- Email: [email protected]
Soy protein meets bioactive glass: Electrospun composite fibers for tissue engineering applications
Accepted Manuscript Soy protein meets bioactive glass: electrospun composite fibers for tissue engineering applications Samira Tansaz, Liliana Liverani, Lars Vester, Aldo R. Boccaccini PII: DOI: Reference:
S0167-577X(17)30587-6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.04.042 MLBLUE 22463
To appear in:
Materials Letters
Received Date: Accepted Date:
7 March 2017 8 April 2017
Please cite this article as: S. Tansaz, L. Liverani, L. Vester, A.R. Boccaccini, Soy protein meets bioactive glass: electrospun composite fibers for tissue engineering applications, Materials Letters (2017), doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.matlet.2017.04.042
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Soy protein meets bioactive glass: electrospun composite fibers for tissue engineering applications Samira Tansaz, Liliana Liverani, Lars Vester and Aldo R. Boccaccini(*) Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr.6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany ( )
* Corresponding author. Email address: [email protected]
Abstract Soy protein isolate (SPI) was used to produce electrospun nanofibers, intended for tissue engineering (TE) applications. For the fisrt time electrospun composite fibers have been successfully fabricated by the addition of nano and micron-sized 45S5 bioactive glass (BG) powders to SPI solution. The influence of BG particles on electrospun fiber morphology and mechanical properties was investigated. Optimization of electrospun parameters with focus on environmental factors indicated the need to control humidity for SPI fibers fabrication.
Keywords Soy protein isolate, electrospinning, bioactive glass, nanofibers, tissue engineering
1. Introduction The main goal of scaffolds in TE is to create a temporary environment that can mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) until new tissue is generated [1]. In order to mimic the ECM morphology, polymeric nanofibrous scaffolds have been fabricated and widely investigated for TE applications [1]. Electrospinning (ES) is a method for fabrication of nanofibrous scaffolds, obtained on a grounded target from a liquid polymeric solution by applying a high electric field [2]. The use of natural biomaterials like proteins can be considered advantageous for TE applications due to their biochemical and structural similarity to the components of the native ECM [3]. Furthermore, the residues from the degradation of synthetic polymers can decrease the local pH and can potentially cause cells and tissues necrosis, inflammatory and immune response in the body [4]. Soy protein is a plant derived biomolecule isolated from soy beans, which includes almost all amino acids [5]. The isoelectric point of soy protein is at pH 4.8 and at this pH the solubility of soy protein is low [6]. Increasing the solubility by processing at higher pH values has been considered to fabricate SPI fibers by ES [7]. Incorporation of BG particles into biopolymers has been investigated for more than 10 years to develop composite scaffolds with bioactive properties and improved mechanical behavior [8]. ES of SPI has been already investigated. Some research works dealt with the ES of SPI by using harmful toxic solvents [9], while the focus of other studies has been on the optimization of the ES by using benign solvents [7]. In this framework, the aim of this investigation is the fabrication and characterization of electrospun composite scaffolds, obtained by electrospun SPI fibers with the
addition of nano and micron-sized BG particles. The fabrication of SPI-BG composite films has been investigated before [10], however to the authors knowledge, there has been no previous study focusing on SPI-BG fibers which indicates the novelty of this study. The use of SPI from human dietary supplements and animal feeding with expecting less immunogenicity in combination with BG could contribute to the development of a new family of fibrous bioactive scaffolds for TE applications.
2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials SPI from MySupps, Germany (MS) and from MP biomedicals, USA (MPB) were used in this study. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) (~Mw 900kDa) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany. Commercially available BG particles (mBG) of 45S5 composition (in wt%: 45 SiO2, 24.5 CaO, 24.5 Na2O, 6 P2O5) (Vitryxx®, mean particle size 2 µm, Schott AG, Mainz, Germany) and nano sized BG (nBG) of nominal composition (in wt%: 47.8 SiO2, 25.1 CaO, 22.6 Na2O, 4.6 P2O5) developed by the flame spray method [11], were used.
2.2 Electrospinning (ES) According to the protocol reported by Ramji et al. [7], 7wt. % SPI, 3 wt. % PEO, 1 wt. % NaOH, and 89 wt. % water were mixed and heat treated at 60˚C to form an homogenous solution. For the fabrication of composite nanofibers 1wt. % of nBG or mBG was added to the solution. ES was performed using a commercially available setup (Starter Kit 40KVWeb, Linari Engineering srl, Italy). The flow rate was 1 mL/h through a needle of 21G. The SPI/PEO nanofibers were fabricated under an applied voltage of 15 kV, using a needle-target distance of 12 cm. The influence of the relative humidity (RH) during the ES process was assessed by using an ES apparatus (EC-CLI, IME Technologies, The Netherlands), with accurate control of temperature and RH.
