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Spatial analysis of the distribution of visitors among state operated recreational sites in Kentucky
PUBLICATIONSIN REVIEW accounted for by residents. T h u s industrial, commercial a n d agricultural sectors were quite excluded. Other significant effects of tourism development were the pollution of g r o u n d water reserves, coastal erosion, a n d pollution. Because of these adverse effects, it is recomm e n d e d t h a t government discourage f u r t h e r t o u r i s m development until a national resource p r o g r a m can be organized. • Proxemics a n d Recreational Spatial Behavior in Yellowstone National P a r k C a m p g r o u n d s . David George Becker, Ph.D. University of Ulinois-Urbana Champaign, 1977 [April 1978:6315]. An analysis of camper's use of space in c a m p g r o u n d s . A model of spatial behavior is desired w h i c h synthesizes those factors influencing c a m p e r behavior in space. The factors are related to postulates of spatial behavior s u c h as territoriality a n d least effort; actions in the env i r o n m e n t which establish o p p o r t u n i t y sets for campers; a n d socioeconomic characteristics of campers. Data on 404 c a m p e r s at Yellowstone National Park were collected in 1975 u s i n g a v a r i a n t form of p a r t i c i p a n t observation a n d analyzed u s i n g n o n - p a r a m e t r i c statistics. The model was f o u n d to be useful to s t u d y recreation behavior a n d p a r t i c i p a n t observation was a viable t e c h n i q u e for microspatial analysis in recreation research. The s t u d y also demonstrated t h a t c a m p e r activity space is directly influenced by the presence of children, the c o n t i n u a t i o n of family sex roles from the home, sequential activity linkages, a n d d i s t a n c e decay as related to the placement of facilities in the o p p o r t u n i t y set. The n u m b e r of territorial e n c o u n t e r s was less t h a n expected a n d little could be concluded about play interaction of c a m p e r s because of insufficient frequency of group play behavior. • Spatial Analysis of the D i s t r i b u t i o n of Visitors Among State Operated Recreational Sites in Kentucky. Macel Martera Wheeler, Ph.D. University of Kentucky, 1978 [December 1978:3840]. The purpose of the s t u d y was to analyze visitation p a t t e r n s of the K e n t u c k y State Park system with the objective to d e t e r m i n e the system's visitation patterns, to characterize the average visitor a n d to a s c e r t a i n differences a m o n g visitors. Parks were classified into resort a n d recreational a n d four regions established by State Park officials were studied. The categories of variables used to characterize visitors were travel plans, activity interests, personal background, a n d sources of park information. The s t u d y indicated t h a t nearly one-half of all visitors were a t t r a c t e d to p a r k s in the Western Wonderland Recreational Region, resort p a r k s were the leisure d e s t i n a t i o n of 75% of visitors a n d m o s t of the visitors were K e n t u c k y 1982 ANNALSOF TOURISMRESEARCH
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residents. An analysis of the h o m e residences of visitors showed t h a t m o s t of t h e m were from the n o r t h of K e n t u c k y a n d t h i s was a t t r i b u t e d to advertising c a m p a i g n s a n d excellent t r a n s p o r t a t i o n routes c o n n e c t i n g the large metropolitan areas n o r t h of K e n t u c k y s u c h as C o l u m b u s a n d Cincinnati, Ohio. Visitors in the W e s t e r n Wonderland area were f o u n d to be different from visitors in o t h e r regions, in t h a t t h e y traveled more frequently w i t h friends r a t h e r t h a n family. Significant differences were also f o u n d between visitors to resort p a r k s a n d visitors to recreation parks. F i n d i n g s of this s t u d y c o n t r i b u t e to available knowledge c o n c e r n i n g recreational h a b i t s a n d personal b a c k g r o u n d s of state p a r k visitors. • A m e r i c a n s on the Road: Autocamping, T o u r i s t Camps, Motels, 1910-1945. Warren J a m e s Belasco, Ph.D. University of Michigan, 1977 [May 1978:6891 ]. An e x a m i n a t i o n of the evolving roadside a n d t r e n d s of w h a t m o t o r i s t s have w a n t e d on the road. At first t o u r i s t s camped each n i g h t in a different spot along the roadside. Autoc a m p i n g seemed to be a r e t u r n to the more leisurely pace, p e r s o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e , simplicity a n d family s o l i d a r i t y of p r e - i n d u s t r i a l times. B u t as it became more p o p u l a r after World War I too m a n y t o u r i s t s tangled w i t h property owners, littered r o a d s i d e s a n d d r a n k u n s a f e water. B e g i n n i n g a r o u n d 1920, public regulatory a u