Spatial analysis of the U.S. lodging industry, 1963–1977

SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF T H E U.S. LODGING INDUSTRY, 1963-1977 C.S. V a n D o r e n L a r r y D. G u s t k e T e x a s A&M University, USA U n i v e r s i t y of Florida. USA

ABSTRACT D a t a from t h e U.S. D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m e r c e C e n s u s of B u s i n e s s in 1963, 1972, and 1977 were c o m p a r e d on a s t a t e by state b a s i s a n d by s t a n d a r d metropolitan statistical areas in order to analyze the spatial growth points of t h e U.S. lodging industry. The results point to major lodging g r o w t h a r e a s in the S u n b e l t states with central Florida, Las Vegas, Nevada a n d Hawaii as o u t s t a n d i n g n o d e s of development. Metropolitan lodging growth h a s t a k e n place in the S u n b e l t cities with p o p u l a t i o n s of 100,000 to one million, with above average growth in t h o s e cities located in the coastal zone. K ~ j w o r d s : hotel/ motel receipts, spatial distribution, travel, tourism, United States.

C a r l t o n S. V a n D o r e n is P r o f e s s o r of R e c r e a t i o n a n d R e s o u r c e s D e v e l o p m e n t at T e x a s A&M University. He is a n a t i v e of Illinois a n d e d u c a t e d at the U n i v e r s i t y of Illinois a n d M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y (Ph.D. 1967). L a r r y G u s t k e is a n A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r in t h e D e p a r t m e n t of R e c r e a t i o n at t h e University of Florida. He is a native of M i c h i g a n a n d o b t a i n e d a Ph.D. f r o m T e x a s A&M University in 1982.

.4r~nals qf Tourism ResearclL Vol.9. pp. 543-563. 1982

Printed in the USA.All rights reserved. 543

0160-7383 82 040543-21~3.00 0 c 1982 J. Jafarl and Pergamon Press Lid

THE U.S. LODGINGINDUSTRY RI~SUM[~ L'Analyse spatiale de l ' i n d u s t r i e du logement aux EtatsUnis 1963-1977. On a compar~ des donn~es du Rec e n s e m e n t des Affaires d u D ~ p a r t m e n t de C o m m e r c e des Etats-Unis p o u r les a n n e e s 1963, 1972 et 1977 par ~tat et selon les r~gions u r b a i n e s s t a n d a r d i s ~ e s afin d'analyser les p o i n t s de c r o i s s a n c e s p a t i a l e d a n s l ' i n d u s t r i e d u l o g e m e n t a u x Etats-Unis. Les r~sultats m o n t r e n t que les rdgions de croissance mejeure s o n t d a n s le Sud, "la r~gion d u soleil," s u r t o u t en F l o r i d e c e n t r a l e , tL Las Vegas (Nevada) et en Hawaii c o m m e n o e u d s de d~veloppement. La croissance d u logement u r b a i n a eu lieu d a n s les villes d u S u d avec 10,000 tl u n million d ' h i b i t a n t s , avec u n e croissance plus que la m o y e n n e d a n s les villes de la zone c6ti6re. Mot~ Clef" recettes des h6tels et des motels, dist r i b u t i o n spatiale, voyage, tourisme, Etats-Unis.

INTRODUCTION This paper reports on the e x p a n s i o n of a s t u d y c o n d u c t e d in 1978 (Van Doren a n d Gustke) on the spatial d i s t r i b u t i o n of the United States lodging industry. The a n t e c e d e n t s t u d y was a descriptive spatial analysis of major c h a n g e s in the g r o w t h of the hotel/motel i n d u s t r y in the United States between 1963 a n d 1972. C o n t i n u i n g the analysis by i n c l u d i n g 1977 lodging i n d u s t r y data, this s t u d y provides a way of achieving the f u n d a m e n t a l goal of delimiting the spatial d i s t r i b u t i o n of this large industry, thereby developing a better u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the m a j o r nodes or complexes of travel a n d t o u r i s t i m p a c t in the United States. This e x a m i n a t i o n of a major c o m p o n e n t of the t r a v e l / t o u r i s m i n d u s t r y focuses on the p r i m a r y step necessary in order to describe the areal p a t t e r n s of supply. As such, this macro geographic analysis can be classified as a comp o n e n t of the geography of t o u r i s m after Pearce (1979). Several factors p r o m p t e d the analysis. First, in 1963 the U.S. D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m e r c e p u b l i s h e d a m a p (Figure 1) depicting hotel/motel receipts in S t a n d a r d Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs). The map was based on d a t a from the 1963 C e n s u s of Business. Unfortunately, the U.S. D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m e r c e did not p u b l i s h similar m a p s based u p o n the 1967 or 1972 C e n s u s of Selected Services or the 1977 C e n s u s of Service Industries. An analysis of the 1963 map provided a rare a n d f u n d a m e n t a l overview of the spatial v a r i a t i o n of t h e i n d u s t r y a n d raised some basic 544