2.3 Characterization The morphological analysis of the electrospun fiber scaffolds was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Auriga-Zeiss, Germany). The samples for SEM analysis were previously sputter coated (Q150T, Quorum Technologies, Germany) with gold. Standard tensile testing of the fibrous scaffolds was done using a tensile testing machine (Z050, Zwick Roell, Germany) with a load cell of 50N and speed of 1mm/min. Average fiber diameter and porosity measurements were performed by using the software Fiji [12]. Statistical analyses were accomplished by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The chemical structure of the samples was assessed by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer (IRAffinity-1S, Shimadzu, Japan). The analysis was performed in the wave number range between 4000 and 400 cm-1. Moreover, to preliminarily investigate the cytocompatibility of the scaffolds, 104 /ml mouse embryotic fibroblast (MEF) cells were seeded on tissue culture multi-well plates (VWR, Germany) and exposed to the samples for 24 hours.
Cells viability was assessed with WST-8 assay (Sigma Aldrich GmbH, Germany). Cells seeded without scaffolds were used as control.
3. Results and discussion 3.1 Fibers morphology and composition Fig. 1(a–f) shows SEM images of the electrospun fibrous scaffolds of both types of SPI (MS and MPB) with and without BG inclusions.
MS
MPB
mBG
nBG
Figure 1: SEM micrographs of electrospun fibers with and without BGs: a, b, c: SPI (MS) and d, e, f: SPI (MPB), containing mBG and nBG, respectively.
In ES, humidity is one of the environmental factors having an effect on fiber morphology, especially when the solvent is water [13]. The turning point of the humidity in the present experiments, as shown in figure 2, was the level of 50%. An optimal range of RH was identified. Few differences between the two types of SPIs were detected. In fact for MS the optimal RH value was 50% and for MPB it was between 30% and 50%. Fibers were obtained also with other conditions as reported in Figure 2, but
they were not homogenous and bead-free. This result might be due to the slight difference in the amount of amino acids in the different SPI products.
0.27±0.08
0.23±0.0
0.23±0.0
0.18±0.0
0.24±0.0
Fiber diameter average [µm]
0.17±0.0
0.26 ±0.06
0.16 ±0.05 Figure 2: SEM micrographs of electrospun fibers at different RH: a, b, c, d SPI (MS) and e, f, g, h SPI (MPB) at 30, 40, 50 and 60% humidity, respectively. ATR-FTIR was performed to confirm the blend SPI/PEO composition. As reported in Figure 3 the peaks of amides I, II, III and A are typical for proteins. They are all found in the spectra of SPI MPB and MS powders. Amide I at 1645cm-1 , Amide II at 1550 cm-1 and Amide III at about 1300 cm-1 [14] were detected in all the spectra. The C-H stretch at about 2900 cm-1 is for the proteins not as strong as
for the PEO [15]. The bands found in as-received PEO are also present in the blends. This proves that the structure of PEO is preserved in the blends. The addition of BG is not detected by ATR-FTIR, as seen for nBG in the FTIR spectrum, due to the small amount present. Because of its similarity to nBG and for clarity, the spectra of mBG for both MPB and MS SPI fibers are not shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: ATR-FTIR spectra of SPI-PEO fibers with and without BG and of SPI and PEO powders. The relevant peaks are discussed in the text.
3.2 Mechanical properties Table 1 shows results of the tensile strength and morphology of the fibers for pure blends (MPB, MS) and for the blends with BG. Usually, the addition of inorganic filler increases the Young’s modulus of polymers [8]. However, this effect was not observed for MPB fibers. The reason might be the poor interaction of BG particles with the polymer and agglomeration of BG particles.
