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Some water pollution problems connected with the disposal of pulp mill wastes
568
Oceanographic Abstracts
proportion of foraminifera tests and contain no more than 0.0006 per cent of bitumen. Also very little bitumen and humic material is noted in the deep-sea red clay. In the cores from the Iceland basin, Rejkjanes ridge, European basin and north part of the North-American basin two forms of accumulated organic matter may be distinguished: (a) Regular-scattered form with a gradual change from low to high concentrations, and from oxidizing to reducing medium in sediments of similar lithologic composition. (b) Concentrated form in the cores, which contain layers of calcareous sandy ooze. In these the stable organic matter migrates, to the coarse-grained material, increasing content of the organic matter. WALDICnUK M. 1962. Some water pollution problems connected with the disposal of pulp mill wastes. Canad. Fish-Cult. 31: 3-34. Pulp mill wastes in coastal British Columbia have produced a wide range of conditions in the recipient waters. The ultimate pollution which develops in a pulp mill area depends on the extent of recovery of the dissolved organic materials and suspended substances in the wastes and on the type of oceanographic system into which the wastes discharge. Raw wastes from a high dissolving grade, cellulose sulphite pulp mill in the Prince Rupert area and a poorly flushed, partially enclosed embayment system into which they discharge, combine to produce the most severe marine pollution yet encountered in British Columbia. By hindsight, we can now show that most of the pollution problems could have been avoided. The proper selection of a mill site in an area where waters are turbulent and provide a large flow on each tide can do much to prevent intolerable pollution. Discovery Passage is an outstanding example of such an area. Inlets will always be suited economically for pulp mills because of the availability of resources and transportation. Not all inlets, however, are suited for waste disposal. A large runoff provides a good flushing medium for waste discharged into surface water. In areas where such runoff is not available, it may be possible to utilize deep saline water for immediate dilution. This can be achieved with proper design of a submarine outfall terminating in a diffuser. In waste disposal from the pulp mill at Crofton (WALDICHUK, 1955), an immediate dilution of 1:20 has been possible by discharging through a diffuser at a depth of 10 fm. Caution must be used in design, however, to ensure that effluent is all carried to the surface to be transported seaward in the surface layer. Long-term effects of pump mills cannot be easily recognized and may be more serious than immediate effects that can be readily identified and corrected. This chronic pollution results mainly from cumulative developments arising out of waste discharge. In the sea, as in fresh water, deposition of particulate materials modifies the environment for bottom-living organisms which may be important sources of food for fish or humans. More basic research is required for a better understanding of long-term changes caused by pulp mill wastes. Until we have some of the needed information on cumulative effects, it will be necessary to impose safety factors, that may sometimes seem unjustified, in design of waste disposal facilities. The objectives in prevention of pulp mill pollution are in no way incompatible with the principles of good housekeeping and economical operation of a mill. All materials which go down a sewer were purchased originally, and if economical recovery is possible, they constitute a gain for the pulp industry as well as for conservation of aquatic resources. Harmonious multiple use of waters by the forest industry as well as by fisheries can be achieved through sound planning. Site selection for a pulp mill should take into consideration the effective and safe disposal of wastes as well as the availability of raw materials, transportation and markets. Waste disposal facilities should be as much a part of the overall plan for a mill as the basic components of production. Fortunately, there is growing evidence for the acceptance of this attitude in the pulp mill industry of British Columbia. WOOD, W. W. 1962. The fall of a towed wire. Proc. R. Soc., Ser. A, 269(1337): 205-218, A treatment is given of the motion of a wire towed horizontally in still air after a sudden, large reduction of the horizontal force at its far end. The results are relevant to artillery practice with towed drogues as targets. The motion of a long wire is shown to be unstable, in the sense of being sensitive to any small ripple in the initial shape, if the force at the far end is reduced to less than aU~, cr being the wire's mass/unit length and U the tow speed. Approximate formulae are obtained for the stable fall of a long wire. According to the leading approximation the wire that has passed the position the near end had when the end force was reduced is straight, while the remaining wire (if any) is constrained to a curve which is identical with the initial shape and which falls vertically with uniform speed. The higher-order approximations imply that the wire at no time overshoots its equilibrium configuration. Brief consideration is also given to the unstable fall of a long wire and the fall of a wire of unrestricted length that is initially horizontal. WVRTrd K. 1962. Geopotential topographies and associated circulation in the western South Pacific Ocean. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 13(2): 89-105. Geopotential topographies of the surface and several subsurface depths are drawn from observations on three cruises of H.M.A.S. Gascoyne in the waters of the western South Pacific Ocean in 1960 and 1961. The associated circulation is discussed. Surface circulation is found to be in agreement with the topographies only in the major current branches, while wind-induced currents do not show in the
