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Some aspects of sedimentation in the Persian Gulf
974
Oceanographic Abstracts
STAKOSTIN,I. V., 1963. The fouling of technical water piping on our southern seas and some methods of its controlling. (In Russian). Trudy Inst. Okeanol., USSR Akad. Nauk, 70: 101-123. The following forms of mass occurrence were recorded in the fouling of water conduits in the southern seas of the USSR: Mytilus galloprovincialis, Mytilaster lineatus, Dreiessena polymorpha, Bolanus improvisus, B. eburneus; Cordylophora caspia, Perigonimus megas.
With open water intake systems the development of the forms listed above depends mainly on local hydrological conditions. With closed systems and a very heavy pollution of sea water by industrial wastes no fouling whatever was observed in the water pipes. STAROST1N, I. V. and J. E. PERMITIN, 1963. Specific and quantitative characteristics of macrofouling in a water piping system of a metallurgical plant on the Azov Sea. (In Russian). Trudy Inst. Okeanol., USSR Akad. Nauk, 70: 124-141. The composition and magnitude of fouling in a system of marine water pipes of a metallurgical plant on the Sea of Azov were investigated. The forms occurring in mass quantities were Perigonimus
megas, Electra crustulenta, Bowerbankia caudata, Balanus improvisus. The fouling biomass averaged about 8 kg/m 2 in the foremost parts of the water conduits and 3 kg/m 2 in the end sections. SIAROSTIN, I. V. and E. P. TURPAEVA, 1963. Settlement of larvae of fouling organisms at the water works of a metallurgical plant (Sea of Azov). (In Russian). Trudy Inst. OkeanoL, USSR Akad. Nauk, 70: 142-150. Experimental panels exposed in the region of the city Zdanov (sea of Azov) had the following fouling organisms: Perigonimus megas, Bowerbankia caudata, Mercierella enigmatica and Balanus improvisus. Larval settlement occurred from May to September at a temperature above 15°C. A mass settlement of hydroids and barnacles were observed in the spring and the autumn, but the most of the bryozoans settled during the summer. The maximum biomass of fouling on the panels was 80 g per 1 dm2/yr. STRtCKLANO, J. D. H., 1963. Significance of the values obtained by primary production measurements. Proc. Conf., Prim. Prod. Measur., Mar. and Freshwat., Univ. Hawaii, 21 Aug6 Sept., 1961, U.S. Atom. Ener. Comm., Div. Tech. Inform. TID-7633: 172-183. A more detailed and quantitative study of the steps in the marine food chain, preferably under semi-laboratory conditions, should be the next phase of marine productivity research. Until it is undertaken, with somethinglike the effort and support given to descriptive and physical oceanography, a point will soon be reached beyond which no really satisfactory progress will be possible in solving the problems of fish growth in the sea. The amount, nature, size and food potential of whatever plants are in the water and the growth kinetics of those plants as a function of light, temperature, salinity, and nutrition must be described and understood. Finally, it should not be forgotten that algae furnish the dissolved organic matter and much of the detritus in sea water. A much better idea of the food potential of these important manifestations of organic production must be obtained. Research patterns in the field of primary productivity require a radical change if these objectives are to be realized and the work must be undertaken in close co-operation with those studying the herbivorous zooplankton. STRmE, A. H. B. and D. T. DONOVAN, 1961. An acoustic survey of the sea floor south of Dorset and its geological interpretation. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., Lond., (B) 244 (712): 299-330. An area of sea floor from the Dorset coast southward to about 50 ° 30'N, and between 2 ° 2' and 2 ° 27'W has been surveyed in detail using asdic equipment for recording relief, and a gravity corer and free-swimming divers for obtaining samples. Neighbouring areas were examined in less detail. The asdic provides an acoustic picture of the sea floor, and enables outcrops and faults to be mapped. Supplementary information was obtained from Admiralty surveys. The submerged part of the Isle of Purbeck Anticline is shown to be an elongated dome with Corallian rocks exposed in its core at Lulworth Bank. The dome is intersected by many sub-parallel faults trending about 