factor. Number in parentheses indicates how journal compares to other publications in the same discipline. The JCR “filter” option was used to break periodicals into subject categories, and this list refers to periodicals from the categories: Mathematics; Mathematics, Applied; and Mathematics, Miscellaneous. The 1998 JCR list was comprised of 265 titles, and the 1999 list contained 281 titles. 2 CSU Cited - Journals that were cited one or more times by CSU researchers 1981–98. 3 CSU Source - Journals in which one or more articles were published by CSU researchers 1981–98. 4 SUMO (Subsidized UnCover, now Ingenta)

of journals is extremely valuable when these decisions must be made. As the inflation rate of journals has outstripped many library budgets, journal cancellation projects have become a routine part of library collection management. Routine gathering of data and reporting statistics help librarians determine which periodicals are good candidates for cancellation.

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1981–1998 CSU cited2

1981–1998 CSU source3

Cost 1998

Cost 2000

ILL

SUMO4 7/98–5/00

3 2

0 0

$ 847.00 $ 132.00

$ 870.00 $ 121.00

0 0

0 0

6 0

3 0

$1,285.00 $ 206.00

$1,428.00 $ 243.00

0 0

0 0

0

0

$ 223.00

$ 229.00

1

0

0

1

$1,575.00

$2,597.00

1

0

6

0

$ 212.00

$ 263.00

0

0

0 5

0 0

$ 195.00 $ 287.00

$ 391.00 $ 302.00

0 0

0 0

3

0

$ 349.00

$ 396.00

1

0

1

0

$ 645.00

$ 745.00

0

0

7

1

$ 251.00

$ 308.00

5

0

0

0

$ 158.00

$ 192.00

0

0

7

5

$2,383.00

$2,694.00

0

0

0

0

$ 811.00

$ 979.00

0

0

27

2

$2,820.00

$3,184.00

6

0

0 1

0 0

$ 836.00 $ 599.00

$ 852.00 $ 687.00

0 0

0 0

Appendix A. Iac statistics (the steps needed to process this data may have changed since their use by CSUL) Files are sent monthly in both report and comma delimited files. One should use the comma delimited file copy and save data up to journal level information in a separate summary document. Beginning with the first journal title after the header information: Y do a search and replace operation which finds “0” (zero) followed by “space” and replaces it with “O” (letter O) followed by “paragraph symbol” Y Edit remaining data by deleting the hard return after any part of a title which is not connected to the full title

272

M.I. Wilde / Libr. Coll. Acq. & Tech. Serv. 26 (2002) 259 –281

Table 2 Sample worksheet Title

Call number

Cost 1999

Cost 2000

Acta theriologica Advances in Genetics American Biology Teacher American Journal of Botany American Journal of Human Genetics American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin American Zoologist Animal Behaviour (London) Annals of Applied Biology Annual Review of Genetics Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology Anthrozoos Applied Animal Behaviour Science Audubon Auk Australian Journal of Botany Australian Journal of Plant Physiology Australian Journal of Zoology Australian Mammalogy Avicultural Magazine AZA Communique Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Behavorial Ecology Behaviour Biochemical Systematics and Ecology Biologia Plantarum

QL700/A23 QH431/A38 QH1/A275 QK1/B345

$ 88.00 $ 85.00 $ 77.00 $ 169.00

$ 103.00 $ 191.00 $ 169.00 $ 254.00 $ 77.00 $ 154.00 $ 200.00 $ 369.00

14.56% 49.70% 0.00% 15.50%

27 0 400 268

41 7 21 143

QH431/A1A5 $ 507.00 $ 538.00 $1,045.00

5.76%

110

42

10.00 $

2 Year cost

25.00 $

% Incr.

