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Soil matric potential sensor measurements in real-time irrigation scheduling
,4~rwullur~sl W+slr'r M+Jna/;+'menl, II; ( 1989 ) 1'73- IN5 Elht..,'ler St'it.iii't. l-'uhllshPr+., B V , Am++lerdant - - P r l n l e d
173 111 'T'ht. Nel, ht.rland+.;
Soil Matric Potential S e n s o r M e a s u r e m e n t s in Real-Time Irrigat, ion S c h e d u l i n g (',I
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II'l+/,,~ ,~/ano/Nment R+'.++'+~r'<'/zt.+J/+.wat.rv, U,_~DA ,4t_~rwul/Im+/ R+';;+'+JrHzS+'rz'z+ +', 'JIL!/,_~ P+,m'/z ,l~'l'Pzu+', F'r+',,+r+++,+',4 !~,'177; l L~S A ) ( A,'l'+,l,lt.d IN ( )l'hlbt.r 19NN )
A B.N'T' R A( "T' l-'hPrw, (' ,l , AINP, (" P L1tld P i e r r e , .l D , 19N9 ~ml m a t rt¢ l..~teril tal st.ri=,.~r r r w a s u r e r r i t . n l s tr= real l lrrw trrih, ul [,m l,.;t'ht.rhJllrlg ,4/.Irl,' Wril+'r ,/t.l+.Itl+l~+', I(; I ' 7 3 - I N 5
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'15~ meet these rP~pl_mmL)~litw~, ~t ~s necemsu rv tll ~tnprllve i.Jr aL.lit.v t,l.I prec~,.,sel,v and m'euratel.v meamJre varu..d.)le,s w h . ' h al'leet the ~t~t,us ~bt' the~e rem.Jree,.,s
Knt,wledge <~t' the ,.,s<~llwater i~ <~t' r-mrn~rv irnpllrtan~'e in I'wdr
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Pvl;Iny n e w l y devehil.led pr'e..,+mut'ized Ir'r'I+ari(Irl ~;vml.emg, g u c h ,'+,~+d r l p , c e n t e r rl-l(iVe irrlguti(_m +v,~tetns <'an p o t e n t i a l l y ()l.)er;.l{e at lII~ll Irr'i ~.~;_ltll)ll elTlelerlev; l , l w e v e r , theme Nvm|et'Tl.,a, ,~h<,Lll
pay(it url
tile retli:._+t rll)tlti()n a l , t u p t a k e ptlase+.;are leg+.+inll)()rtant I_lndep high I'reqlJell("¢ irrllJ, HIlint. [-'helle i-'l HI. ( I t - r T l a ) n m l h e m a l ~ r a l t , v lll()(lele<."I .~t,'h a m.ySlelll ;_(lid <)lltIirle<_l
rtI~'AI, I IMF, IM F,;.U.IInR F;\II~;N'I-' q)F '_',1Ill, MA'T'RI(' ['41'1 EN T'IAI,
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,'hal S M P S (Agwatr,,nics, M,,del A(iWA II) ~. These tests were designed h, alsl, dem, mstrate the use ,)t' the S M P S in the c, mcept ,)l' real time high fre querlt'y trrlgatlon cq,ntr,,I. A new ceramnc maternal deveh,ped hy Ag?,vatr~,nncs has a pIer,-' snze d~strnhu tt,,n ,'apahle of pr,,wdnng a linear s,,il matrn,: p,,tentnal resp,,nse between - 1() and -3()1),I/kg (1 .I/kg = 1()mhar) and s,,rne measurable resp, mse hetween - ' 3 ( ) ( ) and air dry s~il (-311)() ,I/kg ). T h t s ceramic pn,vides a stable rnatrtx I',,r the S M P S as,,rlglnally suggeste, t by Phene et al. (1971h). Lah~wat,,ry and fwld evaluatn,ms h a v e s h , , w n t h a t the AGWA II SMPS: (a) has a linear m e a s u r e m e n t sensttnvity nn t.he s,~il matr,c D,tentnal range ,~l' tr, tPrest ( - lit l,, -3()11 ,I/kg); 1t,) is indel.,endent ,,t' temperature t'hanges