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Some publications relevant to the effects of drugs on animal behaviour
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR A meeting of the Association was held on 15th and 16th December in the Psychology Department, Birkbeck College, London, by kind permission of Professor C . A . Mace . The President, Dr. K . Mellanby, C .B .E ., was in the chair . Thursday, 15th December THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS AND DRUGS ON BEHAVIOUR USING DRUGS TO STUDY ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR . A REVIEW . By HANNAH STEINBERG (London)
Research on the relations between drugs and animal behaviour has much increased during the last ten years : for example, a recent bibliography (Caldwell, 1958) lists 2 animal studies with chlorpromazine in 1953 and 44 in 1956 . Many new drugs which act on the nervous system have been introduced, and this has also stimulated interest in older drugs like barbiturates ; and many kinds of animal and of behaviour have been studied . Most investigations can be roughly classified according to their predominant aim, and in practice each is apt be to pursued by workers with different backgrounds : either (i) behaviour is used to analyse the action of drugs, or (ii) drugs are used as tools to analyse behaviour . The two aims are of course complementary, since a better understanding of the mode of action of these drugs partly depends on a better understanding of behaviour, and vice versa . (i) Drugs do not usually act exclusively on any one kind of behaviour . But if several doses of the same drug are used, it can sometimes be shown that one kind of behaviour is modified by a lower dose than some other kinds ; `profiles' can be plotted for each drug showing the doses at which different kinds of behaviour become sensitive to its effects, and in this way striking quantitative differences between the patterns of action of different drugs can be demonstrated,
e .g . Janssen (in the Press) . Systematic information of this sort is most easily obtained when relatively quick and simple tests of behaviour are used, as in `screening' new compounds, but the more information becomes available the more it will help those who want to use drugs as tools for analysing more complex kinds of behaviour step by step . (ii) Anaesthetics and curare have long been found valuable for elucidating the physiological bases of learning and memory, drugs like amphetamine and `tranquillizers' are being much used to study motivation and emotional behaviour in rats, cats and monkeys (see e .g . Miller & Barry, 1960), and there are many other examples . Doses may again be crucial . Thus barbiturates-like alcohol-normally depress most forms of activity, but sometimes they stimulate it when given in small doses ; whether they do this in a particular case will depend on the kind of activity, on the environment and on the past experience of the animal . It is possible that there are optimal doses for demonstrating effects of environment and experience . REFERENCES Caldwell, A . E . (1958) . Psychopharnmca. Washington : U .S . Dept . Health, Education & Welfare . Janssen, P . Pharmacology of 8 .1625, including a review of methods of testing for the action of drugs on the nervous sytem . In Syngnosiaai on R . 1625, Haloperidel. (in the Press) . Miller, N . E . & Barry, H. (1960) . Motivational effects of drugs . Psycho-pharmacolugiu, 1, 169-199 .
*The preparation of this review and of the list of publications was supported by research grant MY-3313 from the National Institute of Mental Health, Public Health Service, U .S .A .
SOME PUBLICATIONS RELEVANT TO THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR By HANNAH STEINBERG & CHRISTINE TINSON (London) 1.
Ann . N.Y. Acad. Sci. (1956), 64, 463-731 . Experimental
SYMPOSIA AND BOOKS .
methods for the evaluation of drugs in various disease states ; part 5, 630-731 . Disorders of the central nervous system . Ann. N . Y . Acad. Sci. (1956), 65, 247-356 . Techniques for the study of behavioral effects of drugs . Ann : N.Y. Acad . Sci. (1957) . 66, 417-840. The pharmacology of psychotomimetic and psychotherapeutic drugs .
