- Email: [email protected]
Space station freedom: A program update
Acta Astronautica Vol. 22, pp. 49-55, 1990
0094-5765/90 $3.00 + 0.0 Pergamon Press plc
Printed in Great Britain
SPACE STATION FREEDOM: A PROGRAM UPDATE William B. Raney Special Assistant to the Director Space Station Freedom Program NASA, USA
forward with a strong, active space program." He added: "The space program, especially Space Station Freedom, is an investment in our future." On the same day, March 16, Senator Albert Gore, the present chairman of the Senate subcommittee on space, said' "The choices we make this year will determine the status of our nation's space program for the decade of the 1990's and beyond, not just fiscal 1990 " He added: "The choice we make is not between funds for the space station or no funds; it is really the choice for leadership or decline." Opinion polls and surveys continue to show that space exploration still captures the imagination of the American public. Such popularity increased even more with the Apollo 11 anniversary events and activities. At ceremonies honoring the Apollo 11 crew, President Bush announced his long-range commitment to space exploration: 'First, for the coming decade--the 1990s-Space Station Freedom, our critical next step in all our space endeavors. Next, for the new century, back the Moon. Back to the future, this time to stay. And then, a journey into tomorrow, a manned mission to Mars."
This past year has been one of steady progress and significant advances for the Space Station Freedom program. From an i n t e r n a t i o n a l perspective, intergovernmental agreements and memoranda of understanding among the United States, Europe, Canada and Japan have been signed. From a national standpoint, the space station program received a major boost when the United States marked its return to space with successful Shuttle launches in the past year. From an agency perspective, the Space Station Freedom program has experienced new leadership at the top levels of the agency and the program. We are staffing up at all levels of the program, especially in Systems Engineering and Integration capabilities. We have completed a major program milestone--the Program Requirements Review--and have made much progress in preliminary design and development. The Space Station Freedom program enjoys strong support in the Administration, Congress and among the American people. Just two months into his presidency, President Bush declared: "We're living in tough budgetary times, but I am determined to go
SPACE STATION FREEDOM mm
aim ESA
JAPAN
ELEMENTS: • PRESSURIZED LABORATORY MODULE - • POLAR PLATFORM • MANNED-TENDED FREE FLYER (MTFF)
ELEMENTS: • PRESSURIZED LABORATORY MODULE & EXPOSED FACILITY • EXPERIMENT LOGISTICS MODULE
---.~
NASA/MARSHALL (Alabama) ELEMENTS; • PRESSURE SHELLS FOR NODES f • LABORATORY MODULE ! • HABITATION MODULE I (OUTFITTING TD BY JSC) J | • LOGISTICS MODULE (PRESS & UNPRESS) J SYSTEMS: • ECLBB • INTERNAL THERMAL CONTROL • INTERNAL AUDIO a VIDEO
NASA/GODDARD (Maryland) ELEMENTS: • POLAR PLATFORM F - - • ATTACHED PAYLOAD ACCOM. (2) ....~ • TELEROBOTIC SERVICER ///J
NASA/
,
JOHNSON (Texas)
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ELEMENTS: • TRUSS - - - • MOBILE TRANSPORTER (PHASE I) • AtRLOCKS • NODES (PRESSURE SHELL - MSFC) SYSTEMS: • EXTERNAL THERMAL CONTROL • EVA • DATA MANAGEMENT • COMMUNICATIONS & TRACKING • GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION & CONTROL • PROPULSION (THRUSTER TD BY MSFC) • NSTS/SS ATTACHMENT SYSTEMS
49
i
.C.A RV,CING CENTER • SPECIAL PURPOSE DEXTEROUS MANIPULATOR • M$C MAINTENANCE DEPOT
m N A S A / L E W I S (Ohio) ELEMENTS: • POWER MODULES - PV . . . . . SYSTEM', • ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION OSSTT 8SE
50
WILLIAM B. RANEY
The next 40 years in space will center around the development, deployment, utilization and evolution of Space Station Freedom. In these four decades, we expect several major breakthroughs in science and technology aboard the w o r l d s most advanced research laboratory in space. Space Station Freedom, the largest international space d e v e l o p m e n t cooperative program in history, enables us to exploit the conditions of space for the betterment of living on earth. Since it will be permanently manned, we will learn more about human endurance for longer duration explorations of space. It is also our gateway to the future, a necessary stepping stone for the majority of the space activities planned for the next century. The purpose of this paper is to review the past year and the current status of the Space Station Freedom program. I t h i n k y o u will agree that the program is on track, and advancing well.