Table 1: Mechanical properties and morphology characteristics of different soy protein fibrous scaffolds with and without BG addition. MPB 49 ±2
Young’s modulus [N/mm2]
MPBnBG 12 ±5
MPBmBG 5 ±1
*** ***
MS 21 ±10
*** ***
***
MSnBG 38±1
MSmBG 14±5
*** * **
*
*
UTS [N/mm2] Fiber diameter average [nm] Fiber diameter range [nm] Pore size range [µm2] Porosity [%]
1.81±0.09 255±55
0.7±0.3 227±60
0.6±0.2 246±63
1.8±0.7 351±143
1.2±0.3 289±60
1.04±0.03 278±105
166-469
39-386
161-401
209-699
141-450.6
158-697
0.03-1.90
0.03-0.83
0.02-1
0.01-1.5
0.04-2.1
0.01-4.23
29±1
24±2
17±1
23±2
32±2
22±3
Statistically significant differences are indicated as: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 (Bonferroni's posthoc test)
3.3 Cells viability There were no visual changes in the color of the DMEM after 24 hours of cultivation of MEF cells, exposed to scaffolds, indicating no variation of pH following the addition of the scaffolds. The electrospun mats immersed in cell culture medium dissolved completely in 24 hours. All samples gave similar results in terms of cell viability (WST-8 assay) with respect to the control indicating the biocompatibility of these scaffolds. 4. Conclusions
SPI-based electrospun fibrous scaffolds containing BG were prepared successfully. The results showed that RH higher than 50% can change the fibers morphology and also the homogenous distribution of fibers in the mat. Viability of MEF cells after 24 hours of cultivation confirmed that SPI-based fibrous scaffolds have no toxic effect and support cell proliferation. Further investigations about crosslinking the nanofibers are ongoing to investigate the composite fibers bioactivity and to increase their stability in aqueous solution for further in-vitro and in-vivo studies.
References [1] [2] [3] [4]
[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
[11] [12]
[13] [14] [15]
V. Beachley, X. Wen, Polymer nanofibrous structures: Fabrication, biofunctionalization, and cell interactions, Prog. Polym. Sci. 35 (2010) 868–892. W.-E. Teo, R. Inai, S. Ramakrishna, Technological advances in electrospinning of nanofibers, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 12 (2011) 013002. G. Chan, D.J. Mooney, New materials for tissue engineering: towards greater control over the biological response, Trends Biotechnol. 26 (2008) 382–392. H. Liu, E.B. Slamovich, T.J. Webster, Less harmful acidic degradation of poly(lactic-coglycolic acid) bone tissue engineering scaffolds through titania nanoparticle addition, Int. J. Nanomedicine. 1 (2006) 541–545. S. Tansaz, A.-K. Durmann, R. Detsch, A.R. Boccaccini, Hydrogel films and microcapsules based on soy protein isolate combined with alginate, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 134 (2017) 1–9. S. Tansaz, A.R. Boccaccini, Biomedical applications of soy protein: A brief overview, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A. (2015) n/a–n/a. K. Ramji, R.N. Shah, Electrospun soy protein nanofiber scaffolds for tissue regeneration., J. Biomater. Appl. 29(3) (2014) 411–422. A.R. Boccaccini, V. Maquet, Bioresorbable and bioactive polymer/Bioglass® composites with tailored pore structure for tissue engineering applications, Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 (2003) 2417–2429. L. Lin, Electrospun soy protein-based scaffolds for skin tissue engineering and wound healing, Drexel University, Philadelphia, 2011. R. Silva, B. Bulut, J.A. Roether, J. Kaschta, D.W. Schubert, A.R. Boccaccini, Sonochemical processing and characterization of composite materials based on soy protein and alginate containing micron-sized bioactive glass particles, J. Mol. Struct. 1073 (2014) 87–96. T.J. Brunner, R.N. Grass, W.J. Stark, Glass and bioglass nanopowders by flame synthesis., Chem. Commun. (Camb). (2006) 1384–1386. S. Johannes, A.-C. Ignacio, F. Erwin, K. Verena, L. Mark, P. Tobias, P. Stephan, R. Curtis, S. Stephan, S. Benjamin, T. Jean-Yves, J.W. Daniel, H. Volker, E. Kevin, T. Pavel, C. Albert, Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis, Nat. Methods. 9 (2012) 676–682. M. Putti, M. Simonet, R. Solberg, G.W.M. Peters, Electrospinning poly(ε-caprolactone) under controlled environmental conditions: Influence on fiber morphology and orientation, Polymer (Guildf). 63 (2015) 189–195. A. Jabs, Determination of Secondary Structure in Proteins by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), 345 (2005). K.J.D. Silverstein M.Robert, Webster X. Francis, Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, Org. Chem. (2005) 1–550.
Highlights • • •
New composite nanofibrous scaffolds based on SPI with bioactive glass particles. Optimization of environmental electrospinning parameters on the fibers morphology. Comparable viability of MEF cells for all electrospun fibrous scaffolds.
