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Sonochemistry: Theory, applications and uses of ultrasound in chemistry
Sonochemistry: Theory, Applications Uses of Ultrasound in Chemistry T. L. Mason
and
and J. P. Lorimer
Ellis Horwood (Series Editor West Sussex, 1988, 252 pp,
Series in Physical Chemistry T. J. Kemp), John Wiley and Sons, UK ISBN o-7458-0240-0, f38.50
There are two perspectives from which this book can be viewed; that of a chemist and that of someone engaged in physical acoustics. This review is written from the latter perspective. The strength of this book is in its comprehensive coverage of the chemistry aspects of sonochemistry and it is written mainly for chemists who require a knowledge of this growing topic. It is also going to be useful for those engaged in physical acoustics who wish to understand cavitation and related phenomena, as well as review the topic of sonochemistry. For readers of Ultrasonics the treatment of ultrasonics in Chapter 1 lacks any real depth in its coverage, but it does contain some interesting material. It would have been helpful to have some additional references for most of the topics mentioned in this chapter. Chapter 2 provides a treatment of cavitation together with a summary of related aspects of acoustic wave generation, propagation and absorption (covering 36 pages). For me it was these sections of the book in Chapter 2 that were most useful; cavitation is not an easy topic to understand and here the basic phenomena are well described. Appendices are included to give the necessary equations for calculating parameters such as the time for bubble collapse, bubble motion, maximum temperature and pressure. A simple computer program for use on a BBC computer is also provided to calculate some cavitation bubble characteristics. The heart of the book is the chemistry presented in Chapters 3, (synthesis), 4 (polymers) and 5 (kinetics and mechanisms). Here a wide range of examples of chemical reactions are given. In Chapter 3 the effect of ultrasound on ( 1) homogeneous media and (2) heterogeneous media, are considered looking at the basic sonochemistry in each case. Chapter 4 then discusses the effects of high intensity (above 3 W cm-‘) and 1ow frequency (below 400 kHz) ultrasound on macromolecules such as polymers. The kinetics and mechanisms of sonochemistry are reviewed in Chapter 5; here chemical reactions are considered in two groups: (1) those which are accelerated by the application of ultrasound and (2) those which do not
252
Ultrasonics
1989 Vol 27 July
otherwise take place without the application of ultrasound. Chapter 6 then looks at high frequency phenomena (above 1 MHz) in polymer-solvent and other systems. It also includes consideration of ultrasound used in chemical analysis and effects in relaxation phenomena. Ultrasonic equipment and chemical reactor design is covered in Chapter 7. As with Chapter 1. for those with some knowledge of physical acoustics, there is a lack of depth. If you are looking for just an overview of the equipment used in sonochemistry this section may be helpful, but if you are interested in the details of the design of ultrasonic equipment for chemical reactors you will need to look elsewhere. For example the basic equations for tapered ultrasound horns are not given There is also a lack of adequate references here to guide the reader into the more detailed design information which is in the literature. The final chapter (Chapter 8) looks at miscellaneous effects of power ultrasound, sonoluminescence, precipitation, separation and filtration. 1 found this chapter to be a rather mixed bag of topics but they would all appear to be of importance to chemists. My only significant criticism of this book is the limited references to the ‘non-chemistry’ literature that are provided. Teaching texts should have adequate references to enable the reader to find the more detailed material on related topics. For example. reference is made to the standard chapter on cavitation by Flynn in Physical Acoustics Vol 1B (Ed W. P. Mason) but there are other important treatments of the physics/physical acoustics, such as that by R.E. Apfel (1981) on acoustic cavitation in Methods of Experimental Physics Vol 19 (Academic Press), which are not cited. This book provides the first unified account of sonochemistry and it should become a standard text for both chemists and others who are interested in this growing topic. For the ultrasonics community this book is a useful addition to the literature which should be added to any library supporting teaching in this area. It can be expected to be a book of use to many members of the wider physical acoustics community. In particular the summary of cavitation given in Chapter 2 deserves a wide readership. The treatment of the chemistry appears to be clear and comprehensive. But this judgement must be considered to be tentative and it is for others who are better qualified in chemistry than me to judge this. It is, however, a useful book for those who are not chemists who want to know what the chemistry in sonochemistry is all about.