International Partnership In the past year, our Secretary of State signed an Intergovernmental Agreement with Japan, Canada and nine European nations which focuses on the political commitments of the partners and establishes the legal regime w i t h i n which the program will operate. On the same day, September 29, 1988,
the NASA Deputy Administrator signed Memoranda of U n d e r s t a n d i n g w i t h Canadian and ESA representatives. A few months later, the NASA Administrator signed an MOU for the Space Station Freedom program with Japan. These MOUs contain the programmatic and technical aspects of the cooperation, and establish the management mechanisms to implement the program Those agreements are the product of several years of discussion and negotiation among the partners, and provide a solid foundation for cooperation in the space station program. The space station is a facility t h a t could also lead to greater international cooperation in traditional areas of space science, life sciences and earth observation. In these agreements, we pledge integrated station operations, sharing of user capabilities and sharing of operations costs. As a r e s u l t of this unprecedented i n t e r n a t i o n a l partnership, Space Station Freedom has u n i q u e capabilities for all to share. U.S Navy Rear Admiral Richard H. Truly, then the Acting NASA Administrator, met with counterparts in Europe at the Paris Air Show in June of this year and confirmed that NASA was looking forward to working with the international partners of the Space Station Freedom program. International cooperation has
SPACE STATION FREEDOM PROGRAM ORGANIZATION LEVEL I Office of Space Station, Washington, D.C. POLICY AND OVERALL PROGRAM DIRECTION
I LEVEL II International Partners
Space Station Program Office, Reston, VA PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND TECHNICAL CONTENT
I
CANADA
•
Mobile Servicing System
EUROPE
• • •
Attached Pressurized Module Polar Platform Men-Tended Free Flyer
JAPAN
•
;apanese Experiment Module
LEVEL III Various NASA Centers PROJECT MANAGEMENT: ELEMENT DEFINITION AND DEVELOPMENT WORK PACKAGE 1 MARSHALL
WORK PACKAGE 2 JOHNSON
• • • •
LabModule HabModule Node Structure LogisticsCarriers
•
TrussStructure and Utility Runs Propulsion System Data Management
• •
i • • a • •
EnvironmentaIControl&Life Support Systems Certain Module Outfitting & Distributed Systems ThermalControl Communication&Tracking Attitude Control Extra Vehicular System
WORK PACKAGE 3 GODDARD
• Polar Platform ee Payload Attach Points & Pointing Systems Flight Telerobotlc Servicer
WORK PACKAGE 4 LEWIS
• •
Power Generation Power Management and Distribution
40th IAF Congress
been an important component of NASA programs since its inception. These space station agreements are particularly significant, for they are the foundation for subsequent international cooperation in space station evolution, a lunar base project, or a manned mission to Mars. America's Return to Space
Coincidentally, September 29, 1988, also marked America's return to manned spaceflight after two and one-half years of redesign and review of every facet of the Shuttle program• An ambitious Shuttle manifest indicates that the United States is back in the business of serving the research and commercial needs of space users. For example, the Hubble Felescope is manifested for launch in March 1990. Some people tend to overlook the significance of the name of our manned orbiter. The Space Shuttle is designed for a facility like Space Station Freedom. It is to "shuttle" back and forth to a permanently manned laboratory in space -- an indispensable first step in the deployment and resupply of the station. We now plan a first element launch for early 1995 with assembly complete in 1998. With one of the early Shuttle assembly flights, we expect man-tended
51
capability; permanently manned capability is expected by 1996. This schedule is not significantly different from one envisioned three years ago, and it does indicate that the program is well on track. Everything depends, of course, on the National Space Transportation System. NASA needs the replacement orbiter which is scheduled to be delivered in May 1991, to maintain the required assembly flight sequence. N e w Leadership
When Dr. James Fletcher decided to step down as NASA Administrator, Admiral Richard Truly, the NASA Associate Administrator for Spaceflight, was a natural successor. Admiral Truly, a NASA astronaut since 1969, acted swiftly to fill vacant slots in the agency. J.R. Thompson, director of the Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama, was tapped for the number two position of Deputy Administrator of NASA. Effective June 1, 1989, Dr. William Lenoir became the Associate Administrator for Space Station. Dr. Lenoir, who flew in space as a mission specialist on STS-5, the first operational flight of the Shuttle, in 1982, was previously Vice President and a member of the board of directors of Booz-Allen & Hamilton Inc., a space station program support subcontractor. Richard