Graphical abstract Soy protein meets bioactive glass: electrospun composite fibers for tissue engineering applications Samira Tansaz, Liliana Liverani, Lars Vester and Aldo R. Boccaccini
S0167-577X(17)30587-6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.04.042 MLBLUE 22463
To appear in:
Materials Letters
Received Date: Accepted Date:
7 March 2017 8 April 2017
Please cite this article as: S. Tansaz, L. Liverani, L. Vester, A.R. Boccaccini, Soy protein meets bioactive glass: electrospun composite fibers for tissue engineering applications, Materials Letters (2017), doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.matlet.2017.04.042
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Soy protein meets bioactive glass: electrospun composite fibers for tissue engineering applications Samira Tansaz, Liliana Liverani, Lars Vester and Aldo R. Boccaccini(*) Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr.6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany ( )
* Corresponding author. Email address: [email protected]
Abstract Soy protein isolate (SPI) was used to produce electrospun nanofibers, intended for tissue engineering (TE) applications. For the fisrt time electrospun composite fibers have been successfully fabricated by the addition of nano and micron-sized 45S5 bioactive glass (BG) powders to SPI solution. The influence of BG particles on electrospun fiber morphology and mechanical properties was investigated. Optimization of electrospun parameters with focus on environmental factors indicated the need to control humidity for SPI fibers fabrication.
Keywords Soy protein isolate, electrospinning, bioactive glass, nanofibers, tissue engineering
1. Introduction The main goal of scaffolds in TE is to create a temporary environment that can mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) until new tissue is generated [1]. In order to mimic the ECM morphology, polymeric nanofibrous scaffolds have been fabricated and widely investigated for TE applications [1]. Electrospinning (ES) is a method for fabrication of nanofibrous scaffolds, obtained on a grounded target from a liquid polymeric solution by applying a high electric field [2]. The use of natural biomaterials like proteins can be considered advantageous for TE applications due to their biochemical and structural similarity to the components of the native ECM [3]. Furthermore, the residues from the degradation of synthetic polymers can decrease the local pH and can potentially cause cells and tissues necrosis, inflammatory and immune response in the body [4]. Soy protein is a plant derived biomolecule isolated from soy beans, which includes almost all amino acids [5]. The isoelectric point of soy protein is at pH 4.8 and at this pH the solubility of soy protein is low [6]. Increasing the solubility by processing at higher pH values has been considered to fabricate SPI fibers by ES [7]. Incorporation of BG particles into biopolymers has been investigated for more than 10 years to develop composite scaffolds with bioactive properties and improved mechanical behavior [8]. ES of SPI has been already investigated. Some research works dealt with the ES of SPI by using harmful toxic solvents [9], while the focus of other studies has been on the optimization of the ES by using benign solvents [7]. In this framework, the aim of this investigation is the fabrication and characterization of electrospun composite scaffolds, obtained by electrospun SPI fibers with the
addition of nano and micron-sized BG particles. The fabrication of SPI-BG composite films has been investigated before [10], however to the authors knowledge, there has been no previous study focusing on SPI-BG fibers which indicates the novelty of this study. The use of SPI from human dietary supplements and animal feeding with expecting less immunogenicity in combination with BG could contribute to the development of a new family of fibrous bioactive scaffolds for TE applications.
2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials SPI from MySupps, Germany (MS) and from MP biomedicals, USA (MPB) were used in this study. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) (~Mw 900kDa) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany. Commercially available BG particles (mBG) of 45S5 composition (in wt%: 45 SiO2, 24.5 CaO, 24.5 Na2O, 6 P2O5) (Vitryxx®, mean particle size 2 µm, Schott AG, Mainz, Germany) and nano sized BG (nBG) of nominal composition (in wt%: 47.8 SiO2, 25.1 CaO, 22.6 Na2O, 4.6 P2O5) developed by the flame spray method [11], were used.
2.2 Electrospinning (ES) According to the protocol reported by Ramji et al. [7], 7wt. % SPI, 3 wt. % PEO, 1 wt. % NaOH, and 89 wt. % water were mixed and heat treated at 60˚C to form an homogenous solution. For the fabrication of composite nanofibers 1wt. % of nBG or mBG was added to the solution. ES was performed using a commercially available setup (Starter Kit 40KVWeb, Linari Engineering srl, Italy). The flow rate was 1 mL/h through a needle of 21G. The SPI/PEO nanofibers were fabricated under an applied voltage of 15 kV, using a needle-target distance of 12 cm. The influence of the relative humidity (RH) during the ES process was assessed by using an ES apparatus (EC-CLI, IME Technologies, The Netherlands), with accurate control of temperature and RH.