1982 ANNALSOF TOURISM RESEARCH

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SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF T H E U.S. LODGING INDUSTRY, 1963-1977 C.S. V a n D o r e n L a r r y D. G u s t k e T e x a s A&M University, USA U n i v e r s i t y of Florida. USA

ABSTRACT D a t a from t h e U.S. D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m e r c e C e n s u s of B u s i n e s s in 1963, 1972, and 1977 were c o m p a r e d on a s t a t e by state b a s i s a n d by s t a n d a r d metropolitan statistical areas in order to analyze the spatial growth points of t h e U.S. lodging industry. The results point to major lodging g r o w t h a r e a s in the S u n b e l t states with central Florida, Las Vegas, Nevada a n d Hawaii as o u t s t a n d i n g n o d e s of development. Metropolitan lodging growth h a s t a k e n place in the S u n b e l t cities with p o p u l a t i o n s of 100,000 to one million, with above average growth in t h o s e cities located in the coastal zone. K ~ j w o r d s : hotel/ motel receipts, spatial distribution, travel, tourism, United States.

C a r l t o n S. V a n D o r e n is P r o f e s s o r of R e c r e a t i o n a n d R e s o u r c e s D e v e l o p m e n t at T e x a s A&M University. He is a n a t i v e of Illinois a n d e d u c a t e d at the U n i v e r s i t y of Illinois a n d M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y (Ph.D. 1967). L a r r y G u s t k e is a n A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r in t h e D e p a r t m e n t of R e c r e a t i o n at t h e University of Florida. He is a native of M i c h i g a n a n d o b t a i n e d a Ph.D. f r o m T e x a s A&M University in 1982.

.4r~nals qf Tourism ResearclL Vol.9. pp. 543-563. 1982

Printed in the USA.All rights reserved. 543

0160-7383 82 040543-21~3.00 0 c 1982 J. Jafarl and Pergamon Press Lid

THE U.S. LODGINGINDUSTRY RI~SUM[~ L'Analyse spatiale de l ' i n d u s t r i e du logement aux EtatsUnis 1963-1977. On a compar~ des donn~es du Rec e n s e m e n t des Affaires d u D ~ p a r t m e n t de C o m m e r c e des Etats-Unis p o u r les a n n e e s 1963, 1972 et 1977 par ~tat et selon les r~gions u r b a i n e s s t a n d a r d i s ~ e s afin d'analyser les p o i n t s de c r o i s s a n c e s p a t i a l e d a n s l ' i n d u s t r i e d u l o g e m e n t a u x Etats-Unis. Les r~sultats m o n t r e n t que les rdgions de croissance mejeure s o n t d a n s le Sud, "la r~gion d u soleil," s u r t o u t en F l o r i d e c e n t r a l e , tL Las Vegas (Nevada) et en Hawaii c o m m e n o e u d s de d~veloppement. La croissance d u logement u r b a i n a eu lieu d a n s les villes d u S u d avec 10,000 tl u n million d ' h i b i t a n t s , avec u n e croissance plus que la m o y e n n e d a n s les villes de la zone c6ti6re. Mot~ Clef" recettes des h6tels et des motels, dist r i b u t i o n spatiale, voyage, tourisme, Etats-Unis.