JUS ILL/FF Sum98– Comb. Spr00 Aug. 97– May 00

QH1/A4

$

35.00

60.00%

0

0

QL1/A5 QL750/B7

$ 497.00 $ 518.00 $1,015.00 $ 184.00 $ 198.00 $ 382.00

4.05% 7.07%

56 509

46 143

QH301/A48

$ 343.00 $ 367.00 $ 710.00

6.54%

47

55

QH431/A1A54 $ 126.00 $ 126.00 $ 252.00

0.00%

0

20

QK711/A5

$ 126.00 $ 135.00 $ 261.00

6.67%

0

8

QL85/A57 QL750/A6

$ 57.00 $ 91.00 $ 148.00 $1,377.00 $1,469.00 $2,846.00

37.36% 6.26%

124 123

152 70

QL671/A82 $ 21.00 $ 23.00 $ 44.00 QL696/A3A8 $ 71.00 $ 84.00 $ 155.00 QK1/A8 $ 316.00 $ 423.00 $ 739.00

8.70% 15.48% 25.30%

121 271 21

14 199 54

QK710/A93

$ 468.00 $ 758.00 $1,226.00

38.26%

83

82

QL1/A865

$ 468.00 $ 455.00 $ 923.00

⫺2.86%

30

18

QL700/A8 QL671/A93 QL77.5/A4 QL751/B4

$ 28.00 $ 34.00 $ 45.00 $1,471.00

$ 53.00 ⫺12.00% $ 69.00 2.86% $ 90.00 0.00% $3,490.00 27.14%

16 6 26 157

4 1 0 118

QL750/B534 QL750/B537 QH83/B55

$ 271.00 $ 349.00 $ 620.00 $ 374.00 $ 500.00 $ 874.00 $ 959.00 $1,156.00 $2,115.00

22.35% 25.20% 17.04%

184 294 24

37 80 13

QK1/B175

$ 718.00 $ 791.00 $1,509.00

9.23%

12

14

$ 25.00 $ 35.00 $ 45.00 $2,019.00

KEY: JUS - Journal room use study; ILL/FF Comb. - Combined statistics from Fast Flood and OCLC ILL data; SUMO - Subsidized article delivery from UnCover (now Ingenta); Cornell Core - Journal price study: Core agricultural and biological journals, Cornell University, November, 1998; CSU Fac Flood Core - Faculty identification of core journals following the 1997 flood

M.I. Wilde / Libr. Coll. Acq. & Tech. Serv. 26 (2002) 259 –281

SUMO 98/99

Total uses

Cost per use

Fax from UnCover

UnCover cost $7.50⫹

0 0 0

68 7 421 411

$ 2.81 $36.29 $ 0.37 $ 0.90

no Yes Yes Yes

$35.25 $ 3.00 $ 3.00

0

152

$ 6.88

Yes

$ 2.00

0

0

$35.00

NA

0 0

102 652

$ 9.95 $ 0.59

Yes Yes

$ 3.00 $35.25

0

102

$ 6.96

Yes

0

20

$12.60

0

8

0

273

Cornell Core

ISI Cites

ISI Source

X

5 6 224

0 2 24

0.540 3.450 0.200 2.383

17

1

10.426

0

0

NA

X X

125 279

52 23

2.714 2.148

$ 3.00

X

43

3

0.631

Yes

$14.25

X

53

0

10.065

$32.63

Yes

$14.25

X

128

0

17.000

276 193

$ 0.54 $14.75

Yes Yes

$10.25 $20.00

120

26

0.261 0.815

0

135 470 75

$ 0.33 $ 0.33 $ 9.85

no Yes Yes

$ 3.00 $ 4.25

X

16

0

NA 1.490 1.087

0

167

$ 7.34

Yes

$ 4.25

X

91

2

1.579

0

48

$19.23

Yes

$ 4.25

10

3

0.886

0

$ 2.65 $ 9.86 $ 3.46 $12.69

no no NA Yes

0

0

0

20 7 26 275

$28.00

X

26

0

NA NA NA 2.324

0 0 0

221 374 37

$ 2.81 $ 2.34 $57.16

Yes Yes Yes

$ 8.25 $ 3.25 $20.00

X

166 89 8

9 2 13

2.869 1.269 0.758

0

26

$58.04

Yes

$16.00

1

0

0.414

Y E.g., time Y Magazine, 0928 – 8430,4,0,0,0,0 Y Should read: Time Magazine, 0928 – 8430,4,0,0,0,0