en ,',,untered in souls; (c) is tndependent L,l's,,nl texture, (d) has a rapid resr.,,,nse t,, sitmll changes nn s,,tl mat rtc I.,,.,tentnal; (e) is n,,t. affected hy salinity; and (l') can measure s,,nl matric p,,tential wtth an accuracy,,l' _+2 5..I/kg nn a range t'r(,iT1 - 1() h, - 3 ( 1 1 ) , I / k g ( Phone, 1981;t, ). T h e ,,hjectlves ,,f this paper are t,, present a rnet h,~d t',,r real time tn situ m e a s u r e m e n t ,,l' s
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the drier the s~)il is T h e w)ltaged~l'ference ( V~- V.) when ealibratecl at differ ent s~t] mat.ric pot.ent.tal pr~wtdes the calibrathm curve liar t.he measurement ~t' the s~nl metric p~tential. PR( )q_"E D; I R E,.q
Six SM PS were calnbrated between - 2() and - 15(),I/kg T h e calnhratnqm of the S M P S wdt.age c~utput versus metric p~tential was acomlpllshed In a pres sure plate a p p a r a t u s (S~nl Moisture Equipment. (~orp~ratn~m, Santa Barbara, ('A). T h e S M P S were placed nn a plastic rung ~m a ;.It)l) kPa bulJhling pressure ceramic plate (Sc~nl M~ist.ure Equiprnent C~lrp., S a n t a Barbara, (~,A) and sur r,~unded with a mixture of 7,5% dlat~rnaee~ms earth and 25% s~il which passed t hr~lngh a 74 lain screen. Fnnal 24 m e a s u r e m e n t s were taken when nearly ~'c~rl slant vah..es were t~bt.ained with the mncrt|h~gger and there was no water II~wnng i'r~m the pressure plat.e ~mtllow tube. These m e a s u r e m e n t s were used t~ deter rTiine the mean, the s t a n d a r d devuatn~m (s[~), and the e~eflicient ~t' var~atn~m (~'v) ~1' the rt~easurements. T h e pressure ~n the plate was I hen nnereased and the [m~cedure was repeat.ed. A regressnon equatnon tier vtdt.age ~utput versus s ~ l metric p~tential was obtained st.atnstncally for each SMPS. T h e S M P $ were installed in a weughing Ivs~mteter at the I Iniversntv of Cal ~t'~lrnna West Side Fneld Station t h a t was planted t~eantah~upes ( P h e n e et el., 198(.; ). T h e y were piaeecl at three dept hs" 15, 3(), and 45 em I'r~m the s ~ l surface and at I wo h~cathms: a lateral distarwe uf 5 cm t'r~ml ~me uf the ernitter~ ~l' tile subsurface drnp system, and at a lateral distance t~t'5 cm I'r~m the drnp Inne halfway between two) ernntters. T h e *~utput t'r~)m each sens~r was nneasured h~urlv, c~mverted to matrw putenttal, averaged daily anti the dale were re t'~r(,ied in t.he merrl~)rv (ir the 21X rnicroh~gger. T h e lysnmeter was trrigated auh~matncally every turtle 1 mm ul'water was evapotranspired. Weekly, the data were transferred inhl a casset.t.e rec~|rder and pr~wessed in the matn c~rnputer. Appr~xnmat,elv 1()()days ~l' c~mt,inu~HJs data were collected I't~r each ~t' the six S M PS. FIESI I L/T'S AN[)
DISt"I