Ann . N.Y. Acad. Sci . (1954) 59, 1-140 . Reserpine (Ser-
pasil) and other alkaloids of Rauwolfia Serpentina : chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical applications . Ann . N.Y. Acad. Sci. (1955) . 61, 1-280 . Rcserpinc in the treatment of neuro-psychiatric, neurological and related clinical problems . 109
110
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, IX, 1-2
Ann . N.Y. Acad. Sci. (1957), 67, 671-894 . Meprobamate
and other agents used in mental disturbances . Ann . N. Y. Acad. Sci. (1959), 80, 551-1045 . Amine oxidase inhibitors . Braceland, F. J . (ed.), (1959) . The effect ofpharmacologk agents on the nervous system . Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins. Bradley, P . B., Deniker, P . & Radouco-Thomas, C . (eds.), (1959) . Neuro-psychopharmacology . Amsterdam : Elsevier . Brill, H. (intro . by), (1958). Trifluoperazine : clinicial and pharmacological aspects. Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger ; London : Kimpton . Caldwell, A. E. (1958). Psychopharmaca . A bibliography of psychopharmacology, 1952-57 . Washington : U.S . Dept. Health, Education & Welfare . Cholden, L . (ed .), (1956) . Lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline in experimental psychiatry, New York : Grune & Stratton . Cole, J. O . & Gerard, R . W. (eds .), (1959). Psychopharmacology . Problems in evaluation. Washington : Nat. Acad . Sci . Fields, W . S . (ed .), (1957) . Brain mechanisms and drug action . Springfield : Thomas . Featherstone, R . M . & Simon, A . (eds .), (1959) . A pharmacologic approach to the study of the mind .
Springfield : Thomas . Garattini, S . & Ghetti, V. (eds.), (1957) . Psychotropic drugs. Amsterdam : Elsevier. Grebe, R . M . (ed .), (1959) . Tranquilizers . Vol. 4 of Handbook of toxicology. Philadelphia : Saunders . Harlow, H . F . & Woolsey, C. N . (eds.), (1958) . Biological and biochemical bases of behavior . Madison :
Univ. Wisconsin Press . Himwich, H . E . (ed .), (1957) . Alcoholism . Washington : Amer. Assoc. Adv . Sci. Himwich, H. E . (ed .), (1957) . Tranquilizing drugs . Washington : Amer . Assoc. Adv . Sci . Hoagland, H . (ed .), (1957) . Hormones, brain function and behavior. New York : Acad . Press. Kline, N. S . (ed,), (1959). Psychopharmacology frontiers . London : Churchill . Leake, C. D. (1958) . The Amphetamines. Springfield : Thomas . Lewis, G . P . (ed.), (1958) . 5-Hydroxytyptamine . London : Pergamon . Josiah Macy, Jr . Foundation ; Abramson, H . A . (ed .) . Neuropharmacology. Transactions of the first conference, 1954, New York, 1955 . Transactions of the second conference, 1955, New York, 1956 . Transactions of the third conference, 1956, New York, 1957 . Transactions of the fourth conference, 1957, New York, 1959. Transactions of the fifth conference, 1959, New York, 1960 . Mcllwain, H . (1957). Chemotherapy and the central nervous system . London : Churchill . Masserman, J. H . (ed .), (1959). Biological psychiatry .
New York : Grune & Stratton . Pennes, H . (ed.), (1958) . Psychopharmacology . Pharmacologic effects on behavior . New York : Hoeber .. Harper . Richter, D . (ed .), (1957). Metabolism of the nervous system . London : Pergamon,
Rinkel, M . & Denber, H . C . B . (eds .), (1958) . Chemical concepts of psychosis . New York : McDowell, Obolensky . Symposium on R.1625, Haloperidol, held at the Royal Society of Medicine on 22nd June, 1960 (in the
press). Symposium on sedative and hypnotic drugs, 1954 . Balti-
more : Williams & Wilkins . Uhr, L. &Miller, J . G . (eds .), (1960) . Drugs and behavior . New York : Wiley . Waelsch, H . (ed .), (1955). Biochemistry of the developing nervous system . New York : Acad . Press . Wikler, A . (1957) . The relation of psychiatry to pharmacology . Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins. II . REVIEWS PUBLISHED IN JOURNALS, REPORTS, ETC . Dews, P . B . (1958). Psychopharmacology . In Drill, V .A ., Pharmacology in Medicine . New York : McGrawHill . Feldberg, W . (1958) . A physiological approach to the problem of general anaesthesia and of loss of consciousness . Brit . med. J., ii, 771-782 .