2.3 Characterization The morphological analysis of the electrospun fiber scaffolds was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Auriga-Zeiss, Germany). The samples for SEM analysis were previously sputter coated (Q150T, Quorum Technologies, Germany) with gold. Standard tensile testing of the fibrous scaffolds was done using a tensile testing machine (Z050, Zwick Roell, Germany) with a load cell of 50N and speed of 1mm/min. Average fiber diameter and porosity measurements were performed by using the software Fiji [12]. Statistical analyses were accomplished by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The chemical structure of the samples was assessed by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer (IRAffinity-1S, Shimadzu, Japan). The analysis was performed in the wave number range between 4000 and 400 cm-1. Moreover, to preliminarily investigate the cytocompatibility of the scaffolds, 104 /ml mouse embryotic fibroblast (MEF) cells were seeded on tissue culture multi-well plates (VWR, Germany) and exposed to the samples for 24 hours.
Cells viability was assessed with WST-8 assay (Sigma Aldrich GmbH, Germany). Cells seeded without scaffolds were used as control.
3. Results and discussion 3.1 Fibers morphology and composition Fig. 1(a–f) shows SEM images of the electrospun fibrous scaffolds of both types of SPI (MS and MPB) with and without BG inclusions.
MS
MPB
mBG
nBG
Figure 1: SEM micrographs of electrospun fibers with and without BGs: a, b, c: SPI (MS) and d, e, f: SPI (MPB), containing mBG and nBG, respectively.
In ES, humidity is one of the environmental factors having an effect on fiber morphology, especially when the solvent is water [13]. The turning point of the humidity in the present experiments, as shown in figure 2, was the level of 50%. An optimal range of RH was identified. Few differences between the two types of SPIs were detected. In fact for MS the optimal RH value was 50% and for MPB it was between 30% and 50%. Fibers were obtained also with other conditions as reported in Figure 2, but
they were not homogenous and bead-free. This result might be due to the slight difference in the amount of amino acids in the different SPI products.
0.27±0.08
0.23±0.0
0.23±0.0
0.18±0.0
0.24±0.0
Fiber diameter average [µm]
0.17±0.0
0.26 ±0.06
0.16 ±0.05 Figure 2: SEM micrographs of electrospun fibers at different RH: a, b, c, d SPI (MS) and e, f, g, h SPI (MPB) at 30, 40, 50 and 60% humidity, respectively. ATR-FTIR was performed to confirm the blend SPI/PEO composition. As reported in Figure 3 the peaks of amides I, II, III and A are typical for proteins. They are all found in the spectra of SPI MPB and MS powders. Amide I at 1645cm-1 , Amide II at 1550 cm-1 and Amide III at about 1300 cm-1 [14] were detected in all the spectra. The C-H stretch at about 2900 cm-1 is for the proteins not as strong as
for the PEO [15]. The bands found in as-received PEO are also present in the blends. This proves that the structure of PEO is preserved in the blends. The addition of BG is not detected by ATR-FTIR, as seen for nBG in the FTIR spectrum, due to the small amount present. Because of its similarity to nBG and for clarity, the spectra of mBG for both MPB and MS SPI fibers are not shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: ATR-FTIR spectra of SPI-PEO fibers with and without BG and of SPI and PEO powders. The relevant peaks are discussed in the text.
3.2 Mechanical properties Table 1 shows results of the tensile strength and morphology of the fibers for pure blends (MPB, MS) and for the blends with BG. Usually, the addition of inorganic filler increases the Young’s modulus of polymers [8]. However, this effect was not observed for MPB fibers. The reason might be the poor interaction of BG particles with the polymer and agglomeration of BG particles.