15° east of north. Except along the steep monoclinal northern limb dips are low, seldom more than 3 ° or 4 °. Minor folds are superimposed on the main structure. In the east they lie nearly east and west, while in the west, where the Purbeck Anticline yields place to the Weymouth Anticline, a north-westerly trend is dominant. South of the Purbeck Anticline lies a broad and gentle syncline in Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous rocks which is named the Shambles Syncline. It is overlain unconformably by Upper Cretaceous rocks. SOGt~EN, W., 1963. Some aspects of sedimentation in the Persian Gulf. J. Sediments, Petrol., 33 (2): 355-364. Rapid surface water evaporation in the Pcrsian Gulf induces precipitation of calcium carbonate, though the process is complicated by biological interference. At the same time ~eolian saJad and dust tire deposited in the Gulf and mixed sct!irl~t'r*!~rcsttlt. In shallow water and on the beaches o61itization and other types of sand rnodilical,>n : place including the formation of aragonitic sheet
Oceanographic Abstracts
975
limestones. The mineralogical properties of aragonite may be the principal factor controlling o61itization. S ~ V I S T , H., 1963. A numerical forecast of fluid motion in a rotating tank and a study of how finite-difference approximations affect non-linear interactions. Tellgs, 15 (1): 44-58. Using observational data of the fluid motion in a laboratory experiment with a rotating tank numerical fore,casts with three different models were made. The Ekman friction was taken into account. The forecasts were verified statistically and the results for the different models were compared. An investigation o f the effect o f observational errors was made and it was found that errors in the initial field do not affect the prediction severely. The spectral distribution of kinetic energy in the forecast data a n d the verification data were compared. Systematic differences between observed and forecast distributions stimulated a study o f the effect o f finite differences on non-linear interactions. A theoretical discussion shows that when finite differences are applied to the non-linear vorticity equation a leakage of energy from the long waves to the shortest ones occurs. To test this conclusion a numerical forecast was made with three different grid intervals, as well as a forecast of the Fourier components of the field of motion. Finally, it is discussed how the fictitious flow of energy may give rise to the special kind of computational instability that Phillips has investigated. SWEENL~, B. M., 1963. Bioluminescent dinoflagellates. Biol. Bull., 125 (1): 177-181. The common dinoflagellates of the San Diego region have been isolated and tested ,for the ability to emit light. The results axe presented in a table. All the species of Gonyaulax which were tested were luminscent. Other genera in which more than a single species was examined included at least some non-luminous members. TEIXFanA, C. and M. B. KUTNER, 1962. Plankton studies in a mangrove environment. I. First assessment of standing stock and principal ecological factors. Boll. Inst. Oceanogr., Sao Paulo, Brasil, 12 (3): 101-124. The quantitative relation between net phytoplankton, nanoplankton and zooplankton during high and low tide for five days at a fixed station is reported here. The samples were collected at the surface, 2 and 4 m near the Baguass~ river, a typical mangrove environment. Measurements were made of transparency, salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, suspended matter a n d dry weight (inorganic + organic). Bacteria were also cultured to determine the degree of contamination of the water. Total phytoplankton cell counts were lower during high tide and had a good inverse correlation to salinity. The total organic matter varied from 6-80 to 16"80 mg/l. and the dry organic matter of net plankton varied from 0.084 to 3.64 mg/m 3. These results are presumably due to the great portion of the particulate matter derived from nanoplankton and fine detritus. The average of nanoplankton was 97 per cent greater than net phytoplankton and the net phytoplankton averaged 99,7 per cent greater than zooplankton. THOMAS, W. H., 1963. Physiological factors affecting the interpretation of phytoplankton production measurements. Prec. Conf., Prim. Prod. Measure., Mab. and Freshwat., Univ. Hawaii, 21 Aug.