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Social ties and substance use among reserve soldiers in single and dual military households
Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 171 (2017) e2–e226
Methods: The 2005–2013 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health recruit and assess large nationally representative samples of US civilians, including 12–34 year old women (n = 194380). There are multi-item cannabis, CD, and harm perception assessments. Analysis-weighted estimates and delta method 95% CI were derived. Results: Among pregnant women in the 1st trimester, as well as non-pregnant women, 8–9% used cannabis at least once in the 30 days prior to assessment. Corresponding estimates for Trimester 2 and 3 women were 4.0% and 1.8%, respectively. Approximately 21.0% of recently active users in Trimester 1 qualified as a CD case, with no appreciable variation across trimesters. CD was associated with persistence of cannabis use in all trimesters and in nonpregnant women (p < 0.05). Perceived cannabis harm is inversely associated with persistence of cannabis use only among nonpregnant women. Conclusions: Evidence of a possible ameliorative pregnancy effect on cannabis use cessation was seen by the 2nd trimester. Persistence of use across pregnancy might be influenced by CD, but not harm perception. Financial Support: T32DA021129 (OA); K05DA015799 (JCA). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.034 Abuse-related effects of the biased mu opioid receptor agonist trv130 on intracranial selfstimulation in rats Ahmad Altarifi 1,∗ , Bruce Blough 3 , S. Steven Negus 2 1
Pharmacology, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan 2 Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States 3 Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States Aims: Mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists are widely used clinically as analgesics; however, currently available mu agonists produce undesirable side effects including abuse liability, and chronic administration may lead to tolerance and dependence. The MOR couples to multiple intracellular pathways that include signaling through G-proteins and -arrestins, and these different signaling pathways may contribute differentially to therapeutic and undesirable effects. TRV130 is a novel G-protein biased mu agonist that may retain G-protein mediated therapeutic effects while producing reduced -arrestin-mediated undesirable effects. This study assessed effects of TRV130 enantiomers using a frequencyrate ICSS procedure that has been used previously to evaluate abuse-related effects of morphine and other drugs. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were equipped with electrodes targeting the medial forebrain bundle and trained to respond during daily experimental sessions for a range of brainstimulation frequencies (56–158 Hz) under FR1 schedule. The primary dependent measure was rate of reinforcement at each frequency. Results: Acute treatment with (+)TRV130 produced weak abuse-related ICSS facilitation at low doses (0.1–0.32 mg/kg) and naltrexone-reversible ICSS depression at a higher dose (1.0 mg/kg). (–)TRV130 (1.0–10 mg/kg) did not alter ICSS. Repeated 7-day treatment with either (+)TRV130 (1.0 mg/kg/day) or morphine (3.2 mg/kg/day) produced tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects and enhanced expression of abuse-related rate-increasing effects of (+)TRV130.
e7
Conclusions: these effects of acute and repeated (+)TRV130 administration are similar to effects of acute and repeated morphine administration, and as a result, these results predict that (+)TRV130 will display morphine-like abuse potential. Additionally, insofar as TRV130 is G-protein biased, these results suggest that MOR-associated G-protein signaling mediates abuse-related effects of mu agonists. Financial Support: R01NS070715 & R01DA026946 from NIH. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.035 Social ties and substance use among reserve soldiers in single and dual military households Erin M. Anderson Goodell 1,∗ , Sarah Cercone Heavey 2 , D. Lynn Homish 2 , Gregory G. Homish 2 1
Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States 2 Community Health and Health Behavior, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States Aims: Substance use is a major public health problem in the military that can be influenced by social network factors. This work extends existing research by examining associations between military household status and social ties’ substance use and influence on military personnel substance use. Methods: Data are baseline findings from Operation: SAFETY (Soldiers And Families Excelling Through the Years), an ongoing longitudinal study of US Army Reserve/National Guard Soldiers and their partners (N = 373). Tests of group mean differences compare social ties’ past-year drinking and illicit drug use and respondents’ substance use with social ties. Comparisons were done across military household types: husband-only, wife-only, and dual military. Results: Dual military husbands had significantly lower proportions of past-year low drinking ties, compared to husbands in husband-only households (29% vs 40%, p < .05); similar findings were observed for wives in dual military and wife-only households (35% vs 47%, p < .05). Compared to wives in wife-only households, dual military wives were significantly more likely to be past-year moderate/heavy drinkers (p = 0.03) and have a marginally higher mean number of past-month drinking days with each drinking tie (4 vs 3 days). Compared to dual military wives, wives in wife-only households had significantly higher proportions of social ties who had past-year illicit drug use (4% vs 10%, p < .05) as well as ties with whom they used illicit drugs in the past year (1% vs 4%, p < .05). This finding was similar for husbands in dual military and husband-only households (0% vs 2%, p < .01). Conclusions: Compared to their counterparts in single military households, husbands and wives in dual military households show evidence of having lower proportions of social ties who use substances as well as less substance use with these ties. Future work should leverage military partners as support for prevention and treatment efforts. Financial Support: Supported by R01-DA034072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.036