ISI 1999 impact factor

CSU fac flood core

X

X X

X

274

M.I. Wilde / Libr. Coll. Acq. & Tech. Serv. 26 (2002) 259 –281

(This can be done manually, or by doing a series of search and replace operations using each letter of the alphabet with a paragraph symbol after it, replacing with the same letter followed by a space and a delete.) It is also necessary to search and replace for the following Y Alpha character, the “&” symbol followed by a paragraph symbol Y Alpha character, a “.” (period) followed by a paragraph symbol Y Alpha character, a “0 ” (zero space) Each of these is a 27 step search, using each letter of the alphabet. When the document has been edited to the point where there is no data (e.g., All zeros) in the next to the last column of data, save as a .txt file. Go to top of document and do a search and replace operation which: Y Finds “Paragraph Symbol” followed by (case sensitive) “The” and replaces it with “Paragraph Symbol” followed by “nothing.” This eliminates leading “The”s from the data base Open a spreadsheet and import the saved .txt document as a comma delimited file. The resulting spreadsheet can then be manipulated and sorted (see Table 3). A.1. EBSCO statistics The Title Usage Report is the most useful. It can be accessed by month and year and the first five fields should be chosen and a sort by title indicated. To retrieve for use in a spreadsheet, each page must be saved separately (e.g., 12–2000pg1, 12–2000pg2, etc..) The individual pages can then be opened in a word processing program and the pages inserted into one document, editing out the headers and footers. It should be saved as a .txt file so it can then be opened in a spreadsheet (see Table 4.) A.2. JSTOR statistics The JSTOR data requires manipulation to enable it to be saved as a spreadsheet file. It should be formatted as a HTML file in a word processing program when saving it from the JSTOR site. It can then be taken into a spreadsheet. Once in the spreadsheet summary information down to the first journal title and the subject header information and “total” lines must be deleted. Minor editing is required (to remove “. . . ” at the beginning of some titles) before the file can be sorted by title. There is some redundancy in reporting of certain titles, as they are listed under more than one subject area. Note the disclaimer that “number of articles viewed is not included in the total column” (of the original report.) For that reason, a new total should be calculated after the headers and totals lines are removed (see Table 5.) A.3. OCLC statistics The reports are brought into a spreadsheet and run through four different data sorts to eliminate unfilled requests for articles and monographic requests. The first sort is by Lender

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275

Table 3 IAC sample statistics Journal

ISSN

Views

Retrievals Total

1995 Information Please (TM) Almanac Academy of Management Executive Academy of Management Review Across the Board Administration & Society Adolescence Advertising Age Advocate (The national gay & lesbian newsmagazine) ADWEEK Eastern Edition Agricultural Research AIDS Weekly Plus Airline Business Albany Law Review Alcohol Health & Research World Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Week America American Artist American Banker American Behavioral Scientist American City & County American Demographics American Demographics American Enterprise American Family Physician American Fitness American Forests American Health American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse American Journal of Psychology American Journal of Sports Medicine American Journalism Review American Libraries Totals

Abstracts and citations

Full text

Print stations

4

1

0

1

0

0896-3789

3

2

0

2

0

0363-7425

1

1

0

1

0

0147-1554 0095-3997 0001-8449 0001-8899 0001-8996

5 2 29 56 59

2 1 2 4 5

0 0 0 2 1

2 1 2 2 4

0 0 0 0 0

0199-2864 0002-161X 1069-1456 0268-7615 0002-4678 0090-838X

6 4 40 3 4 8

1 1 6 1 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 6 1 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0

1042-1394

8

5

0

5

0

0002-7049 0002-7375 0002-7561 0002-7642 0149-337X 0163-4089 0163-4089 1047-3572 0002-838X 0893-5238 0002-8541 0730-7004 0095-2990

59 7 17 4 16 35 2 13 41 14 8 7 4

8 1 1 2 1 4 2 4 5 3 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 1 1 2 1 3 2 4 5 3 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0002-9556

0

1

0

1

0

0363-5465

11

1

0

1

0

1067-8654 0002-9769

2 16 488

2 7 81

0 0 4

2 7 77

0 0 0

system-those with no system identified are unfilled, and are deleted. The second sort is by Photocopy flag - a zero in this column indicates the material was (most likely) a book and these are deleted. (There are rare instances when the entire volume of a journal is sent.) The

276

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Table 4 EBSCO sample statistics EBSCO use statistics