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Cuhhratmn A I ~ i c a l calnbrathm curve obtained with the ahcwe syst,em is shown in Fng 2. The s~il rnatrie pot ent, ial is a linear ['uncti(m qd' the wdtage ~utput of the sensor ~Pr,.= (.;,52.8 - 15 2 (mV reading ) with art ~": = q).,q99 attd a st,andard de viatnqm ~d' _+5.5 J / k g In this case, the +_5.5 ,J/kg is Inmit.ed by the resoh_utlqm q~l'the ,5 V scale of t.he YIX mwroh~gger, which is ().32,;~ inV. It' the nnitial wdtage m e a s u r e m e n t us offset ,~r the value ~1' the resistq~r used to (nmvert current t~
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A I_m~per'ly c u l l l ) r u l e d ~ M I : ' ~ carl be used h~ m~mih~r ~ l l m a l r i r r.~LenLlal nrid cqml r~l nr'rngaln~m au.tl~mlal n('ally. FibqJ re' (~ stl~ ~w.~ all eXZlltil_)le i)l' lhe ()I_Hnm;JI r;_.lrtb_;e~d' q/,_, it Jr I..?,~cp~tl.)lant BrowLh in a Hani'~rcl i'ir'ne n,_ntlrly h~nm. It] ;.idrluti~m l~p w;.mH-,r avaLlaFHIILv, s~il phwi~'al I.m~perlies such an i'riLt~.'a] f)xV~e, rl dti'i'tl~t~m r;ite ((.)DR) (;.-ler'LllJon) ~.~Jl~wn hv the ~hadecl l.)ort, i~m ~1' The ~'lJrve I)eLwt'ell l) alwl - l l ) . l / k ~ , and S~ll rne~'hanle~ll ~trength { imped~_~nre h~ n,~t ,~r'~,wl h ) ,~h~wl~ hv the ~huded i_~rtJ,m ~1' the ~'ur've I~el weer'l -(~() arid - 1()().I/k~ are u,,-~ed L~ ~le,l'ltle lhe r'Llrl~e ~t' ~.aHI ~//n., ~l.~Iimal i'r,r r',.~t ~n~wIt'l and Lt('[iVl[V ( [-'hLi'lle ailll Be~.lJe, l!171;). ~ " i i h l l l this r~.:lrl~e,, a ~()il rnLl[rl(.' r_ll~Lenllal IN (Jel'inerl Lit wllli'h i r r i g n t i , m s are h~ be ~itnrt.ed { lhre~h~)ld ) [ ) e p e n d i n ~ ~m I he S~)ll dM~lh, Ihe ~)1~ l)elween Llll()lll - - l ( ) L i n d - 1 ~ ( ) , l / k g (]eI~erall.v, tile ~,pilrnal ~I/n', h;.~:'i a ranl.;e wl~iuh irl~'re;_-i~gesa,,-, S~)ll lext~lre I)e,i~'~lrlleS finer hul i,~lextrernel,~, tlarr'~lw in 4'~m] l)a~'te~l ~'~arl.~e lexltlr'(-'~l s~nls ( Phene el ,'.:il., l!-l'71-11("arr11.~h(-,ll arld [-~hl"lIe, [~)'I")" ). Therel'~ if'e, phvsi~'al ~'ha ra~'lerlzat i~m liT' sancly s, ~iIs i,'-~u,.,sual]v rle~'es~a r'.v, w he re;_.i.,., lhe ~l_ll.iinal ?/,r, lilr flne lexCured s~iils ~'~_~rll)e ;il~pnl'~ii'naLed.
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Fie, l~ Wah+r ud+~l)l'1)tl()11 ('l.l['%'P .'Irld i~plInlul (#,,, l',~r' itri+.,,aillm ,~I a Hunl'
F<~r' ('h).,.;ed h.)ll l ee(th~:l('k aut()m;.1Led irrl~,'.:ltl(m, the ~.;(ul ~.,ell.~()r ~.ff,)tlld I~e r)la~'ed near the eXl)erted ~'en|er (d' tile rq,()t z(me ()1' lhe matllr'e rr'
alll)Iv
I into
(~I' w t l l e r , alth,.igh
irl I'ine t e x t u r e r l
:.;(~iI ',..!-',I I n l n i.~i n()t eY~('e~i.+[..;l~'e
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FEEDBA(.,I* E L E M E N T S AN[) IRRIGA lION
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r
SIGNAL C C)NDI T IONING & TRANSMISSION
II
( ;('.)N [ RCrL S Y S T E M