SPACE STATION PHASE C/D/E AGREEMENTS INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT/DOCUMENTATION RELATIONSHIPS
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512
\VILL1AM B, RANEY
SPACE STATION OPERATIONS AND UTILIZATION ORGANIZATION MCB
STRATEGIC LEVEL
I
Multilateral Coordination Board
Approves ConsolidatedOperations& Utilization Plan(COUP)
I
I
SOP
I
UOP
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Develops Operations Management Plan(OMP) Developsand approvesComposite OperationsPlan(COP) - Identifies housekeepingaccommodationsand resourcesfor manned base Agreesto COUP
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I CCUP I
(5 Years)
Develops Utilization Management Plan(UMP) Develops Composite utilization Plan(CUP) Assurescompatibility of utiliaation a(tivities Updates list of utilization resources PreparesCOUP
Integrated Tactical Operations Organization I
Tactical Operations Plans (TOP)
I
I
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For the manned base and for the MTFF insofar as it
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EXECUTION LEVEL
Kohrs, Deputy Director of the Shuttle program at Johnson Space Center in Houston, was appointed Program Director of Space Station Freedom, responsible for design, development and operations. We are strengthening the Space Station Freedom program just as the program b u d g e t expands significantly. The search is on to recruit and train a w h o l e new generation of aerospace engineers, scientists and technicians as the Apollo-era directors and managers seek a well-deserved retirement in the coming months and years Manaqement Initiatives Besides t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l agreements, restructuring and consolidation already mentioned, the Space Station Freedom program has marked several other milestones in the past year. The major milestone was smooth transition from the D e f i n i t i o n stage to Detailed Design and Development in the third quarter of 1988 To this end, all three levels of NASA management are in place and functioning well, and four Work Package contracts have been bid, awarded and work initiated, as have the Software Support Environment, the Technical and M a n a g e m e n t I n f o r m a t i o n System, and the Engineering and Integration Contractor (EIC)
Level I, the Office of Space Station at NASA Headquarters in Washington, is responsible for policy and overall program direction. Level II, the Space Station Program Office in Reston, V i r g i n i a , is responsible for program management and technical content. International partners are involved in the deliberations and work of both Levels. Various NASA Centers constitute Level HI, where projects are managed for all the U.S.-provided elements. The four prime Work Packages are managed at Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama, Johnson Space Center in Texas, Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland and Lewis Research Center in Ohio Respectively, Boeing Aerospace Co., McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co., General Electric Astro-Space Division, and Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell International Corporation are working under contract for these NASA Centers in the detailed design, manufacturing, integration and test, plus engineering and technical services. In addition to the primes, there are sub-tier contractors at all levels. This management structure is typical of large NASA programs and fits nicely in NASA culture and tradition. Traditionally, NASA's strength has been in the field Centers where various technical specialties and capabilities have built up over the years. To take full advantage of those strengths, the bulk of technical
40th L4F Congress
work is handled though space station project offices at each of these centers. To tie all these contractors together, NASA has negotiated Associate Contractor agreements with each of the prime Work Package contractors to simplify the program integration process. To ensure timely and accurate communication among the Centers, contractors and partners, the Technical and Management Information System (TMIS) will provide timely information on current cost, schedule, design, and performance. The major engineering effort for last year was the Program Requirements Review which proceeded on schedule. By November, all three Levels completed and defined the program requirements; the revised baseline configuration was put in place, the program architecture was defined. At that point, the four prime contractors began the selection of t h e i r subcontractors and began staffing up to their work assignments. It is estimated t h a t some 52,000 Americans will be working on or for space station projects across the country at peak in just a few years.