ISSN

Abstracts browsed

Abstracts downloaded

Full text articles

ABA Journal Accounting Organizations & So Addiction ADDICTION & RECOVERY Administration & Society Administrative Science Quarte ADOLESCENCE ADOPTIVE FAMILIES Adults Learning ADVERTISING AGE Advocate AEROSPACE AMERICA Affilia: Journal of Women & S AFRICA REPORT AFRICA TODAY Afterimage Age & Ageing Ageing & Society Agricultural Research AI MAGAZINE AIDS ALERT AIDS CARE AIDS Weekly Plus AIR FORCE TIMES AIRPOWER JOURNAL Alberta Report/Western Repo Alcohol Health & Research Wor America AMERICA’S NETWORK AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST American Antiquity AMERICAN BANKER American Behavioral Scientist AMERICAN BUSINESS LAW JOURNAL American City & County AMERICAN DEMOGRAPHICS AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW American Economist American Editor American Enterprise American Family Physician AMERICAN FITNESS AMERICAN FORESTS TOTALS

07470088 03613682 09652140 10524614 00953997 00018392 00018449 10761020 09552308 00018899 00018996 0740722X 08861099 00019836 00019887 03007472 00020729 0144686X 0002161X 07384602 08870292 09540121 10691456 00022403 08970823 02250519 0090838X 00027049 10755292 00027294 00027316 00027561 00027642 00027766 0149337X 01634089 00028282 05694345 10835210 10473572 0002838X 08935238 00028541

12 0 3 1 2 2 16 1 3 34 17 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 0 4 2 10 11 1 2 10 12 1 13 3 10 10 2 3 26 20 1 1 7 19 3 2 278

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

14 0 2 0 3 1 17 0 6 32 13 0 1 3 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 12 0 0 2 35 13 3 0 0 10 13 2 3 53 18 1 0 9 27 0 5 303

last sort is by ISSN number - lack of an ISSN is the last identifier for monographs and these are deleted. Then the extraneous columns are deleted, leaving only journal title, ISSN, Patron Department, Patron Status, Date in the Citation, and Volume in the Citation (see Table 6.)

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277

Table 5 JSTOR sample statistics [JSTOR usage] Statistics for Accesses from Your Site accesses The 4,038 pages viewed were from 1,541 articles, an average of 2.6 pages per article. 91% of these articles were found via searches. Relative usage by discipline Discipline African American studies Anthropology Asian studies Ecology Economics Education Finance History Literature Mathematics Philosophy Political science Population studies Sociology Statistics Accesses by journal

Browsing vol/iss titles

TOCs

citations Viewing Printing pdf ps searches pages jprint

166

323

166

490

your site 2.20% 2.00% 0.40% 18.60% 8.00% 4.70% 1.10% 17.10% 3.70% 1.40% 2.90% 21.60% 1.60% 9.60% 5.30%

all sites 4.80% 2.50% 1.60% 4.40% 17.30% 3.60% 3.40% 17.00% 6.10% 2.80% 3.50% 14.60% 2.50% 12.90% 3.00%

Browsing TOCs vol/iss 1 0 1 0 3 1 7 3 2 1

African American Review African American Review American Economic Review American Historial Review American Journal of International Law American Journal of Political 3 Science American Journal of 1 Sociology American Literature 0 American Mathematical 1 Monthly American Political Science 14 Review American Quarterly 2 American Sociological 2 Review Total number of accesses, 37 including viewing articles:

4038 307 208 28 2179 total searches performed in all journals: 7905

citations Viewing articles pages 0 8 6 0 8 6 3 85 29 10 228 88 2 46 20

Printing pdf ps total jprint 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 9 2 6 0 100 11 2 0 261 2 3 0 56

0

11

25

18

2

0

0

41

0

4

106

27

0

3

0

114

0 0

0 0

3 2

1 1

0 0

0 0

0 0

3 3

9

26

175

71

18

4

0

246

3 2

4 11

39 70

16 35

1 8

1 8

0 0

50 101

19

71

795

318

44

27

0

993

278

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Table 6 OCLC sample worksheet Title

ISSN

Patron department

Patron status

Date (citation)

Volume (citation)

ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA: SUPPLEMENTUM. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA: SUPPLEMENTUM. ACTA NEUROCHIRRUGICA: SUPPLEMENTUM. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA: SUPPLEMENTUM. ACTA NEUROLOGICA BELGICA. ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA. ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA. ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA. ACTA OBSTETRICIA ET GYNECOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. ACTA OBSTETRICIA ET GYNECOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. ACTA OBSTETRICIA ET GYNECOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM. ACTA ODONTOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. ACTA ODONTOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. ACTA OECOLOGICA. ACTA OECOLOGICA. ACTA OECOLOGICA. OECOLOGIA GENERALIS. ACTA OECOLOGICA. OECOLOGIA PLANTARUM. ACTA ONCOLOGICA. ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA. ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA. ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA. ACTA ORTHOPAEDICA BELGICA. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA.

0001-6268 0001-6268 0001-6268 0001-6268 0001-6268 0001-6268 0065-1419

ANAT ANAT ANAT ANAT ANAT ANAT ANAT

FA FA FA FA FA GR FA

1994 1991 1991 1996 1997 1991 1993

126 113 113 138 139 113 58

0065-1419

MUSIC

GR

1987

39

0065-1419

MUSIC

GR

1987

39

0065-1419

PATH

GR

1996

66

0300-9009

CLIN SCI

FA

1992

92

0001-6322 0001-6322 0001-6322 0001-6349

ANAT PHYSIO EDUC ANTRHO

ST GR UG FA

1994 1989 1994 1994

88 79 87 73

0001-6349

ENV HLTH

GR

1986

65

0300-8835

ENV HLTH

GR

1997

165

0001-6357

UG

1997

55

UG

1997

55

1146-609X 1146-609X 0243-766X

ENV HLTH ENV HLTH BIOL RMFRES RANGE

GR FA GR

1991 1988 1987

12 9 8

0243-7651

HORT

UG

1983

4

0284-186X 0001-639X 0001-639X 0001-639X 0001-6462

UG UG UG FA

1993 1987 1987 1966 1991

32

ENGL ENGL ENGL CLIN SCI

0001-6489

ANAT

GR

0001-6357

1978 MAR

65 44 57 85

(continued on next page)

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279

Table 6 (continued) Title

ISSN

Patron department

ACTA PAEDOPSYCHIATRICA. ACTA PDIATRICA SCANDINAVICA. ACTA PDIATRICA SCANDINAVICA. ACTA PDIATRICA. ACTA PDIATRICA. ACTA PDIATRICA. ACTA PDIATRICA. SUPPLEMENT. ACTA PDIATRICA. SUPPLEMENT. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA. ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA ET TOXICOLOGICA. ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA ET TOXICOLOGICA. ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA ET TOXICOLOGICA. ACTA PHYSICA ACADEMIAE SCIENTIARUM HUNGARICAE. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA HUNGARICA. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA HUNGARICA. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA POLONICA: BIMONTHLY OF THE POLISH PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY/ ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. ACTA PHYTOPATHOLOGICA ET ENTOMOLOGICA HUNGARICA. ACTA PHYTOPATHOLOGICA ET ENTOMOLOGICA HUNGARICA.

0001-6586

TESL

0001-656X

Patron status

Date (citation)

Volume (citation)

1992

55

EDUC

P UNITS BLDG GR

1977

66

0001-656X

PSYCH

GR

1979

275

0803-5253 0803-5253 0803-5253 0803-5326

FOOD PSYCH PATH PHYSIO

FA UG GR GR

MARCH, 1998 87 FEB, 1, 95 84 1998 87 1994 JUN 397

0803-5326

EXSS

GR

1994 APRIL

0125-9407 0001-6683

CHEM ENV HLTH

FA GR

1995 1986

45 59

0001-6683

ENV HLTH

GR

1986

58

0001-6683

ENV HLTH

GR

28126

40

0001-6705

EE

GR

1972

32

0231-424X

CLIN SCI

FA

1984

63

0231-424X

ENV HLTH

FA

1991

77

0374-5627

ANAT

GR

1973

24

0001-6772

EXSS

UG

1990

GRAD

1998 MAR

0001-6772

399

162

0238-1249

ENT

GR

1992

27

0238-1249

BSPM

AGEMENT/E2 17 PLANT SCIENCES BLDG.