Table 1: Mechanical properties and morphology characteristics of different soy protein fibrous scaffolds with and without BG addition. MPB 49 ±2
Young’s modulus [N/mm2]
MPBnBG 12 ±5
MPBmBG 5 ±1
*** ***
MS 21 ±10
*** ***
***
MSnBG 38±1
MSmBG 14±5
*** * **
*
*
UTS [N/mm2] Fiber diameter average [nm] Fiber diameter range [nm] Pore size range [µm2] Porosity [%]
1.81±0.09 255±55
0.7±0.3 227±60
0.6±0.2 246±63
1.8±0.7 351±143
1.2±0.3 289±60
1.04±0.03 278±105
166-469
39-386
161-401
209-699
141-450.6
158-697
0.03-1.90
0.03-0.83
0.02-1
0.01-1.5
0.04-2.1
0.01-4.23
29±1
24±2
17±1
23±2
32±2
22±3
Statistically significant differences are indicated as: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 (Bonferroni's posthoc test)
3.3 Cells viability There were no visual changes in the color of the DMEM after 24 hours of cultivation of MEF cells, exposed to scaffolds, indicating no variation of pH following the addition of the scaffolds. The electrospun mats immersed in cell culture medium dissolved completely in 24 hours. All samples gave similar results in terms of cell viability (WST-8 assay) with respect to the control indicating the biocompatibility of these scaffolds. 4. Conclusions
SPI-based electrospun fibrous scaffolds containing BG were prepared successfully. The results showed that RH higher than 50% can change the fibers morphology and also the homogenous distribution of fibers in the mat. Viability of MEF cells after 24 hours of cultivation confirmed that SPI-based fibrous scaffolds have no toxic effect and support cell proliferation. Further investigations about crosslinking the nanofibers are ongoing to investigate the composite fibers bioactivity and to increase their stability in aqueous solution for further in-vitro and in-vivo studies.
References [1] [2] [3] [4]
[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
[11] [12]
[13] [14] [15]
V. Beachley, X. Wen, Polymer nanofibrous structures: Fabrication, biofunctionalization, and cell interactions, Prog. Polym. Sci. 35 (2010) 868–892. W.-E. Teo, R. Inai, S. Ramakrishna, Technological advances in electrospinning of nanofibers, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 12 (2011) 013002. G. Chan, D.J. Mooney, New materials for tissue engineering: towards greater control over the biological response, Trends Biotechnol. 26 (2008) 382–392. H. Liu, E.B. Slamovich, T.J. Webster, Less harmful acidic degradation of poly(lactic-coglycolic acid) bone tissue engineering scaffolds through titania nanoparticle addition, Int. J. Nanomedicine. 1 (2006) 541–545. S. Tansaz, A.-K. Durmann, R. Detsch, A.R. Boccaccini, Hydrogel films and microcapsules based on soy protein isolate combined with alginate, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 134 (2017) 1–9. S. Tansaz, A.R. Boccaccini, Biomedical applications of soy protein: A brief overview, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A. (2015) n/a–n/a. K. Ramji, R.N. Shah, Electrospun soy protein nanofiber scaffolds for tissue regeneration., J. Biomater. Appl. 29(3) (2014) 411–422. A.R. Boccaccini, V. Maquet, Bioresorbable and bioactive polymer/Bioglass® composites with tailored pore structure for tissue engineering applications, Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 (2003) 2417–2429. L. Lin, Electrospun soy protein-based scaffolds for skin tissue engineering and wound healing, Drexel University, Philadelphia, 2011. R. Silva, B. Bulut, J.A. Roether, J. Kaschta, D.W. Schubert, A.R. Boccaccini, Sonochemical processing and characterization of composite materials based on soy protein and alginate containing micron-sized bioactive glass particles, J. Mol. Struct. 1073 (2014) 87–96. T.J. Brunner, R.N. Grass, W.J. Stark, Glass and bioglass nanopowders by flame synthesis., Chem. Commun. (Camb). (2006) 1384–1386. S. Johannes, A.-C. Ignacio, F. Erwin, K. Verena, L. Mark, P. Tobias, P. Stephan, R. Curtis, S. Stephan, S. Benjamin, T. Jean-Yves, J.W. Daniel, H. Volker, E. Kevin, T. Pavel, C. Albert, Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis, Nat. Methods. 9 (2012) 676–682. M. Putti, M. Simonet, R. Solberg, G.W.M. Peters, Electrospinning poly(ε-caprolactone) under controlled environmental conditions: Influence on fiber morphology and orientation, Polymer (Guildf). 63 (2015) 189–195. A. Jabs, Determination of Secondary Structure in Proteins by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), 345 (2005). K.J.D. Silverstein M.Robert, Webster X. Francis, Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, Org. Chem. (2005) 1–550.
Highlights • • •
New composite nanofibrous scaffolds based on SPI with bioactive glass particles. Optimization of environmental electrospinning parameters on the fibers morphology. Comparable viability of MEF cells for all electrospun fibrous scaffolds.
Graphical abstract Soy protein meets bioactive glass: electrospun composite fibers for tissue engineering applications Samira Tansaz, Liliana Liverani, Lars Vester and Aldo R. Boccaccini