~Ill.~, ; ('h,+'d h,~p lePdb.'+rl+, irrll~,~llqill {',+rilrlll hyhli+rn iJ+.;iVll++,,~iI Inair'rr l-)~li+rlrlal ( l~I/ili ) ll~i ll,e r~mlr,~l v+irlable T h e Ill+Ties.';Jrlulll~, I::;ljp,piI ill ;idluhl rl-ll-,+]rrliHJnl ,~I w,'llPr hPllll~ ,'ipl~llPd HPIP I//ii, i+; clel+PrllJe,tlt ,~rl i'rl)p ev.'Ipi,lrarlhplralll~rl (El. ~ .'ind tl+le, irrll.,,+.llllm dPl_ll h ill applied W;.ller
i~1).~ ine'Ll~l.ll'e'r'llellll+ iTl~:l(h-' iii Ihe {ill'e'(... I)hrt+.; wu.'., -'J()l),I/kl-~. ~lrnllurl~,, the' Ille'+_lllh, +.;lundard i~eviLl[ilrrl~, +.llld rLln~e'}.;, II1' eLl('ll P'~ellNlrr were - ~:l ',..! _+ (} ~ ~.li'l(t :l ';, - 1-1 i; +i~ | ~.llll< ',.! 1, ;JIn<.t -JU.1 + I).,-1 and ',.).;+ ,I/k~. I'e'~lre'('tl,¢el Y t'lrl ~M [-~,%_ ' III e{tl'h
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1'..+ llllli/
tit InePl the IIm.l+-;ll+tlly high F,, r(Pl.ltllrelll(...lll (.)he irl' the +;,ellNirr,~.;, ~ M I ' $ | W+IN I'l HI:.+I!-;IelIlI.v tll~her i h~III tile (rI he'r lw~ ~e'n+-;(ll",,.+ Ire'cLIiJ+.]e ~rl'+~ll +.;rmtlul x'urluhil Itv %~'her| tile' =.~,(...ll.%_'+rrNwere retl'ie've'
t,~ l.;che,~h~le' irru:_4,'jt i~nl pr, rperlv
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(DAYS
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163
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F'II~ H ,'~, ~[I rn,JI rll' p, Hl-,rll.lal irll-'a~.¢urerril-'rll,, al .-I;~ {'m 4Je[)l h rLiem.;ure'd hV I hree, ,%M f% ill I leld Id, ~1., Ir r Ii~.'llel.'l mJh Hn,Jl.lcally w h e n Ihe rrleall {//irl dri~ppHJ h~l,~w Ih~' IIire~dii~ld i~f -',.q),I/1~I;
('(_)N( II ,I_INI( )N
A inelh(~cl Ii)r real t i m e in ~itu inea.~uremenl (tl' ~.;(~il ~/Zrr, has been (le~el,pl~e(_l and te.~;led. :_Jnd re.~Lilt.~ have ~h(Jwrl that ~several ()per'atJ(mal ~.'riteria recluired I'(u' real tirne a('('urale rn(mit(_)rln~ (~1' ~(J=l ~/z., and I',,r s~'hedulinp, i|'|'lt~ati(~== ,~v~ tem.~ were .'-;at i.~ried. T h e S M P~ L'arl Ire measu re¢t a u t ( m l a l [(.'ally w i t h rHali.V dat;i ;t('LllllNItilm The
pnJ~,ide real time
~VN{elIIL-; z.lrld [ hlJ~-] L'all
a('(uJr;.ll'y
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h.':; d e p e n d e n t
illI'(ll'rTlatl()rl IJp()ll
the
alx_~ut :~(~ll w a t e r L'alibrali()n
(~t'
the
~ M F',~ a~,aln~l kn()wn ,,.;tancla rd I.)re:.~,'..;ur~.~; hen(.'e, I~ei.';.lu~(-' (~r t he Iine;_~lUl), ~t the t'~l_, ml.;e I~etween - It) arid - ;~1)(),J/k~, the ('alil)ratl(~n iN ea,~uer tl) a('l'(,ml)ll,,.=h I h a n t(~r n(~n I=near ,~en~..;l~n_~ Del.)en¢ting u[.)~m the dala acqui~ltl(,l= ~v:stern ~i:sed. lhe re~()lut~(m i~l'the inea.~Lireanent rarl~,es I'nm-= _~2.,~ t() _ + r ~ , J / k g T h e re ~s[,m~se rlln~ ()t' the N M P g m l e ~ t h a n ,me h()ur hetween - It),'~n(I - It)l),I/k~.; ,I/k_p, M(m~l(~t'anla, =~(,ll ntalrie I~(~te~tial in real t=me and r(mtndl~np, irru.~ati(,n ~:;~'~, lem~.~ aut(m|~Jti('allv require~ e q u i p m e n t t(~ (a) ~.~arnple a u t ( m ~ a t w a l l v ~ever:_~l l.;elll.,,,()l'N