1989

24

280

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References [1] Metz, P. (1992). Thirteen steps to avoiding bad luck in a serials cancellation project. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 18 (2), 76 – 82. [2] Lancaster, F. W. (1982). Evaluating collections by their use. Collection Management, 4 (1/2), 15– 43. [3] Madison, O. M. (1999). From journal cancellation to library strategic visioning: Faculty leadership. Journal of Library Administration, 28 (4), 57–70. [4] Millson-Martula, C. A. (1988). Use studies and serials rationalization: A review. The Serials Librarian, 15, 121–136. [5] Richards, D. T., & Prelec, A. (1992). Serials cancellation projects: Necessary evil or collection assessment opportunity? Journal of Library Administration, 17 (2), 31– 45. [6] Herzog, K., & Armistead, H. (1994). Designing effective journal use studies. Serials Librarian, 24, 189 –192. [7] Hubbard, J. G., & Williams, B. W. (1989). Basing journal cancellation decisions on usage data: the Wichita State University Libraries’ experience. In: Libraries pioneering into the next century (Emporia Kansas, Emporia State University Press, 60 – 81; Dadashzadeh, M., Payne, K., & Williams, J. H. (1996). The development and implementation of the periodicals analysis database. Serials Review, 22 (4), 13–25. [8] Ralston, R., & Francq, C. (1995). Subscription statistics for collection and budget decisions. Indiana Libraries, 14 (3), 65–71. [9] Marshall, K. E. (1990). Evaluation of current periodical subscriptions in the Freshwater Institute Library. In International Association of Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers. Conference 15th, 1989: IAMSLIC at a Crossroads (pp. 117–122). George’s, Bermuda, International Association of Marine Science Libraries & Information Centers. [10] Miller, E. P., & O’Neill, A. L. (1990). Journal deselection and costing. Library Acquisitions, 14, 173–178. [11] Dess, H. M. (1997). Gauging faculty utilization of science journals: A defensive strategy for a lean budget era. Chemical Librarianship: Challenges and Opportunities, 17, 171–190. [12] Broadus, R. N. (1985). The measurement of periodicals use. Serials Review, 11, 57– 61. [13] Duda, A. L., & Meszaros, R. L. (Summer, 1998). Validating journal cancellation decisions in the sciences: A report card. In Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship [Online]. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.library.ucsb.edu/istl/. [14] Khalil, M. A. (1993). Applications of an automated ILL statistical analysis as a collection development tool. Journal of Interlibrary Loan, Document Delivery & Information Supply, 4 (1), 45–54. [15] Wichita State University. (1990). Collection management: Uses of an interlibrary loan database. Best for the Patron: Mountain Plains Library Association, May 2–5, 32– 49. [16] Garfield, E. (1994). The impact factor. Current Contents, 25, 3–7. [17] Schoch, N. (1994). Relationship between citation frequency and journal cost: A comparison between pure and applied science disciplines. In: ASIS ’94: Proceedings of the 57th ASIS annual meeting. Medford, New Jersey: American Society for Information Science, 34 – 40. [18] Altmann, K. G., & Gorman, G. E. (1996). Usage, citation analysis and costs as indicators for journal deselection and cancellation: a selective literature review. Australian Library Review, 13, 379 –392. [19] Vaughan, K. T. L. (2001). Methods for journal collection evaluation in academic science libraries. Unpublished master’s paper, University of North Carolina, Asheville. [20] Stankus, T., & Rice, B. (1982). Handle with care: use and citation data for science journal management. Collection Management, 4, 95–110. [21] Soete, G., & Salaba, A. Measuring the cost-effectiveness of journals: Ten Years after Barschall. UWMadison Libraries. Retrieved from the World Wide Web. http://www.library.wisc.edu/projects/glsdo/ cost.html Updated 12/7/99. Accessed 4/26/01. [22] Barschall, H. H. (1986). The cost of physics journals. Physics Today, 39, 34 –36; Barschall, H. H. (1988). The cost-effectiveness of physics journals. Physics Today, 41, 56 –59. [23] Soete, 7.

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