Oceanographic Abstracts
proportion of foraminifera tests and contain no more than 0.0006 per cent of bitumen. Also very little bitumen and humic material is noted in the deep-sea red clay. In the cores from the Iceland basin, Rejkjanes ridge, European basin and north part of the North-American basin two forms of accumulated organic matter may be distinguished: (a) Regular-scattered form with a gradual change from low to high concentrations, and from oxidizing to reducing medium in sediments of similar lithologic composition. (b) Concentrated form in the cores, which contain layers of calcareous sandy ooze. In these the stable organic matter migrates, to the coarse-grained material, increasing content of the organic matter. WALDICnUK M. 1962. Some water pollution problems connected with the disposal of pulp mill wastes. Canad. Fish-Cult. 31: 3-34. Pulp mill wastes in coastal British Columbia have produced a wide range of conditions in the recipient waters. The ultimate pollution which develops in a pulp mill area depends on the extent of recovery of the dissolved organic materials and suspended substances in the wastes and on the type of oceanographic system into which the wastes discharge. Raw wastes from a high dissolving grade, cellulose sulphite pulp mill in the Prince Rupert area and a poorly flushed, partially enclosed embayment system into which they discharge, combine to produce the most severe marine pollution yet encountered in British Columbia. By hindsight, we can now show that most of the pollution problems could have been avoided. The proper selection of a mill site in an area where waters are turbulent and provide a large flow on each tide can do much to prevent intolerable pollution. Discovery Passage is an outstanding example of such an area. Inlets will always be suited economically for pulp mills because of the availability of resources and transportation. Not all inlets, however, are suited for waste disposal. A large runoff provides a good flushing medium for waste discharged into surface water. In areas where such runoff is not available, it may be possible to utilize deep saline water for immediate dilution. This can be achieved with proper design of a submarine outfall terminating in a diffuser. In waste disposal from the pulp mill at Crofton (WALDICHUK, 1955), an immediate dilution of 1:20 has been possible by discharging through a diffuser at a depth of 10 fm. Caution must be used in design, however, to ensure that effluent is all carried to the surface to be transported seaward in the surface layer. Long-term effects of pump mills cannot be easily recognized and may be more serious than immediate effects that can be readily identified and corrected. This chronic pollution results mainly from cumulative developments arising out of waste discharge. In the sea, as in fresh water, deposition of particulate materials modifies the environment for bottom-living organisms which may be important sources of food for fish or humans. More basic research is required for a better understanding of long-term changes caused by pulp mill wastes. Until we have some of the needed information on cumulative effects, it will be necessary to impose safety factors, that may sometimes seem unjustified, in design of waste disposal facilities. The objectives in prevention of pulp mill pollution are in no way incompatible with the principles of good housekeeping and economical operation of a mill. All materials which go down a sewer were purchased originally, and if economical recovery is possible, they constitute a gain for the pulp industry as well as for conservation of aquatic resources. Harmonious multiple use of waters by the forest industry as well as by fisheries can be achieved through sound planning. Site selection for a pulp mill should take into consideration the effective and safe disposal of wastes as well as the availability of raw materials, transportation and markets. Waste disposal facilities should be as much a part of the overall plan for a mill as the basic components of production. Fortunately, there is growing evidence for the acceptance of this attitude in the pulp mill industry of British Columbia. WOOD, W. W. 1962. The fall of a towed wire. Proc. R. Soc., Ser. A, 269(1337): 205-218, A treatment is given of the motion of a wire towed horizontally in still air after a sudden, large reduction of the horizontal force at its far end. The results are relevant to artillery practice with towed drogues as targets. The motion of a long wire is shown to be unstable, in the sense of being sensitive to any small ripple in the initial shape, if the force at the far end is reduced to less than aU~, cr being the wire's mass/unit length and U the tow speed. Approximate formulae are obtained for the stable fall of a long wire. According to the leading approximation the wire that has passed the position the near end had when the end force was reduced is straight, while the remaining wire (if any) is constrained to a curve which is identical with the initial shape and which falls vertically with uniform speed. The higher-order approximations imply that the wire at no time overshoots its equilibrium configuration. Brief consideration is also given to the unstable fall of a long wire and the fall of a wire of unrestricted length that is initially horizontal. WVRTrd K. 1962. Geopotential topographies and associated circulation in the western South Pacific Ocean. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 13(2): 89-105. Geopotential topographies of the surface and several subsurface depths are drawn from observations on three cruises of H.M.A.S. Gascoyne in the waters of the western South Pacific Ocean in 1960 and 1961. The associated circulation is discussed. Surface circulation is found to be in agreement with the topographies only in the major current branches, while wind-induced currents do not show in the