Gaddum, J . H . Antagonisms between drugs. In Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Neuro psychopharmacology. (In the Press). Jacobsen, E . (1959) . The comparative pharmacology of some psychotropic drugs . Bull. Wid . Hhh . Org ., 21, 411-493 . Kety, S . S . (1959). Biochemical theories of schizophrenia . Parts I and II . Science, 129, 1528-1532 and 15901596 . Laurence, D. R . & Pond, D . A. (1958) . The trade in tranquility. Brit. med. J., 1, 700-702 . Miller, N. E. (1958) . Central stimulation and other new approaches to motivation and reward . Amer . Psycho!., 13, 100-108 . Miller, N . E . & Barry, H . (1960) . Motivational effects of
drugs : methods which illustrate some general problems in psychopharmacology . Psychopharmacologia, 1, 169-199 .
Plotnikoff, N ., Birzis, L., Mitoma, C ., Otis, L ., Weiss, B . & Laties, V . (1960) . Drug enhancement of performance . Final report . Menlo Park, Calif. : Stanford Research Institute . Riley, H. & Spinks, A . (1958). Biological assessment of tranquillisers . Parts I and II . J. Pharm ., Lond., 10, 657-671 and 721-740 . Ross, S . & Cole, J . O . (1960) . Psychopharmacology. Ann . Rev . Psycho! ., 11, 415-438 .
Russell, R . W . (1960) . An approach to the development of animal screening techniques in psychopharmacology . Psychopharmacol. Service Center Bull., 1-7 .
Russell, R. W . (1958) . Effects of `biochemical lesions' on behavior . Acta psycho/., Hague, 14, 281-294 .
Schuster, C. R . (1959). A review of animal experimentation in psychopharmacology for the years 19001953 . University of Maryland Laboratory of Psychopharmacology Technical Report No . 59-11 . Sidman, M . (1959) . Behavioral pharmacology . Psychopharmacologia, 1, 1-19 . Vogt, M . (1958). Pharmacology of tranqillizing drugs . Brit . med. J., ii, 965-967 . Wikler, A . (1950) . Sites and mechanisms of action of
morphine and related drugs in the central nervous system. Pharmacol . Rev., 2, 435-506,
Research on the relations between drugs and animal behaviour has much increased during the last ten years : for example, a recent bibliography (Caldwell, 1958) lists 2 animal studies with chlorpromazine in 1953 and 44 in 1956 . Many new drugs which act on the nervous system have been introduced, and this has also stimulated interest in older drugs like barbiturates ; and many kinds of animal and of behaviour have been studied . Most investigations can be roughly classified according to their predominant aim, and in practice each is apt be to pursued by workers with different backgrounds : either (i) behaviour is used to analyse the action of drugs, or (ii) drugs are used as tools to analyse behaviour . The two aims are of course complementary, since a better understanding of the mode of action of these drugs partly depends on a better understanding of behaviour, and vice versa . (i) Drugs do not usually act exclusively on any one kind of behaviour . But if several doses of the same drug are used, it can sometimes be shown that one kind of behaviour is modified by a lower dose than some other kinds ; `profiles' can be plotted for each drug showing the doses at which different kinds of behaviour become sensitive to its effects, and in this way striking quantitative differences between the patterns of action of different drugs can be demonstrated,
e .g . Janssen (in the Press) . Systematic information of this sort is most easily obtained when relatively quick and simple tests of behaviour are used, as in `screening' new compounds, but the more information becomes available the more it will help those who want to use drugs as tools for analysing more complex kinds of behaviour step by step . (ii) Anaesthetics and curare have long been found valuable for elucidating the physiological bases of learning and memory, drugs like amphetamine and `tranquillizers' are being much used to study motivation and emotional behaviour in rats, cats and monkeys (see e .g . Miller & Barry, 1960), and there are many other examples . Doses may again be crucial . Thus barbiturates-like alcohol-normally depress most forms of activity, but sometimes they stimulate it when given in small doses ; whether they do this in a particular case will depend on the kind of activity, on the environment and on the past experience of the animal . It is possible that there are optimal doses for demonstrating effects of environment and experience . REFERENCES Caldwell, A . E . (1958) . Psychopharnmca. Washington : U .S . Dept . Health, Education & Welfare . Janssen, P . Pharmacology of 8 .1625, including a review of methods of testing for the action of drugs on the nervous sytem . In Syngnosiaai on R . 1625, Haloperidel. (in the Press) . Miller, N . E . & Barry, H. (1960) . Motivational effects of drugs . Psycho-pharmacolugiu, 1, 169-199 .