-6 Sept., 1961, U. S. Atom. Ener. Comm., Div. Tech. Inform., TID-7633: 147-162. Although other methods have been used to measure phytoplankton production, this paper discusses only the physiological factors which affect the interpretation of carbon-14 measurements of production. In principle, gross or ' r e a l ' photosynthesis will be measured by the carbon-14 method if the following conditions are met: (1) carbon-14 is assimilated at the same rate as carbon-12; (2) no carbon-14 is incorporated by processes other than photosynthesis; (3) n o assimilated carbon-14 is lost by excretion; a n d (4) no carbon-14 is lost by respiration which accompanies photosynthesis. In practice, none of these conditions is completely satisfied, but the data may be corrected for deviations from these conditions. The correction for the difference in the rate of assimilation of the two isotopes (1, above) has been ascertained at -F 6 per cent. The correction for non-photosynthetic uptake of carbon-14 (2, above.) may be made by incubating a darkened aliquot simultaneously with an illuminated one. Further studies are needed on the excretion (3, above) o f organic matter by marine phytoplankton. This correction is probably small, but may depend upon incubation and nutrient conditions. To correct for respiration (4, above), the ratio of photosynthesis to respiration (P/R) a n d the amount of.intermixing b e t ~ c n the two processes must be known. If 100 per cent of the respiratory CO~ is preferentially reut~ized in photosynthesis, and no respiratory correction is made, the carbon14 method will measure net photosynthesis. Early tests of this concept measured photo-inhibition of the respiratory release of C14Oz from labeled cells. Comparisons were also made between carbon-14 uptake (uncorrected for respiration) and net O2 evolution under various illumination and nutrient conditions. More recently, carbon-14 uptake has been compared with growth. Under conditions of saturating light intensities and adequate intracellular nutrient levels, net Oz evolution differs very little from gross O2 evolution (the respiration correction is small) and carbon14 uptake agrees with both measurements within experimental error. In cultures maintained under
Oceanographic Abstracts
STAKOSTIN,I. V., 1963. The fouling of technical water piping on our southern seas and some methods of its controlling. (In Russian). Trudy Inst. Okeanol., USSR Akad. Nauk, 70: 101-123. The following forms of mass occurrence were recorded in the fouling of water conduits in the southern seas of the USSR: Mytilus galloprovincialis, Mytilaster lineatus, Dreiessena polymorpha, Bolanus improvisus, B. eburneus; Cordylophora caspia, Perigonimus megas.
With open water intake systems the development of the forms listed above depends mainly on local hydrological conditions. With closed systems and a very heavy pollution of sea water by industrial wastes no fouling whatever was observed in the water pipes. STAROST1N, I. V. and J. E. PERMITIN, 1963. Specific and quantitative characteristics of macrofouling in a water piping system of a metallurgical plant on the Azov Sea. (In Russian). Trudy Inst. Okeanol., USSR Akad. Nauk, 70: 124-141. The composition and magnitude of fouling in a system of marine water pipes of a metallurgical plant on the Sea of Azov were investigated. The forms occurring in mass quantities were Perigonimus
megas, Electra crustulenta, Bowerbankia caudata, Balanus improvisus. The fouling biomass averaged about 8 kg/m 2 in the foremost parts of the water conduits and 3 kg/m 2 in the end sections. SIAROSTIN, I. V. and E. P. TURPAEVA, 1963. Settlement of larvae of fouling organisms at the water works of a metallurgical plant (Sea of Azov). (In Russian). Trudy Inst. OkeanoL, USSR Akad. Nauk, 70: 142-150. Experimental panels exposed in the region of the city Zdanov (sea of Azov) had the following fouling organisms: Perigonimus megas, Bowerbankia caudata, Mercierella enigmatica and Balanus improvisus. Larval settlement occurred from May to September at a temperature above 15°C. A mass settlement of hydroids and barnacles were observed in the spring and the autumn, but the most of the bryozoans settled during the summer. The maximum biomass of fouling on the panels was 80 g per 1 dm2/yr. STRtCKLANO, J. D. H., 1963. Significance of the values obtained by primary production