INTRODUCTION This paper reports on the e x p a n s i o n of a s t u d y c o n d u c t e d in 1978 (Van Doren a n d Gustke) on the spatial d i s t r i b u t i o n of the United States lodging industry. The a n t e c e d e n t s t u d y was a descriptive spatial analysis of major c h a n g e s in the g r o w t h of the hotel/motel i n d u s t r y in the United States between 1963 a n d 1972. C o n t i n u i n g the analysis by i n c l u d i n g 1977 lodging i n d u s t r y data, this s t u d y provides a way of achieving the f u n d a m e n t a l goal of delimiting the spatial d i s t r i b u t i o n of this large industry, thereby developing a better u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the m a j o r nodes or complexes of travel a n d t o u r i s t i m p a c t in the United States. This e x a m i n a t i o n of a major c o m p o n e n t of the t r a v e l / t o u r i s m i n d u s t r y focuses on the p r i m a r y step necessary in order to describe the areal p a t t e r n s of supply. As such, this macro geographic analysis can be classified as a comp o n e n t of the geography of t o u r i s m after Pearce (1979). Several factors p r o m p t e d the analysis. First, in 1963 the U.S. D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m e r c e p u b l i s h e d a m a p (Figure 1) depicting hotel/motel receipts in S t a n d a r d Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs). The map was based on d a t a from the 1963 C e n s u s of Business. Unfortunately, the U.S. D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m e r c e did not p u b l i s h similar m a p s based u p o n the 1967 or 1972 C e n s u s of Selected Services or the 1977 C e n s u s of Service Industries. An analysis of the 1963 map provided a rare a n d f u n d a m e n t a l overview of the spatial v a r i a t i o n of t h e i n d u s t r y a n d raised some basic 544

1982 ANNALSOF TOURISM RESEARCH

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Figure 1 Hotel/Motel.R¢c_eip_ts_.in_ the u _~i_t__edStates: 1963

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THE U.S. LODGING INDUSTRY

q u e s t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g the c h a n g e s t h a t m i g h t be expected to o c c u r if more recent c e n s u s d a t a were to be analyzed. A c o n t i n u a t i o n of the analysis a n d a m a p p i n g of the results u s i n g 1972 a n d 1977 d a t a was the logical step in order to provide an e x p a n d e d sequential perspective on spatial c h a n g e s occurring in the lodging industry.

METHODOLOGY Researchers, primarily geographers, have p u b l i s h e d a n u m b e r of articles a n d books on the a c c o m m o d a t i o n industry, i n c l u d i n g resorts (Christaller 1964: Defert 1960; Cosgrove a n d J a c k s o n 1972: R o b i n s o n 1972; Lavery 1971; Robinson 1976; a n d Stansfield 1971). However, as Pearce (1979) states, "the m o s t basic information, particularly represented cartographically, is still not available for m a n y c o u n t r i e s a n d regions." In the United States, unlike s o m e smaller foreign nations, simply o b t a i n i n g i n f o r m a t i o n on bed capacity by state or city can be a major u n d e r t a k i n g . One example of the k i n d of s t u d y needed is the excellent c o m p r e h e n s i v e s t u d y of the M i n n e s o t a lodging i n d u s t r y in 1975 (Blank et al., 1975). It is recognized t h a t d a t a on bed capacity, receipts, employment, or n u m b e r of rooms do not exclusively indicate the i m p o r t a n c e of t o u r i s m a n d travel to a local area, state, or region. But s u c h d a t a do represent a significant proportion of economic impact. T o u r i s m researchers in the United States have not perfected a m e a s u r e of the relative i m p o r t a n c e of t o u r i s m t h a t is s i m i l a r to the t o u r i s t f u n c t i o n index utilized by some E u r o p e a n researchers. This type of index, popularized by Defert (1967), compares the n u m b e r of t o u r i s t beds available in an area or region with the r e s i d e n t p o p u l a t i o n of the area or region. Although the United States lacks a similar index, o t h e r s e c o n d a r y m e a s u r e s of tourist/travel activity have been attemPted by c o m b i n i n g d a t a s u c h as state a n d local sales tax receipts, e m p l o y m e n t figures, a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t receipts (Kahn 1975). The m o s t useful i n d i c a t o r of d o m e s t i c travel activity are the s t a t e d o m e s t i c travel e x p e n d i t u r e e s t i m a t e s p u b l i s h e d by the United States Travel Data Center (1978). Excellent t r e n d analyses of the lodging i n d u s t r y are published by firms s u c h as Harris Kerr, F o r s t e r a n d Company, a n d Laventhol a n d Horwath. The i n f o r m a t i o n published by these firms is widely d i s t r i b u t e d a n d extremely useful to hoteliers. It is, however, d i s s e m i n a t e d only on a regional r a t h e r t h a n city basis. Even with limitations, the C e n s u s of Selected Services does provide d a t a for three time periods organized by states, central cities a n d S t a n d a r d Metropolitan Statistical Areas. 546