The next major milestone will be the Preliminary Design Review in 1990 when detailed engineering
53
drawings and specifications for station hardware and software are reviewed. Then approval will be given to proceed to the next major milestone, the Crttical Design Review in 1992. At that point the station ts "frozen" and actual manufacturing begins. That is not to say Space Station Freedom will be built and operated for three decades with 1992 design and technology. Between now and then, user and system needs will change and technologies will evolve. In the past year we studied various evolutionary scenarios for Space Station Freedom as a transportation node in low-Earth orbit for missions to Mars and/or the Moon. We are providing the necessary hooks and scars for e v o l u t i o n a r y g r o w t h in an e f f o r t to improve productivity and reliability, and to reduce operations costs. Specifically, we are anticipating technological advances in thermal control, power management and d i s t r i b u t i o n , m e c h a n i c a l systems and d a t a management. Recently we reconsidered an earlier need for solar dynamic power systems. The proposed shift to solar dynamic was seen as a way to reduce lifecycle costs andreduce the number of Shuttle resupply missions in replacing tons of solar array batteries. However, the technical and schedule risks were too great at the time, so we made the decision to stay with photovoltaic. However, we w i l l c o n t i n u e the technology development of solar dynamic, and will consider it again, later. This process ensures the best station within funding constraints.
Wu.i,nA~4 B. RAy[:'/
54
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40th IAF Congress
55
candidate experiments to be attached to the outside of the station's manned base. These are the first formal selections of potential users of Space Station Freedom.
Planninq Now for a More Productive Station What we study and plan for now will determine the eventual usefulness of Space Station Freedom. To w a i t until such capabilities are needed w i l l unnecessarily complicate and delay the productivity we all anticipate aboard the station. The time to plan for utilization is now, and we have been hard at work in this area as well.
Technoloqy. As for technology, station systems and procedures continue to be tested on-ground and in-space. NASA's Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology has planned some 50 experiments designed to fly on the Shuttle or ELVs while pursuing ground testing, simulation and analytical methods. Specifically, we are looking at f l u i d management, dynamics and controls, energy systems and thermal management, information systems, and automation and robotics.
Utilization. A Multilateral Utilization study was initiated a year ago to provide a forum in which the Space Station Freedom partners and their user communities could test various approaches to planning the utilization of the manned base. Representatives of the U.S. science, technology and commercial user communities contributed to this activity.
In April, the Space Station Advanced Heat-Pipe Radiator Element (SHARE) flew aboard Shuttle Discovery, yielding valuable insights for redesign. More ground tests, including a thermal vacuum test to determine the heat pipe's minimum operating temperature are underway, long before this critical system is needed. In January, the first station-specific NASA building was dedicated at Lewis Research Center, the Power System Facility. This structure will provide a wide range of electrical power system and component tests for Space Station Freedom.
In parallel with this, NASA has supported a number of other user activities preparing for the best possible use of the space station. The NASA Office of Space Science and Applications has a Utilization Study to explore how the international science community might be able to plan the science program to be conducted on the space station. The NASA Office of Aeronautics and Space Research has started a major activity to bring together planning from government agencies, universities and industry for technology experiments to be conducted on the Space Station. The NASA Office of Commercial Programs has conducted several workships for future commercial users of the space station.
Finally, in July a contract for the station's Flight Telerobotic Servicer was let by Goddard Space Flight Center to the Martin Marietta Space Systems Co. The FTS, for use in the assembly and maintenance of Space Station Freedom, is designed to increase crew productivity and safety. The $297 million contract will provide for the design, development, test, integration, launch support, training and ground support systems, mission o p e r a t i o n s s u p p o r t and s u s t a i n i n g engineering of all hardware and software required for the FTS program.
In February, the Office of Space Science and Applications announced the selection of candidate experiments for the Earth Observing System payload which is planned for the Space Station polar platforms. In June, they announced the selection of
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WILLIAM B. RANEY
Thus, as the Space Station Freedom program completes its first year as an official international cooperative endeavor, we move one giant step closer to the reality of the free world's permanently manned presence in space. The f o r m a l i n t e r n a t i o n a l partnership enhances the value of Space Station Freedom, and America's return to space last year gives new hope to the station assembly f l i g h t sequence. America's return to space signals new hope for the
Shuttle to have a station to shuttle to and from. Young leadership at NASA assures continuity in the program and steady progress towards our common goal. New management initiatives indicate a dynamic, resourceful program, and the planning we all engage in now is pointed towards a safer, more productive and useful Space Section Freedom in the coming decade and beyond.