measurements. Proc. Conf., Prim. Prod. Measur., Mar. and Freshwat., Univ. Hawaii, 21 Aug6 Sept., 1961, U.S. Atom. Ener. Comm., Div. Tech. Inform. TID-7633: 172-183. A more detailed and quantitative study of the steps in the marine food chain, preferably under semi-laboratory conditions, should be the next phase of marine productivity research. Until it is undertaken, with somethinglike the effort and support given to descriptive and physical oceanography, a point will soon be reached beyond which no really satisfactory progress will be possible in solving the problems of fish growth in the sea. The amount, nature, size and food potential of whatever plants are in the water and the growth kinetics of those plants as a function of light, temperature, salinity, and nutrition must be described and understood. Finally, it should not be forgotten that algae furnish the dissolved organic matter and much of the detritus in sea water. A much better idea of the food potential of these important manifestations of organic production must be obtained. Research patterns in the field of primary productivity require a radical change if these objectives are to be realized and the work must be undertaken in close co-operation with those studying the herbivorous zooplankton. STRmE, A. H. B. and D. T. DONOVAN, 1961. An acoustic survey of the sea floor south of Dorset and its geological interpretation. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., Lond., (B) 244 (712): 299-330. An area of sea floor from the Dorset coast southward to about 50 ° 30'N, and between 2 ° 2' and 2 ° 27'W has been surveyed in detail using asdic equipment for recording relief, and a gravity corer and free-swimming divers for obtaining samples. Neighbouring areas were examined in less detail. The asdic provides an acoustic picture of the sea floor, and enables outcrops and faults to be mapped. Supplementary information was obtained from Admiralty surveys. The submerged part of the Isle of Purbeck Anticline is shown to be an elongated dome with Corallian rocks exposed in its core at Lulworth Bank. The dome is intersected by many sub-parallel faults trending about 15° east of north. Except along the steep monoclinal northern limb dips are low, seldom more than 3 ° or 4 °. Minor folds are superimposed on the main structure. In the east they lie nearly east and west, while in the west, where the Purbeck Anticline yields place to the Weymouth Anticline, a north-westerly trend is dominant. South of the Purbeck Anticline lies a broad and gentle syncline in Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous rocks which is named the Shambles Syncline. It is overlain unconformably by Upper Cretaceous rocks. SOGt~EN, W., 1963. Some aspects of sedimentation in the Persian Gulf. J. Sediments, Petrol., 33 (2): 355-364. Rapid surface water evaporation in the Pcrsian Gulf induces precipitation of calcium carbonate, though the process is complicated by biological interference. At the same time ~eolian saJad and dust tire deposited in the Gulf and mixed sct!irl~t'r*!~rcsttlt. In shallow water and on the beaches o61itization and other types of sand rnodilical,>n : place including the formation of aragonitic sheet
Oceanographic Abstracts
975
limestones. The mineralogical properties of aragonite may be the principal factor controlling o61itization. S ~ V I S T , H., 1963. A numerical forecast of fluid motion in a rotating tank and a study of how finite-difference approximations affect non-linear interactions. Tellgs, 15 (1): 44-58. Using observational data of the fluid motion in a laboratory experiment with a rotating tank numerical fore,casts with three different models were made. The Ekman friction was taken into account. The forecasts were verified statistically and the results for the different models were compared. An investigation o f the effect o f observational errors was made and it was found that errors in the initial field do not affect the prediction severely. The spectral distribution of kinetic energy in the forecast data a n d the verification data were compared. Systematic differences between observed and forecast distributions stimulated a study o f the effect o f finite differences on non-linear interactions. A theoretical discussion shows that when finite differences are applied to the non-linear vorticity equation a leakage of energy from the long waves to the shortest ones