1982 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH

c.s. VAN DOREN AND LARRYD. GUSTKE T h e u s e of l o d g i n g r e c e i p t d a t a to d o c u m e n t s p a t i a l c h a n g e s in a n i n d u s t r y o f t h i s m a g n i t u d e c a n be q u e s t i o n e d . R e c e i p t i n f o r m a t i o n a s r e p o r t e d to t h e D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m e r c e m a y i n c l u d e s o m e b u s i n e s s r e c e i p t s n o t d e s i r e d : for e x a m p l e , g a m b l i n g r e c e i p t s for Las Vegas, Reno, a n d , m o r e recently. A t l a n t i c City. T h e r e is, a d m i t t e d l y . p o s s i b l e e r r o r d u e to v a r i a t i o n s in r e p o r t i n g a n d to o m i s s i o n s of m a n y c i t i e s b e c a u s e o f t h e d i s c l o s u r e rule. R e c e i p t s f r o m o n e 3 0 0 r o o m h o t e l c o u l d e q u a l t h e r e c e i p t s f r o m a n u m b e r o f s m a l l e r motels. In a d d i t i o n , t h e r e c e i p t s f r o m l a r g e r cities i n c l u d e f u n d s f r o m r e s i d e n t i a l hotels. I n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e a n a l y s i s w a s collected f r o m t h r e e c e n s u s e s o n t h e t o t a l r e c e i p t s o f hotels, m o t e l s , t r a i l e r p a r k s a n d c a m p s for e a c h state, all SMSA's, a n d all cities. In 1963, r e c e i p t s w e r e d e f i n e d as: Receipts include the total of all receipts from customers for services rendered and merchandise sold during 1963 whether or not p a y m e n t was received during 1963. Total receipts exclude a m o u n t s o t h e r t h a n those received from customers, such as income from investments, rental or real estate, etc. They include local and State sales taxes and Federal excise taxes collected by the e s t a b l i s h m e n t directly from customers and paid directly by the e s t a b l i s h m e n t to a local, State or Federal tax agency. Gasoline, liquor, tobacco, and other excise taxes paid by the m a n u f a c t u r e r or wholesaler and passed along to the service establishment are also included. Receipts do not include receipts of manufacturers, wholesalers, retail establishments, and other businesses whose primary activity is o t h e r t h a n service. They do. however, include receipts other t h a n from services rendered (e.g., sales of merchandise to individuals or to other businesses) by establishments primarily e n g a g e d in services (U.S. D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m e r c e 1963: Appendix B). C i t i e s h a d to h a v e 2 0 0 o r m o r e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s to b e l i s t e d (disclosed) in t h e 1 9 6 3 C e n s u s . In t h e 1 9 7 2 C e n s u s o f S e l e c t e d Services, t h e m i n i m u m n u m b e r o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s n e c e s s a r y for a city to a p p e a r w a s i n c r e a s e d to 300, a n d in t h e 1977 C e n s u s of Sex-x~ce I n d u s t r i e s , t h e l i m i t a t i o n w a s 500 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . T h e 1 9 6 3 a n d 1 9 7 2 l o d g i n g r e c e i p t s w e r e c o n v e r t e d to 1977 d o l l a r s b y u s i n g t h e C o n s u m e r P r i c e I n d e x (C.P.I.) for all u r b a n c o n s u m e r s for all i t e m s a s a n a d j u s t m e n t factor. T h e C.P.I.'s for 1 9 6 3 a n d 1972 w e r e c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g 1 9 7 7 a s a b a s e (C.P.I. 1 9 7 7 = I00). T h e following c o n v e r s i o n f o r m u l a w a s u s e d to c a l c u l a t e r e c e i p t s c o r r e c t e d to 1977 dollars: 1982 ANNALSOF TOURISM RESEARCH