University
College
L.J. Bond London, UK
Book reviews
Physics Edited
in Medical
by D.H.
Ultrasound
II
Evans and K. Martin
The Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine, York, UK 1988, 155 pp, Report No. 57, f 17.50 Physicists working on medical ultrasound are a close-knit community in the UK and this springtime meeting, organized by the Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine, has become one of their biennial highnotes. This book is the proceedings of the fourth meeting in the series, held at the University of Durham in 1987. Not only is this particular community close-knit, but it is also concentrated in rather few locations; of the 17 papers, two or more came from the National Physical Laboratory, the University of Surrey, Bristol, London and Leeds. Although the volume is small and inexpensive, no-one seriously interested in the subject cannot afford the time and the money needed either to relive the experiences of having been at the meeting or to benefit from what was
Corrigendum
said. Despite the fact that the meeting was held more than two years ago, most of the papers are still very topical. The section on the interaction of ultrasound with tissue covers scattering, texture analysis, speckle reduction, transmission at interfaces, defocussing, attenuation, pulse distortion and precision measurement. Acoustic output parameters (if that is the right word) are discussed in relation to beam calibration, non-linear propagation, hydrophones and a proposed European comparative protocol. Transducer matching, spectral analysis, speckle and waveform classification in Doppler applications are all interestingly discussed, and the proceedings end with papers on waveguides and artifacts. Medical ultrasonic physics is thriving in Great Britain: here is an excellent source of reference which by any standards bears comparison with the best anything in the rest of the world. P. N. 7: Wells Bristol General Hospital, UK
ss T
(P? - lP;“l)n,
Brauner, N. and Beltzer, A.I. Wave-obstacle in a lossy medium: energy perturbations extinction Ultrasonics (1988) 26 328-334
interaction and negative
-ex= 0 Q 3’
(11)
T 1 I’;“/.&
The absolute value is missing in Equation (11). This equation and the related statement should read: The relative extinction follows from
cross-section
for this case now
dRdt
n
dQdt
fj Ofl
The authors would like to thank Professor A. Bostrom for useful comments and offering the term ‘relative’ for Equation ( 11).
Ultrasonics
1989 Vol 27 July
253
and
and J. P. Lorimer
Ellis Horwood (Series Editor West Sussex, 1988, 252 pp,
Series in Physical Chemistry T. J. Kemp), John Wiley and Sons, UK ISBN o-7458-0240-0, f38.50
There are two perspectives from which this book can be viewed; that of a chemist and that of someone engaged in physical acoustics. This review is written from the latter perspective. The strength of this book is in its comprehensive coverage of the chemistry aspects of sonochemistry and it is written mainly for chemists who require a knowledge of this growing topic. It is also going to be useful for those engaged in physical acoustics who wish to understand cavitation and related phenomena, as well as review the topic of sonochemistry. For readers of Ultrasonics the treatment of ultrasonics in Chapter 1 lacks any real depth in its coverage, but it does contain some interesting material. It would have been helpful to have some additional references for most of the topics mentioned in this chapter. Chapter 2 provides a treatment of cavitation together with a summary of related aspects of acoustic wave generation, propagation and absorption (covering 36 pages). For me it was these sections of the book in Chapter 2 that were most useful; cavitation is not an easy topic to understand and here the basic phenomena are well described. Appendices are included to give the necessary equations for calculating parameters such as the time for bubble collapse, bubble motion, maximum temperature and pressure. A simple computer program for use on a BBC computer is also provided to calculate some cavitation bubble characteristics. The heart of the book is the chemistry presented in Chapters 3, (synthesis), 4 (polymers) and 5 (kinetics and mechanisms). Here a wide range of examples of chemical reactions are given. In Chapter 3 the effect of ultrasound on ( 1) homogeneous media and (2) heterogeneous media, are considered looking at the basic sonochemistry in each case. Chapter 4 then discusses the effects of high intensity (above 3 W cm-‘) and 1ow frequency (below 400 kHz) ultrasound on macromolecules such as polymers. The kinetics and mechanisms of sonochemistry are reviewed in Chapter 5; here chemical reactions are considered in two groups: (1) those which are accelerated by the application of ultrasound and (2) those which do not
252
Ultrasonics
1989 Vol 27 July