0094-5765/90 $3.00 + 0.0 Pergamon Press plc
Printed in Great Britain
SPACE STATION FREEDOM: A PROGRAM UPDATE William B. Raney Special Assistant to the Director Space Station Freedom Program NASA, USA
forward with a strong, active space program." He added: "The space program, especially Space Station Freedom, is an investment in our future." On the same day, March 16, Senator Albert Gore, the present chairman of the Senate subcommittee on space, said' "The choices we make this year will determine the status of our nation's space program for the decade of the 1990's and beyond, not just fiscal 1990 " He added: "The choice we make is not between funds for the space station or no funds; it is really the choice for leadership or decline." Opinion polls and surveys continue to show that space exploration still captures the imagination of the American public. Such popularity increased even more with the Apollo 11 anniversary events and activities. At ceremonies honoring the Apollo 11 crew, President Bush announced his long-range commitment to space exploration: 'First, for the coming decade--the 1990s-Space Station Freedom, our critical next step in all our space endeavors. Next, for the new century, back the Moon. Back to the future, this time to stay. And then, a journey into tomorrow, a manned mission to Mars."
This past year has been one of steady progress and significant advances for the Space Station Freedom program. From an i n t e r n a t i o n a l perspective, intergovernmental agreements and memoranda of understanding among the United States, Europe, Canada and Japan have been signed. From a national standpoint, the space station program received a major boost when the United States marked its return to space with successful Shuttle launches in the past year. From an agency perspective, the Space Station Freedom program has experienced new leadership at the top levels of the agency and the program. We are staffing up at all levels of the program, especially in Systems Engineering and Integration capabilities. We have completed a major program milestone--the Program Requirements Review--and have made much progress in preliminary design and development. The Space Station Freedom program enjoys strong support in the Administration, Congress and among the American people. Just two months into his presidency, President Bush declared: "We're living in tough budgetary times, but I am determined to go
SPACE STATION FREEDOM mm
aim ESA
JAPAN
ELEMENTS: • PRESSURIZED LABORATORY MODULE - • POLAR PLATFORM • MANNED-TENDED FREE FLYER (MTFF)
ELEMENTS: • PRESSURIZED LABORATORY MODULE & EXPOSED FACILITY • EXPERIMENT LOGISTICS MODULE
---.~
NASA/MARSHALL (Alabama) ELEMENTS; • PRESSURE SHELLS FOR NODES f • LABORATORY MODULE ! • HABITATION MODULE I (OUTFITTING TD BY JSC) J | • LOGISTICS MODULE (PRESS & UNPRESS) J SYSTEMS: • ECLBB • INTERNAL THERMAL CONTROL • INTERNAL AUDIO a VIDEO
NASA/GODDARD (Maryland) ELEMENTS: • POLAR PLATFORM F - - • ATTACHED PAYLOAD ACCOM. (2) ....~ • TELEROBOTIC SERVICER ///J
NASA/
,
JOHNSON (Texas)
~
ELEMENTS: • TRUSS - - - • MOBILE TRANSPORTER (PHASE I) • AtRLOCKS • NODES (PRESSURE SHELL - MSFC) SYSTEMS: • EXTERNAL THERMAL CONTROL • EVA • DATA MANAGEMENT • COMMUNICATIONS & TRACKING • GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION & CONTROL • PROPULSION (THRUSTER TD BY MSFC) • NSTS/SS ATTACHMENT SYSTEMS
49
i
.C.A RV,CING CENTER • SPECIAL PURPOSE DEXTEROUS MANIPULATOR • M$C MAINTENANCE DEPOT
m N A S A / L E W I S (Ohio) ELEMENTS: • POWER MODULES - PV . . . . . SYSTEM', • ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION OSSTT 8SE
50
WILLIAM B. RANEY
The next 40 years in space will center around the development, deployment, utilization and evolution of Space Station Freedom. In these four decades, we expect several major breakthroughs in science and technology aboard the w o r l d s most advanced research laboratory in space. Space Station Freedom, the largest international space d e v e l o p m e n t cooperative program in history, enables us to exploit the conditions of space for the betterment of living on earth. Since it will be permanently manned, we will learn more about human endurance for longer duration explorations of space. It is also our gateway to the future, a necessary stepping stone for the majority of the space activities planned for the next century. The purpose of this paper is to review the past year and the current status of the Space Station Freedom program. I t h i n k y o u will agree that the program is on track, and advancing well.