occurs. To test this conclusion a numerical forecast was made with three different grid intervals, as well as a forecast of the Fourier components of the field of motion. Finally, it is discussed how the fictitious flow of energy may give rise to the special kind of computational instability that Phillips has investigated. SWEENL~, B. M., 1963. Bioluminescent dinoflagellates. Biol. Bull., 125 (1): 177-181. The common dinoflagellates of the San Diego region have been isolated and tested ,for the ability to emit light. The results axe presented in a table. All the species of Gonyaulax which were tested were luminscent. Other genera in which more than a single species was examined included at least some non-luminous members. TEIXFanA, C. and M. B. KUTNER, 1962. Plankton studies in a mangrove environment. I. First assessment of standing stock and principal ecological factors. Boll. Inst. Oceanogr., Sao Paulo, Brasil, 12 (3): 101-124. The quantitative relation between net phytoplankton, nanoplankton and zooplankton during high and low tide for five days at a fixed station is reported here. The samples were collected at the surface, 2 and 4 m near the Baguass~ river, a typical mangrove environment. Measurements were made of transparency, salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, suspended matter a n d dry weight (inorganic + organic). Bacteria were also cultured to determine the degree of contamination of the water. Total phytoplankton cell counts were lower during high tide and had a good inverse correlation to salinity. The total organic matter varied from 6-80 to 16"80 mg/l. and the dry organic matter of net plankton varied from 0.084 to 3.64 mg/m 3. These results are presumably due to the great portion of the particulate matter derived from nanoplankton and fine detritus. The average of nanoplankton was 97 per cent greater than net phytoplankton and the net phytoplankton averaged 99,7 per cent greater than zooplankton. THOMAS, W. H., 1963. Physiological factors affecting the interpretation of phytoplankton production measurements. Prec. Conf., Prim. Prod. Measure., Mab. and Freshwat., Univ. Hawaii, 21 Aug.-6 Sept., 1961, U. S. Atom. Ener. Comm., Div. Tech. Inform., TID-7633: 147-162. Although other methods have been used to measure phytoplankton production, this paper discusses only the physiological factors which affect the interpretation of carbon-14 measurements of production. In principle, gross or ' r e a l ' photosynthesis will be measured by the carbon-14 method if the following conditions are met: (1) carbon-14 is assimilated at the same rate as carbon-12; (2) no carbon-14 is incorporated by processes other than photosynthesis; (3) n o assimilated carbon-14 is lost by excretion; a n d (4) no carbon-14 is lost by respiration which accompanies photosynthesis. In practice, none of these conditions is completely satisfied, but the data may be corrected for deviations from these conditions. The correction for the difference in the rate of assimilation of the two isotopes (1, above) has been ascertained at -F 6 per cent. The correction for non-photosynthetic uptake of carbon-14 (2, above.) may be made by incubating a darkened aliquot simultaneously with an illuminated one. Further studies are needed on the excretion (3, above) o f organic matter by marine phytoplankton. This correction is probably small, but may depend upon incubation and nutrient conditions. To correct for respiration (4, above), the ratio of photosynthesis to respiration (P/R) a n d the amount of.intermixing b e t ~ c n the two processes must be known. If 100 per cent of the respiratory CO~ is preferentially reut~ized in photosynthesis, and no respiratory correction is made, the carbon14 method will measure net photosynthesis. Early tests of this concept measured photo-inhibition of the respiratory release of C14Oz from labeled cells. Comparisons were also made between carbon-14 uptake (uncorrected for respiration) and net O2 evolution under various illumination and nutrient conditions. More recently, carbon-14 uptake has been compared with growth. Under conditions of saturating light intensities and adequate intracellular nutrient levels, net Oz evolution differs very little from gross O2 evolution (the respiration correction is small) and carbon14 uptake agrees with both measurements within experimental error. In cultures maintained under