otherwise take place without the application of ultrasound. Chapter 6 then looks at high frequency phenomena (above 1 MHz) in polymer-solvent and other systems. It also includes consideration of ultrasound used in chemical analysis and effects in relaxation phenomena. Ultrasonic equipment and chemical reactor design is covered in Chapter 7. As with Chapter 1. for those with some knowledge of physical acoustics, there is a lack of depth. If you are looking for just an overview of the equipment used in sonochemistry this section may be helpful, but if you are interested in the details of the design of ultrasonic equipment for chemical reactors you will need to look elsewhere. For example the basic equations for tapered ultrasound horns are not given There is also a lack of adequate references here to guide the reader into the more detailed design information which is in the literature. The final chapter (Chapter 8) looks at miscellaneous effects of power ultrasound, sonoluminescence, precipitation, separation and filtration. 1 found this chapter to be a rather mixed bag of topics but they would all appear to be of importance to chemists. My only significant criticism of this book is the limited references to the ‘non-chemistry’ literature that are provided. Teaching texts should have adequate references to enable the reader to find the more detailed material on related topics. For example. reference is made to the standard chapter on cavitation by Flynn in Physical Acoustics Vol 1B (Ed W. P. Mason) but there are other important treatments of the physics/physical acoustics, such as that by R.E. Apfel (1981) on acoustic cavitation in Methods of Experimental Physics Vol 19 (Academic Press), which are not cited. This book provides the first unified account of sonochemistry and it should become a standard text for both chemists and others who are interested in this growing topic. For the ultrasonics community this book is a useful addition to the literature which should be added to any library supporting teaching in this area. It can be expected to be a book of use to many members of the wider physical acoustics community. In particular the summary of cavitation given in Chapter 2 deserves a wide readership. The treatment of the chemistry appears to be clear and comprehensive. But this judgement must be considered to be tentative and it is for others who are better qualified in chemistry than me to judge this. It is, however, a useful book for those who are not chemists who want to know what the chemistry in sonochemistry is all about.
University
College
L.J. Bond London, UK
Book reviews
Physics Edited
in Medical
by D.H.
Ultrasound
II
Evans and K. Martin
The Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine, York, UK 1988, 155 pp, Report No. 57, f 17.50 Physicists working on medical ultrasound are a close-knit community in the UK and this springtime meeting, organized by the Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine, has become one of their biennial highnotes. This book is the proceedings of the fourth meeting in the series, held at the University of Durham in 1987. Not only is this particular community close-knit, but it is also concentrated in rather few locations; of the 17 papers, two or more came from the National Physical Laboratory, the University of Surrey, Bristol, London and Leeds. Although the volume is small and inexpensive, no-one seriously interested in the subject cannot afford the time and the money needed either to relive the experiences of having been at the meeting or to benefit from what was
Corrigendum
said. Despite the fact that the meeting was held more than two years ago, most of the papers are still very topical. The section on the interaction of ultrasound with tissue covers scattering, texture analysis, speckle reduction, transmission at interfaces, defocussing, attenuation, pulse distortion and precision measurement. Acoustic output parameters (if that is the right word) are discussed in relation to beam calibration, non-linear propagation, hydrophones and a proposed European comparative protocol. Transducer matching, spectral analysis, speckle and waveform classification in Doppler applications are all interestingly discussed, and the proceedings end with papers on waveguides and artifacts. Medical ultrasonic physics is thriving in Great Britain: here is an excellent source of reference which by any standards bears comparison with the best anything in the rest of the world. P. N. 7: Wells Bristol General Hospital, UK
ss T
(P? - lP;“l)n,
Brauner, N. and Beltzer, A.I. Wave-obstacle in a lossy medium: energy perturbations extinction Ultrasonics (1988) 26 328-334
interaction and negative
-ex= 0 Q 3’
(11)
T 1 I’;“/.&
The absolute value is missing in Equation (11). This equation and the related statement should read: The relative extinction follows from
cross-section
for this case now
dRdt
n
dQdt
fj Ofl
The authors would like to thank Professor A. Bostrom for useful comments and offering the term ‘relative’ for Equation ( 11).
Ultrasonics
1989 Vol 27 July
253