International Partnership In the past year, our Secretary of State signed an Intergovernmental Agreement with Japan, Canada and nine European nations which focuses on the political commitments of the partners and establishes the legal regime w i t h i n which the program will operate. On the same day, September 29, 1988,
the NASA Deputy Administrator signed Memoranda of U n d e r s t a n d i n g w i t h Canadian and ESA representatives. A few months later, the NASA Administrator signed an MOU for the Space Station Freedom program with Japan. These MOUs contain the programmatic and technical aspects of the cooperation, and establish the management mechanisms to implement the program Those agreements are the product of several years of discussion and negotiation among the partners, and provide a solid foundation for cooperation in the space station program. The space station is a facility t h a t could also lead to greater international cooperation in traditional areas of space science, life sciences and earth observation. In these agreements, we pledge integrated station operations, sharing of user capabilities and sharing of operations costs. As a r e s u l t of this unprecedented i n t e r n a t i o n a l partnership, Space Station Freedom has u n i q u e capabilities for all to share. U.S Navy Rear Admiral Richard H. Truly, then the Acting NASA Administrator, met with counterparts in Europe at the Paris Air Show in June of this year and confirmed that NASA was looking forward to working with the international partners of the Space Station Freedom program. International cooperation has
SPACE STATION FREEDOM PROGRAM ORGANIZATION LEVEL I Office of Space Station, Washington, D.C. POLICY AND OVERALL PROGRAM DIRECTION
I LEVEL II International Partners
Space Station Program Office, Reston, VA PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND TECHNICAL CONTENT
I
CANADA
•
Mobile Servicing System
EUROPE
• • •
Attached Pressurized Module Polar Platform Men-Tended Free Flyer
JAPAN
•
;apanese Experiment Module
LEVEL III Various NASA Centers PROJECT MANAGEMENT: ELEMENT DEFINITION AND DEVELOPMENT WORK PACKAGE 1 MARSHALL
WORK PACKAGE 2 JOHNSON
• • • •
LabModule HabModule Node Structure LogisticsCarriers
•
TrussStructure and Utility Runs Propulsion System Data Management
• •
i • • a • •
EnvironmentaIControl&Life Support Systems Certain Module Outfitting & Distributed Systems ThermalControl Communication&Tracking Attitude Control Extra Vehicular System
WORK PACKAGE 3 GODDARD
• Polar Platform ee Payload Attach Points & Pointing Systems Flight Telerobotlc Servicer
WORK PACKAGE 4 LEWIS
• •
Power Generation Power Management and Distribution
40th IAF Congress
been an important component of NASA programs since its inception. These space station agreements are particularly significant, for they are the foundation for subsequent international cooperation in space station evolution, a lunar base project, or a manned mission to Mars. America's Return to Space
Coincidentally, September 29, 1988, also marked America's return to manned spaceflight after two and one-half years of redesign and review of every facet of the Shuttle program• An ambitious Shuttle manifest indicates that the United States is back in the business of serving the research and commercial needs of space users. For example, the Hubble Felescope is manifested for launch in March 1990. Some people tend to overlook the significance of the name of our manned orbiter. The Space Shuttle is designed for a facility like Space Station Freedom. It is to "shuttle" back and forth to a permanently manned laboratory in space -- an indispensable first step in the deployment and resupply of the station. We now plan a first element launch for early 1995 with assembly complete in 1998. With one of the early Shuttle assembly flights, we expect man-tended
51
capability; permanently manned capability is expected by 1996. This schedule is not significantly different from one envisioned three years ago, and it does indicate that the program is well on track. Everything depends, of course, on the National Space Transportation System. NASA needs the replacement orbiter which is scheduled to be delivered in May 1991, to maintain the required assembly flight sequence. N e w Leadership
When Dr. James Fletcher decided to step down as NASA Administrator, Admiral Richard Truly, the NASA Associate Administrator for Spaceflight, was a natural successor. Admiral Truly, a NASA astronaut since 1969, acted swiftly to fill vacant slots in the agency. J.R. Thompson, director of the Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama, was tapped for the number two position of Deputy Administrator of NASA. Effective June 1, 1989, Dr. William Lenoir became the Associate Administrator for Space Station. Dr. Lenoir, who flew in space as a mission specialist on STS-5, the first operational flight of the Shuttle, in 1982, was previously Vice President and a member of the board of directors of Booz-Allen & Hamilton Inc., a space station program support subcontractor. Richard
SPACE STATION PHASE C/D/E AGREEMENTS INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT/DOCUMENTATION RELATIONSHIPS
II: : :I
NASA I
MOU • 3 IN-LATERALS - CO-SIGNED
'
ADMINISTRATOR I
LEVEL 0
J DESIGN& OEV. I
SPACESTATION ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR
OPS& UTIL.