Methods: The 2005–2013 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health recruit and assess large nationally representative samples of US civilians, including 12–34 year old women (n = 194380). There are multi-item cannabis, CD, and harm perception assessments. Analysis-weighted estimates and delta method 95% CI were derived. Results: Among pregnant women in the 1st trimester, as well as non-pregnant women, 8–9% used cannabis at least once in the 30 days prior to assessment. Corresponding estimates for Trimester 2 and 3 women were 4.0% and 1.8%, respectively. Approximately 21.0% of recently active users in Trimester 1 qualified as a CD case, with no appreciable variation across trimesters. CD was associated with persistence of cannabis use in all trimesters and in nonpregnant women (p < 0.05). Perceived cannabis harm is inversely associated with persistence of cannabis use only among nonpregnant women. Conclusions: Evidence of a possible ameliorative pregnancy effect on cannabis use cessation was seen by the 2nd trimester. Persistence of use across pregnancy might be influenced by CD, but not harm perception. Financial Support: T32DA021129 (OA); K05DA015799 (JCA). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.034 Abuse-related effects of the biased mu opioid receptor agonist trv130 on intracranial selfstimulation in rats Ahmad Altarifi 1,∗ , Bruce Blough 3 , S. Steven Negus 2 1
Pharmacology, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan 2 Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States 3 Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States Aims: Mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists are widely used clinically as analgesics; however, currently available mu agonists produce undesirable side effects including abuse liability, and chronic administration may lead to tolerance and dependence. The MOR couples to multiple intracellular pathways that include signaling through G-proteins and -arrestins, and these different signaling pathways may contribute differentially to therapeutic and undesirable effects. TRV130 is a novel G-protein biased mu agonist that may retain G-protein mediated therapeutic effects while producing reduced -arrestin-mediated undesirable effects. This study assessed effects of TRV130 enantiomers using a frequencyrate ICSS procedure that has been used previously to evaluate abuse-related effects of morphine and other drugs. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were equipped with electrodes targeting the medial forebrain bundle and trained to respond during daily experimental sessions for a range of brainstimulation frequencies (56–158 Hz) under FR1 schedule. The primary dependent measure was rate of reinforcement at each frequency. Results: Acute treatment with (+)TRV130 produced weak abuse-related ICSS facilitation at low doses (0.1–0.32 mg/kg) and naltrexone-reversible ICSS depression at a higher dose (1.0 mg/kg). (–)TRV130 (1.0–10 mg/kg) did not alter ICSS. Repeated 7-day treatment with either (+)TRV130 (1.0 mg/kg/day) or morphine (3.2 mg/kg/day) produced tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects and enhanced expression of abuse-related rate-increasing effects of (+)TRV130.
e7
Conclusions: these effects of acute and repeated (+)TRV130 administration are similar to effects of acute and repeated morphine administration, and as a result, these results predict that (+)TRV130 will display morphine-like abuse potential. Additionally, insofar as TRV130 is G-protein biased, these results suggest that MOR-associated G-protein signaling mediates abuse-related effects of mu agonists. Financial Support: R01NS070715 & R01DA026946 from NIH. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.035 Social ties and substance use among reserve soldiers in single and dual military households Erin M. Anderson Goodell 1,∗ , Sarah Cercone Heavey 2 , D. Lynn Homish 2 , Gregory G. Homish 2 1
Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States 2 Community Health and Health Behavior, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States Aims: Substance use is a major public health problem in the military that can be influenced by social network factors. This work extends existing research by examining associations between military household status and social ties’ substance use and influence on military personnel substance use. Methods: Data are baseline findings from Operation: SAFETY (Soldiers And Families Excelling Through the Years), an ongoing longitudinal study of US Army Reserve/National Guard Soldiers and their partners (N = 373). Tests of group mean differences compare social ties’ past-year drinking and illicit drug use and respondents’ substance use with social ties. Comparisons were done across military household types: husband-only, wife-only, and dual military. Results: Dual military husbands had significantly lower proportions of past-year low drinking ties, compared to husbands in husband-only households (29% vs 40%, p < .05); similar findings were observed for wives in dual military and wife-only households (35% vs 47%, p < .05). Compared to wives in wife-only households, dual military wives were significantly more likely to be past-year moderate/heavy drinkers (p = 0.03) and have a marginally higher mean number of past-month drinking days with each drinking tie (4 vs 3 days). Compared to dual military wives, wives in wife-only households had significantly higher proportions of social ties who had past-year illicit drug use (4% vs 10%, p < .05) as well as ties with whom they used illicit drugs in the past year (1% vs 4%, p < .05). This finding was similar for husbands in dual military and husband-only households (0% vs 2%, p < .01). Conclusions: Compared to their counterparts in single military households, husbands and wives in dual military households show evidence of having lower proportions of social ties who use substances as well as less substance use with these ties. Future work should leverage military partners as support for prevention and treatment efforts. Financial Support: Supported by R01-DA034072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.036