=sequentially/, (h) ,'(~nll.)are the
(.H.l{I.)Ut i l r ea(.'h L~ellN(lr ill'
the
ll|eall
I)l'
~everal ~-;el~,~(~r:.;t(~ the I hre:~h(dd value, an(t ( r ) h:~ve ~.'()mputer (~lltl.)ut~., ral~al)le (~1' ('(ml r(~ll~n~ ;.Irl(t ITl()rlllL()rlll~ l h e i r r l g L I t l i H I ~y,.Ntelll l-)e~kt,~p ('(~lll[)tlterl.; ;'111(~ (II-'('INII)rlN a l l d
with
printer
H r l d / ( _ i r leJeL'(_)rl|lTiiIIIl('at
i(m ()utput
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ml('(.'i-':.+:sl'lllly. Aut(ml;.Ite(t irl"l~,ali~m +.;i.'hedUlill_p haNe
I~li~.dle(t th'
illltlLIllll~,
il'l'i~;_ltl()ll
whell
a jlre~et
I//., IJlre,,.;tl(~ld
wa,'.;
IJ:-;(-'(I
waL~ a ( ' ( ' l ) l l |
ex('ee(led
;~I~(I
I+1"~1, I I'~11,, 'xll,, ~,,it HI,II~II,:\'T (11,'+,4 HI, \1,~, I'Hll ' I'q IT'E:N'T'I,,~,I,
I HI~
nl'rl~.,,;Jtll~l~ rv('le.~ we`re` tern+ill~+te`d whe`t; u /~jven ~Inl()tJnt ~)I tlnlU h+~; ~+l~l)mP
irrl~,ati()l)
=+,¢,,-;le'rl]. t h e , m<)ii
l.~hv,'-+h.'al
l)r~)l:)e,rtie,s,
tl~e, ~ . I
<'r~,l~ Wflte,/' rk'<.llJlre,ItlPl11P.+
fl ~_',I,'F', I~ F. N ( ' ~,~ (%it.pl~ell, F~ P, a.ci F'li~.~, (' ,I I!-r7'7 ']'111.'.,p,,-,, rri.',tf'n,' pi~lenl hal ,4x,,,l..,,c-,ll .llid mnll~l '~,nPld v~hI n~n !,hll,h lli ;I I.l~,'(Hl~d ~+,inl 'T'r.',1|~.~ A,~AE, '~() '~'71 ',.rTh l-'hPll4 ~ (' ,l , I!-)~1~] AIJ|(IFII,JI If111. Irl F S Nui+,uv:irrIj .'.illd [) A PIIJ4'II,~, (l~',q]il1~r~), 'rrl<,kle I rrl~.'ll lqHl
l,~r ( 'r, il+-pl'r,)lJlJl'l lq)rl Dl-,x,l-,lq~fJtllerll++ ill Al.,.+i,'ullurul Erll~inl-,e, lilll~, !-I /~,h.,eVl<-'+ Arl+ll~ll-'flJarrl, ibl ~ PI.,IIP, (' l , I!IHL~h ~|PU+,IJIPI'TIPIII ,~I '.,q.l WL.IIpP I.IV II'Ip t h e r m u l clll'llJt.+l~ln rnell-ll.J In I ' . . <'ul. l,,r111a HdJnl +irld ~ c . l ('4tnl , ',~H-:I(i ,la111Jt:Ir'+,, It+IHl~, ,~+.icfarrlenli~. ('A , 1.4r~ ,411- 4'7 l-'h(-,ll=-i, (' I LIII4'I F~I-,,'+IIp,() ~ ' , l!li'l~ HI~.;|I IrP4;lllpl14'v Irl'll~Lltlq)ll h~r w,'.ller nIJtrll-+lll 11"h'.IrlL11~elTl(-'111III
hlJml4J r'l-'l~ll)ll% ~14nI ~4'I ~4.' Ann, ,l , ,£q) ,.l:lql-,4:ll; l-'helil +, (" I ;JliiJ H.v,'Pll. 'T' A , I~-)H4 SilII Her1+,;llr i'ilni r,)] ill' hll;,h ill-,ilUl-'nl' V 11'r ii.+,~Jl iq~11 +,~,,+;l,P11i+, 'T~r~lli: ., l'h,,11e , ' I , H4~tlt.~n (_; ,I .'+nd Fguwllr1,,, ~ L,, l!l'71u Me,,'J+:,iJrlrtl.,, ,,4.1 In,.Jlr'~' p4~te'111n+ll It1 +;itu hy :,+'1~+,itil+', liPut 4JlHHIr_I+.I114411wIi hilt dJ r.~r.u+; h4HJ+' I 'T'llP41rx ;JllqJ hl-'r1+i,lr 4'q~llt,llUl'114411 ,'-14111,~'~1'I P"~414' Am l-'r,.' :lh 'J';'-;l~i l-'hl'lil-' (' ,J , F~.l+.,,,'llli++, ~ L+ ,'illd H,dlm.',n, (_~ ,J , l!YTlh ',Pll',lliI~ he'+_ll FhP+lilrJ,Llllqlll Vv'lll'illi d.J ~CII)r'IHJP.+ l'i41Cl~' II