*The preparation of this review and of the list of publications was supported by research grant MY-3313 from the National Institute of Mental Health, Public Health Service, U .S .A .
SOME PUBLICATIONS RELEVANT TO THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR By HANNAH STEINBERG & CHRISTINE TINSON (London) 1.
Ann . N.Y. Acad. Sci. (1956), 64, 463-731 . Experimental
SYMPOSIA AND BOOKS .
methods for the evaluation of drugs in various disease states ; part 5, 630-731 . Disorders of the central nervous system . Ann. N . Y . Acad. Sci. (1956), 65, 247-356 . Techniques for the study of behavioral effects of drugs . Ann : N.Y. Acad . Sci. (1957) . 66, 417-840. The pharmacology of psychotomimetic and psychotherapeutic drugs .
Ann . N.Y. Acad. Sci . (1954) 59, 1-140 . Reserpine (Ser-
pasil) and other alkaloids of Rauwolfia Serpentina : chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical applications . Ann . N.Y. Acad. Sci. (1955) . 61, 1-280 . Rcserpinc in the treatment of neuro-psychiatric, neurological and related clinical problems . 109
110
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, IX, 1-2
Ann . N.Y. Acad. Sci. (1957), 67, 671-894 . Meprobamate
and other agents used in mental disturbances . Ann . N. Y. Acad. Sci. (1959), 80, 551-1045 . Amine oxidase inhibitors . Braceland, F. J . (ed.), (1959) . The effect ofpharmacologk agents on the nervous system . Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins. Bradley, P . B., Deniker, P . & Radouco-Thomas, C . (eds.), (1959) . Neuro-psychopharmacology . Amsterdam : Elsevier . Brill, H. (intro . by), (1958). Trifluoperazine : clinicial and pharmacological aspects. Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger ; London : Kimpton . Caldwell, A. E. (1958). Psychopharmaca . A bibliography of psychopharmacology, 1952-57 . Washington : U.S . Dept. Health, Education & Welfare . Cholden, L . (ed .), (1956) . Lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline in experimental psychiatry, New York : Grune & Stratton . Cole, J. O . & Gerard, R . W. (eds .), (1959). Psychopharmacology . Problems in evaluation. Washington : Nat. Acad . Sci . Fields, W . S . (ed .), (1957) . Brain mechanisms and drug action . Springfield : Thomas . Featherstone, R . M . & Simon, A . (eds .), (1959) . A pharmacologic approach to the study of the mind .
Springfield : Thomas . Garattini, S . & Ghetti, V. (eds.), (1957) . Psychotropic drugs. Amsterdam : Elsevier. Grebe, R . M . (ed .), (1959) . Tranquilizers . Vol. 4 of Handbook of toxicology. Philadelphia : Saunders . Harlow, H . F . & Woolsey, C. N . (eds.), (1958) . Biological and biochemical bases of behavior . Madison :
Univ. Wisconsin Press . Himwich, H . E . (ed .), (1957) . Alcoholism . Washington : Amer. Assoc. Adv . Sci. Himwich, H. E . (ed .), (1957) . Tranquilizing drugs . Washington : Amer . Assoc. Adv . Sci . Hoagland, H . (ed .), (1957) . Hormones, brain function and behavior. New York : Acad . Press. Kline, N. S . (ed,), (1959). Psychopharmacology frontiers . London : Churchill . Leake, C. D. (1958) . The Amphetamines. Springfield : Thomas . Lewis, G . P . (ed.), (1958) . 5-Hydroxytyptamine . London : Pergamon . Josiah Macy, Jr . Foundation ; Abramson, H . A . (ed .) . Neuropharmacology. Transactions of the first conference, 1954, New York, 1955 . Transactions of the second conference, 1955, New York, 1956 . Transactions of the third conference, 1956, New York, 1957 . Transactions of the fourth conference, 1957, New York, 1959. Transactions of the fifth conference, 1959, New York, 1960 . Mcllwain, H . (1957). Chemotherapy and the central nervous system . London : Churchill . Masserman, J. H . (ed .), (1959). Biological psychiatry .