I
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~
~ . ~
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COORDINATION " COMMITTEE (PCC)
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INTERNATIONAL PARTNER ESADIRECTOR | GENERAL J.~ ~_~ JAPAN / MMISTE*OFSTATE/ SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY h I CANADA/ I MINISTEROFSTATE
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SPACE STATION OPERATIONS AND UTILIZATION ORGANIZATION MCB
STRATEGIC LEVEL
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Multilateral Coordination Board
Approves ConsolidatedOperations& Utilization Plan(COUP)
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Develops Operations Management Plan(OMP) Developsand approvesComposite OperationsPlan(COP) - Identifies housekeepingaccommodationsand resourcesfor manned base Agreesto COUP
TACTICAL LEVEL
I CCUP I
(5 Years)
Develops Utilization Management Plan(UMP) Develops Composite utilization Plan(CUP) Assurescompatibility of utiliaation a(tivities Updates list of utilization resources PreparesCOUP
Integrated Tactical Operations Organization I
Tactical Operations Plans (TOP)
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EXECUTION LEVEL
Kohrs, Deputy Director of the Shuttle program at Johnson Space Center in Houston, was appointed Program Director of Space Station Freedom, responsible for design, development and operations. We are strengthening the Space Station Freedom program just as the program b u d g e t expands significantly. The search is on to recruit and train a w h o l e new generation of aerospace engineers, scientists and technicians as the Apollo-era directors and managers seek a well-deserved retirement in the coming months and years Manaqement Initiatives Besides t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l agreements, restructuring and consolidation already mentioned, the Space Station Freedom program has marked several other milestones in the past year. The major milestone was smooth transition from the D e f i n i t i o n stage to Detailed Design and Development in the third quarter of 1988 To this end, all three levels of NASA management are in place and functioning well, and four Work Package contracts have been bid, awarded and work initiated, as have the Software Support Environment, the Technical and M a n a g e m e n t I n f o r m a t i o n System, and the Engineering and Integration Contractor (EIC)
Level I, the Office of Space Station at NASA Headquarters in Washington, is responsible for policy and overall program direction. Level II, the Space Station Program Office in Reston, V i r g i n i a , is responsible for program management and technical content. International partners are involved in the deliberations and work of both Levels. Various NASA Centers constitute Level HI, where projects are managed for all the U.S.-provided elements. The four prime Work Packages are managed at Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama, Johnson Space Center in Texas, Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland and Lewis Research Center in Ohio Respectively, Boeing Aerospace Co., McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co., General Electric Astro-Space Division, and Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell International Corporation are working under contract for these NASA Centers in the detailed design, manufacturing, integration and test, plus engineering and technical services. In addition to the primes, there are sub-tier contractors at all levels. This management structure is typical of large NASA programs and fits nicely in NASA culture and tradition. Traditionally, NASA's strength has been in the field Centers where various technical specialties and capabilities have built up over the years. To take full advantage of those strengths, the bulk of technical
40th L4F Congress
work is handled though space station project offices at each of these centers. To tie all these contractors together, NASA has negotiated Associate Contractor agreements with each of the prime Work Package contractors to simplify the program integration process. To ensure timely and accurate communication among the Centers, contractors and partners, the Technical and Management Information System (TMIS) will provide timely information on current cost, schedule, design, and performance. The major engineering effort for last year was the Program Requirements Review which proceeded on schedule. By November, all three Levels completed and defined the program requirements; the revised baseline configuration was put in place, the program architecture was defined. At that point, the four prime contractors began the selection of t h e i r subcontractors and began staffing up to their work assignments. It is estimated t h a t some 52,000 Americans will be working on or for space station projects across the country at peak in just a few years.