~+l(-'~:,;lJrlrll~ ++,+il rl'IdllrH' l'_.,i~',lilul lli :,,lll.J lY',' P, xr)l-'rlrri,-,rli~] rl-,+.+l.Jli!, ~,~ll ,~,~'i ,+x,lti l-'r,~,' ,
[-'ill-'liP, (' I , (';Jrllpl'+Pll, F~ ~ ~IrliJ I),H.~, 1" ~ ' , I!)'7H ('l'l+JrL.l;'ll-'rl'/,'lll4)rl i)l ',,~li Lll-,l:lll4)rl irl ,illlJ v.,ill] ,JIJll)m+ltl-'lJ 11~.'~'I~(-'tIdnlh1+.+1,m rTI("~J~LLJI'I-=NII'+III%,~,~.I $4',, I~2 liF~H-I+~'TH l'lle, lll+, (' ,l , F,~u,,+; ,l L, , H,lwell, 'T' A , [-'all4~rl, ,~ H F'l+,lle, r, M ~+qv' , Bral, 11<-,r, ,l () an.J 1{i~,,<~, l L, l!i;"+ I ,+'JchP4Juilr11.,, , u114J m1~nlt4,1 ItI+~ irrll+,,Lll il)rl w i t h lhP n e w +.,4~ii IIi.'11 rl~' l.~i<-'rlliul P;(.-,llhq4r I . l'r,H ilrlj.,,,Jl llprl ,~q,ill+duIlrl/_++, 14~1 Wall+r +.Hid &+~rle'rl.,~,('4)11+,e,r'x,,'Jlli,rl ill the 8()'+.: A,~A~. ["lJ~_II '#~t HI !)l 141,,
F'J'IPIIP, (' ,l MIV;IIn,J4~I., ,J.M , l_)aX,l+.,, K P( , Me( ',Irt111j('k, ~ L.. urld l,lIJ, [~ ( ' , ItlH,(+ /X.uh)iTlull+41 Ieecll);ich ll'rli.+,~lll4Hl pi4iJIeqJIJh11~ arid 4.111r4~I w~lh ~J WeIL.+,hlll I, Iv,drliPIer [ii l-'r4)q' 'Jll4J In| I'4.; IPrelll'e UlII'~ ~,',Ll_)i)P,,llI,+II ()rl Aut,~rrl.'+t lq~ll Jrl AI_.,,Ill'llII,lJrl-', ~l-;l ~AJ~.II'('II I!-IH('~,('hI,'~Jl.',,~, II, +\rnerl~'Url ,~414 i~-,I'~ q~( Al.,,ri4'ullur~l l~',tll.,,itll-'Pf+,,, ,~i ,14~++erlh, MI pp l:t;, I J;
173 111 'T'ht. Nel, ht.rland+.;
Soil Matric Potential S e n s o r M e a s u r e m e n t s in Real-Time Irrigat, ion S c h e d u l i n g (',I
PHENE,
C F' A I , L E E u n d , I
D P I E R R()
II'l+/,,~ ,~/ano/Nment R+'.++'+~r'<'/zt.+J/+.wat.rv, U,_~DA ,4t_~rwul/Im+/ R+';;+'+JrHzS+'rz'z+ +', 'JIL!/,_~ P+,m'/z ,l~'l'Pzu+', F'r+',,+r+++,+',4 !~,'177; l L~S A ) ( A,'l'+,l,lt.d IN ( )l'hlbt.r 19NN )
A B.N'T' R A( "T' l-'hPrw, (' ,l , AINP, (" P L1tld P i e r r e , .l D , 19N9 ~ml m a t rt¢ l..~teril tal st.ri=,.~r r r w a s u r e r r i t . n l s tr= real l lrrw trrih, ul [,m l,.;t'ht.rhJllrlg ,4/.Irl,' Wril+'r ,/t.l+.Itl+l~+', I(; I ' 7 3 - I N 5
~;¢tll tnalrl,' r,,tt.nt ,al, .* rriPasurt. ,,1' ttiP h, ddirig .,.;trerq.,,l.h ,fl IhP +.+n,I rriut r'ix lot wat.Pt, it., .'+ rrfl icul xartal~lP tit cr, q~ weld. run(ill, t.vap,~lransl_urat.i,m arid irril.;ut.m =.;i'he(JtJlinl.1 A rneth,,J Inr real llrrlt. Ill hlriJ rrlPtl+.HJrt.mt.tll ~fl'm)nl m a t r u ' r . d e n t n a l (r#.,) ha+., b e e n dPvt.h~pt.d a n d lt.+.,Ie(J 'l~l-tt. ,]~' I'IJILICV tit' I ht. irlt.L.l+flll'(.-'ITlt.tll Ib d t . p P l l d P n | u p ( i n l,ht. i'ai f f w a t , ill ill' I he +.+,ill rn,'+t r w p
I N'T' F?(_)D I_.("T'I(_) N
The uvullal)il=ty
gr'e~liv
~fl'adequate f(.id
( i n ()Lit L t l ) I I I t v
{,() n l d r l . " l ~ e
and
and t'it}er tbr future generat.lns will depend t'()rl~erve
i ) u r S()l[, wL.It~r ~ l n d ~ l r r e s ( , J r('e,,.;
'15~ meet these rP~pl_mmL)~litw~, ~t ~s necemsu rv tll ~tnprllve i.Jr aL.lit.v t,l.I prec~,.,sel,v and m'euratel.v meamJre varu..d.)le,s w h . ' h al'leet the ~t~t,us ~bt' the~e rem.Jree,.,s