t h o r i t y a n d private economic i n t e r e s t c o m b i n e d to p r o d u c e t h e free m u n i c i pal c a m p g r o u n d . Anxious to establish a good r e p u t a t i o n , each t o w n tried to o u t d o o t h e r s with s u c h additional facilities as electric lights, h o t showers, a n d central kitchens. Later some t o w n s b e g a n to charge a small fee to finance rising costs a n d to screen out "undesirables" who took a d v a n t a g e of free services. The fee s y s t e m opened the camp field to private e n t r e p r e n e u r s who had not been able to compete w i t h the s u b s i d i z e d camps. In 1925. some private c a m p s built cabins for t o u r i s t s desiring more comfort and privacy. O t h e r services were added on gradually a n d by 1945 the " m o t o r court" was sufficiently well-established to w a r r a n t large scale c h a i n development. This evolution c a n be a t t r i b u t e d m a i n l y to the t o u r i s t who w a n t e d simplicity, self-sufficiency, a n d c o m r a d e s h i p as m o d e r n day "gypsies" b u t also w a n t e d value, comfort a n d service as m o d e r n day c o n s u m e r s . • Tourism: Its Penetration a n d Development on a S p a n i s h Island. Jose A n t o n i o Nieto, Ph.D. New School for Social Research, 1978 [February 1977:5217]. An a n a l y s i s of the i m p a c t of t o u r i s m o n the S p a n i s h island of Formentera. The i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d a u t o n o m y of choice as to development does not exist a n d t h e s e decisions are 610
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residents. An analysis of the h o m e residences of visitors showed t h a t m o s t of t h e m were from the n o r t h of K e n t u c k y a n d t h i s was a t t r i b u t e d to advertising c a m p a i g n s a n d excellent t r a n s p o r t a t i o n routes c o n n e c t i n g the large metropolitan areas n o r t h of K e n t u c k y s u c h as C o l u m b u s a n d Cincinnati, Ohio. Visitors in the W e s t e r n Wonderland area were f o u n d to be different from visitors in o t h e r regions, in t h a t t h e y traveled more frequently w i t h friends r a t h e r t h a n family. Significant differences were also f o u n d between visitors to resort p a r k s a n d visitors to recreation parks. F i n d i n g s of this s t u d y c o n t r i b u t e to available knowledge c o n c e r n i n g recreational h a b i t s a n d personal b a c k g r o u n d s of state p a r k visitors. • A m e r i c a n s on the Road: Autocamping, T o u r i s t Camps, Motels, 1910-1945. Warren J a m e s Belasco, Ph.D. University of Michigan, 1977 [May 1978:6891 ]. An e x a m i n a t i o n of the evolving roadside a n d t r e n d s of w h a t m o t o r i s t s have w a n t e d on the road. At first t o u r i s t s camped each n i g h t in a different spot along the roadside. Autoc a m p i n g seemed to be a r e t u r n to the more leisurely pace, p e r s o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e , simplicity a n d family s o l i d a r i t y of p r e - i n d u s t r i a l times. B u t as it became more p o p u l a r after World War I too m a n y t o u r i s t s tangled w i t h property owners, littered r o a d s i d e s a n d d r a n k u n s a f e water. B e g i n n i n g a r o u n d 1920, public regulatory a u t h o r i t y a n d private economic i n t e r e s t c o m b i n e d to p r o d u c e t h e free m u n i c i pal c a m p g r o u n d . Anxious to establish a good r e p u t a t i o n , each t o w n tried to o u t d o o t h e r s with s u c h additional facilities as electric lights, h o t showers, a n d central kitchens. Later some t o w n s b e g a n to charge a small fee to finance rising costs a n d to screen out "undesirables" who took a d v a n t a g e of free services. The fee s y s t e m opened the camp field to private e n t r e p r e n e u r s who had not been able to compete w i t h the s u b s i d i z e d camps. In 1925. some private c a m p s built cabins for t o u r i s t s desiring more comfort and privacy. O t h e r services were added on gradually a n d by 1945 the " m o t o r court" was sufficiently well-established to w a r r a n t large scale c h a i n development. This evolution c a n be a t t r i b u t e d m a i n l y to the t o u r i s t who w a n t e d simplicity, self-sufficiency, a n d c o m r a d e s h i p as m o d e r n day "gypsies" b u t also w a n t e d value, comfort a n d service as m o d e r n day c o n s u m e r s . • Tourism: Its Penetration a n d Development on a S p a n i s h Island. Jose A n t o n i o Nieto, Ph.D. New School for Social Research, 1978 [February 1977:5217]. An a n a l y s i s of the i m p a c t of t o u r i s m o n the S p a n i s h island of Formentera. The i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d a u t o n o m y of choice as to development does not exist a n d t h e s e decisions are 610
1982 ANNALS O F TOURJ SM RESE.ARCH