The next major milestone will be the Preliminary Design Review in 1990 when detailed engineering
53
drawings and specifications for station hardware and software are reviewed. Then approval will be given to proceed to the next major milestone, the Crttical Design Review in 1992. At that point the station ts "frozen" and actual manufacturing begins. That is not to say Space Station Freedom will be built and operated for three decades with 1992 design and technology. Between now and then, user and system needs will change and technologies will evolve. In the past year we studied various evolutionary scenarios for Space Station Freedom as a transportation node in low-Earth orbit for missions to Mars and/or the Moon. We are providing the necessary hooks and scars for e v o l u t i o n a r y g r o w t h in an e f f o r t to improve productivity and reliability, and to reduce operations costs. Specifically, we are anticipating technological advances in thermal control, power management and d i s t r i b u t i o n , m e c h a n i c a l systems and d a t a management. Recently we reconsidered an earlier need for solar dynamic power systems. The proposed shift to solar dynamic was seen as a way to reduce lifecycle costs andreduce the number of Shuttle resupply missions in replacing tons of solar array batteries. However, the technical and schedule risks were too great at the time, so we made the decision to stay with photovoltaic. However, we w i l l c o n t i n u e the technology development of solar dynamic, and will consider it again, later. This process ensures the best station within funding constraints.
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40th IAF Congress
55
candidate experiments to be attached to the outside of the station's manned base. These are the first formal selections of potential users of Space Station Freedom.
Planninq Now for a More Productive Station What we study and plan for now will determine the eventual usefulness of Space Station Freedom. To w a i t until such capabilities are needed w i l l unnecessarily complicate and delay the productivity we all anticipate aboard the station. The time to plan for utilization is now, and we have been hard at work in this area as well.
Technoloqy. As for technology, station systems and procedures continue to be tested on-ground and in-space. NASA's Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology has planned some 50 experiments designed to fly on the Shuttle or ELVs while pursuing ground testing, simulation and analytical methods. Specifically, we are looking at f l u i d management, dynamics and controls, energy systems and thermal management, information systems, and automation and robotics.
Utilization. A Multilateral Utilization study was initiated a year ago to provide a forum in which the Space Station Freedom partners and their user communities could test various approaches to planning the utilization of the manned base. Representatives of the U.S. science, technology and commercial user communities contributed to this activity.
In April, the Space Station Advanced Heat-Pipe Radiator Element (SHARE) flew aboard Shuttle Discovery, yielding valuable insights for redesign. More ground tests, including a thermal vacuum test to determine the heat pipe's minimum operating temperature are underway, long before this critical system is needed. In January, the first station-specific NASA building was dedicated at Lewis Research Center, the Power System Facility. This structure will provide a wide range of electrical power system and component tests for Space Station Freedom.
In parallel with this, NASA has supported a number of other user activities preparing for the best possible use of the space station. The NASA Office of Space Science and Applications has a Utilization Study to explore how the international science community might be able to plan the science program to be conducted on the space station. The NASA Office of Aeronautics and Space Research has started a major activity to bring together planning from government agencies, universities and industry for technology experiments to be conducted on the Space Station. The NASA Office of Commercial Programs has conducted several workships for future commercial users of the space station.
Finally, in July a contract for the station's Flight Telerobotic Servicer was let by Goddard Space Flight Center to the Martin Marietta Space Systems Co. The FTS, for use in the assembly and maintenance of Space Station Freedom, is designed to increase crew productivity and safety. The $297 million contract will provide for the design, development, test, integration, launch support, training and ground support systems, mission o p e r a t i o n s s u p p o r t and s u s t a i n i n g engineering of all hardware and software required for the FTS program.
In February, the Office of Space Science and Applications announced the selection of candidate experiments for the Earth Observing System payload which is planned for the Space Station polar platforms. In June, they announced the selection of
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WILLIAM B. RANEY
Thus, as the Space Station Freedom program completes its first year as an official international cooperative endeavor, we move one giant step closer to the reality of the free world's permanently manned presence in space. The f o r m a l i n t e r n a t i o n a l partnership enhances the value of Space Station Freedom, and America's return to space last year gives new hope to the station assembly f l i g h t sequence. America's return to space signals new hope for the
Shuttle to have a station to shuttle to and from. Young leadership at NASA assures continuity in the program and steady progress towards our common goal. New management initiatives indicate a dynamic, resourceful program, and the planning we all engage in now is pointed towards a safer, more productive and useful Space Section Freedom in the coming decade and beyond.