Knt,wledge <~t' the ,.,s<~llwater i~ <~t' r-mrn~rv irnpllrtan~'e in I'wdr
+_.+cien('e, <.'trim e r l g l r l e e r l l l g ,
FPI'FPL.IIlI)I1,
L.Illd rTILln.V < f i b e r
ureas
where
I_.-,, q.fle, ,~cril Lllld water irltera<'t, "['he ever increa+ing competlti()t+ l'
tl:l';~ ;~'77,-I/~!-U$tl;I N)
I'++
<'I I'HI,',NI",I"I' 'sl
Pvl;Iny n e w l y devehil.led pr'e..,+mut'ized Ir'r'I+ari(Irl ~;vml.emg, g u c h ,'+,~+d r l p , c e n t e r rl-l(iVe irrlguti(_m +v,~tetns <'an p o t e n t i a l l y ()l.)er;.l{e at lII~ll Irr'i ~.~;_ltll)ll elTlelerlev; l , l w e v e r , theme Nvm|et'Tl.,a, ,~h<,Lll
pay(it url
tile retli:._+t rll)tlti()n a l , t u p t a k e ptlase+.;are leg+.+inll)()rtant I_lndep high I'reqlJell("¢ irrllJ, HIl
rtI~'AI, I IMF, IM F,;.U.IInR F;\II~;N'I-' q)F '_',1Ill, MA'T'RI(' ['41'1 EN T'IAI,
17,,
,'hal S M P S (Agwatr,,nics, M,,del A(iWA II) ~. These tests were designed h, alsl, dem, mstrate the use ,)t' the S M P S in the c, mcept ,)l' real time high fre querlt'y trrlgatlon cq,ntr,,I. A new ceramnc maternal deveh,ped hy Ag?,vatr~,nncs has a pIer,-' snze d~strnhu tt,,n ,'apahle of pr,,wdnng a linear s,,il matrn,: p,,tentnal resp,,nse between - 1() and -3()1),I/kg (1 .I/kg = 1()mhar) and s,,rne measurable resp, mse hetween - ' 3 ( ) ( ) and air dry s~il (-311)() ,I/kg ). T h t s ceramic pn,vides a stable rnatrtx I',,r the S M P S as,,rlglnally suggeste, t by Phene et al. (1971h). Lah~wat,,ry and fwld evaluatn,ms h a v e s h , , w n t h a t the AGWA II SMPS: (a) has a linear m e a s u r e m e n t sensttnvity nn t.he s,~il matr,c D,tentnal range ,~l' tr, tPrest ( - lit l,, -3()11 ,I/kg); 1t,) is indel.,endent ,,t' temperature t'hanges en ,',,untered in souls; (c) is tndependent L,l's,,nl texture, (d) has a rapid resr.,,,nse t,, sitmll changes nn s,,tl mat rtc I.,,.,tentnal; (e) is n,,t. affected hy salinity; and (l') can measure s,,nl matric p,,tential wtth an accuracy,,l' _+2 5..I/kg nn a range t'r(,iT1 - 1() h, - 3 ( 1 1 ) , I / k g ( Phone, 1981;t, ). T h e ,,hjectlves ,,f this paper are t,, present a rnet h,~d t',,r real time tn situ m e a s u r e m e n t ,,l' s
I';t'~
(' I I'J-IF:NI,: I,I'T AI
Ir, ml Ill(-' 'Jl X w;~=.~inlpr()vecl t() pr'
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the drier the s~)il is T h e w)ltaged~l'ference ( V~- V.) when ealibratecl at differ ent s~t] mat.ric pot.ent.tal pr~wtdes the calibrathm curve liar t.he measurement ~t' the s~nl metric p~tential. PR( )q_"E D; I R E,.q