New York : Grune & Stratton . Pennes, H . (ed.), (1958) . Psychopharmacology . Pharmacologic effects on behavior . New York : Hoeber .. Harper . Richter, D . (ed .), (1957). Metabolism of the nervous system . London : Pergamon,
Rinkel, M . & Denber, H . C . B . (eds .), (1958) . Chemical concepts of psychosis . New York : McDowell, Obolensky . Symposium on R.1625, Haloperidol, held at the Royal Society of Medicine on 22nd June, 1960 (in the
press). Symposium on sedative and hypnotic drugs, 1954 . Balti-
more : Williams & Wilkins . Uhr, L. &Miller, J . G . (eds .), (1960) . Drugs and behavior . New York : Wiley . Waelsch, H . (ed .), (1955). Biochemistry of the developing nervous system . New York : Acad . Press . Wikler, A . (1957) . The relation of psychiatry to pharmacology . Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins. II . REVIEWS PUBLISHED IN JOURNALS, REPORTS, ETC . Dews, P . B . (1958). Psychopharmacology . In Drill, V .A ., Pharmacology in Medicine . New York : McGrawHill . Feldberg, W . (1958) . A physiological approach to the problem of general anaesthesia and of loss of consciousness . Brit . med. J., ii, 771-782 .
Gaddum, J . H . Antagonisms between drugs. In Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Neuro psychopharmacology. (In the Press). Jacobsen, E . (1959) . The comparative pharmacology of some psychotropic drugs . Bull. Wid . Hhh . Org ., 21, 411-493 . Kety, S . S . (1959). Biochemical theories of schizophrenia . Parts I and II . Science, 129, 1528-1532 and 15901596 . Laurence, D. R . & Pond, D . A. (1958) . The trade in tranquility. Brit. med. J., 1, 700-702 . Miller, N. E. (1958) . Central stimulation and other new approaches to motivation and reward . Amer . Psycho!., 13, 100-108 . Miller, N . E . & Barry, H . (1960) . Motivational effects of
drugs : methods which illustrate some general problems in psychopharmacology . Psychopharmacologia, 1, 169-199 .
Plotnikoff, N ., Birzis, L., Mitoma, C ., Otis, L ., Weiss, B . & Laties, V . (1960) . Drug enhancement of performance . Final report . Menlo Park, Calif. : Stanford Research Institute . Riley, H. & Spinks, A . (1958). Biological assessment of tranquillisers . Parts I and II . J. Pharm ., Lond., 10, 657-671 and 721-740 . Ross, S . & Cole, J . O . (1960) . Psychopharmacology. Ann . Rev . Psycho! ., 11, 415-438 .
Russell, R . W . (1960) . An approach to the development of animal screening techniques in psychopharmacology . Psychopharmacol. Service Center Bull., 1-7 .
Russell, R. W . (1958) . Effects of `biochemical lesions' on behavior . Acta psycho/., Hague, 14, 281-294 .
Schuster, C. R . (1959). A review of animal experimentation in psychopharmacology for the years 19001953 . University of Maryland Laboratory of Psychopharmacology Technical Report No . 59-11 . Sidman, M . (1959) . Behavioral pharmacology . Psychopharmacologia, 1, 1-19 . Vogt, M . (1958). Pharmacology of tranqillizing drugs . Brit . med. J., ii, 965-967 . Wikler, A . (1950) . Sites and mechanisms of action of
morphine and related drugs in the central nervous system. Pharmacol . Rev., 2, 435-506,