Six SM PS were calnbrated between - 2() and - 15(),I/kg T h e calnhratnqm of the S M P S wdt.age c~utput versus metric p~tential was acomlpllshed In a pres sure plate a p p a r a t u s (S~nl Moisture Equipment. (~orp~ratn~m, Santa Barbara, ('A). T h e S M P S were placed nn a plastic rung ~m a ;.It)l) kPa bulJhling pressure ceramic plate (Sc~nl M~ist.ure Equiprnent C~lrp., S a n t a Barbara, (~,A) and sur r,~unded with a mixture of 7,5% dlat~rnaee~ms earth and 25% s~il which passed t hr~lngh a 74 lain screen. Fnnal 24 m e a s u r e m e n t s were taken when nearly ~'c~rl slant vah..es were t~bt.ained with the mncrt|h~gger and there was no water II~wnng i'r~m the pressure plat.e ~mtllow tube. These m e a s u r e m e n t s were used t~ deter rTiine the mean, the s t a n d a r d devuatn~m (s[~), and the e~eflicient ~t' var~atn~m (~'v) ~1' the rt~easurements. T h e pressure ~n the plate was I hen nnereased and the [m~cedure was repeat.ed. A regressnon equatnon tier vtdt.age ~utput versus s ~ l metric p~tential was obtained st.atnstncally for each SMPS. T h e S M P $ were installed in a weughing Ivs~mteter at the I Iniversntv of Cal ~t'~lrnna West Side Fneld Station t h a t was planted t~eantah~upes ( P h e n e et el., 198(.; ). T h e y were piaeecl at three dept hs" 15, 3(), and 45 em I'r~m the s ~ l surface and at I wo h~cathms: a lateral distarwe uf 5 cm t'r~ml ~me uf the ernitter~ ~l' tile subsurface drnp system, and at a lateral distance t~t'5 cm I'r~m the drnp Inne halfway between two) ernntters. T h e *~utput t'r~)m each sens~r was nneasured h~urlv, c~mverted to matrw putenttal, averaged daily anti the dale were re t'~r(,ied in t.he merrl~)rv (ir the 21X rnicroh~gger. T h e lysnmeter was trrigated auh~matncally every turtle 1 mm ul'water was evapotranspired. Weekly, the data were transferred inhl a casset.t.e rec~|rder and pr~wessed in the matn c~rnputer. Appr~xnmat,elv 1()()days ~l' c~mt,inu~HJs data were collected I't~r each ~t' the six S M PS. FIESI I L/T'S AN[)
DISt"I
I,q,ql(_)N
Cuhhratmn A I ~ i c a l calnbrathm curve obtained with the ahcwe syst,em is shown in Fng 2. The s~il rnatrie pot ent, ial is a linear ['uncti(m qd' the wdtage ~utput of the sensor ~Pr,.= (.;,52.8 - 15 2 (mV reading ) with art ~": = q).,q99 attd a st,andard de viatnqm ~d' _+5.5 J / k g In this case, the +_5.5 ,J/kg is Inmit.ed by the resoh_utlqm q~l'the ,5 V scale of t.he YIX mwroh~gger, which is ().32,;~ inV. It' the nnitial wdtage m e a s u r e m e n t us offset ,~r the value ~1' the resistq~r used to (nmvert current t~
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A inelh(~cl Ii)r real t i m e in ~itu inea.~uremenl (tl' ~.;(~il ~/Zrr, has been (le~el,pl~e(_l and te.~;led. :_Jnd re.~Lilt.~ have ~h(Jwrl that ~several ()per'atJ(mal ~.'riteria recluired I'(u' real tirne a('('urale rn(mit(_)rln~ (~1' ~(J=l ~/z., and I',,r s~'hedulinp, i|'|'lt~ati(~== ,~v~ tem.~ were .'-;at i.~ried. T h e S M P~ L'arl Ire measu re¢t a u t ( m l a l [(.'ally w i t h rHali.V dat;i ;t('LllllNItilm The
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