547

THE U.S. LODGING INDUSTRY

1977 Corrected Receipts =

r e c e i p t s for year to be converted to 1977 dollars C.P.I. for s t u d y y e a r u s i n g 1977 b a s e

X I00

Interpreting the spatial c h a n g e s in receipts is recognized as a difficult if not impossible task, and, at best, only general explanations will be offered. A more f u n d a m e n t a l task of identifying t o u r i s t / travel related spatial c h a n g e s can only be b a s e d on c o m m o n knowledge a n d i n t u i t i o n b e c a u s e t h e r e is no m e t h o d of classifying lodging p a t r o n s by p u r p o s e of visit. According to Laventhol and Horwath (1978), in 1978 the major m a r k e t for U.S. hotels consisted of 43% b u s i n e s s travelers, 32% tourists, 17% conference participants, 3% g o v e r n m e n t officials, a n d 5% other. This type of classification is impossible to o b t a i n for specific areas. It is also recognized that lodging receipts for metropolitan areas d e m o n s t r a t e m a r k e t variability a n d seasonal fluctuation by regions and with the regional a n d / o r national economic climate. In addition, local short a n d long term events s u c h as fairs, festivals, sport events, a n d even social and e n v i r o n m e n t a l events s u c h a s crime or c o m m u n i c a b l e disease can have p r o f o u n d effect on the i n d u s t r y receipts locally. In spite of the obvious limitations to exploring a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g the spatial p a t t e r n s presented, there is merit in identifying the c h a n g i n g l o d g i n g p a t t e r n s as t h e f i r s t s t e p t o w a r d s e e k i n g a p a t t e r n explanation. THE ANALYSIS The analysis c o n s i s t s of two parts. The first is description of the g r o w t h in the lodging i n d u s t r y by state comparisons. The second p a r t is a more detailed d i s c u s s i o n of the growth or decline of major S t a n d a r d Metropolitan Statistical Areas and the spatial c h a n g e s that have occurred at each c e n s u s period. State Hotel/Motel Receipts In 1963, New York was the n u m b e r one state in t e r m s of receipts from lodging (Table 1). California, Florida, Illinois, Pennsylvania. Texas a n d Nevada ranked below New York. With the exception of Florida a n d Nevada, these s t a t e s have large populations a n d s o m e are p a r t of the industrial E a s t a n d Midwest. By the 1972 C e n s u s of B u s i n e s s , the r a n k i n g s of the states in t e r m s of dollars of receipts had shifted. California and Florida were first a n d s e c o n d with registered increases of 32% and 99% respectively. 548

1982 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH

C.S. VAN DOREN AND LARRY D. GUSTKE

Table I

Hotel/Motel Receipts for the Un/ted States (In Millions of Dollars) 1963

1972

1977

Rank

State

Receipts

State

Receipts

State

Receipts

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

NY CA FL IL PA TX NV OH NJ MI MA MO MN VA WI DC CO AZ IN WA NC GA LA OR TN HA MD IA KY CT ME OK AL NH AR NM SC KS MS NB WY WV MT VT UT ID SD ND AK RI DE

1,410.8 l, 168.7 759.7 549. l 463.3 414.1 354.0 327.0 270.8 257.7 251.6 207. I 183.2 179.7 177.0 170.7 166.5 147.8 147.5 144.3 137.6 134.9 I 17. I I 14.7 112.3 96.6 93.7 91.5 90.9 87.1 82.6 79.4 78.6 76.7 74.7 73.0 68.8 67.7 61.4 60.7 58.6 57.4 56.0 52. l 49. I 45.3 34.9 31.7 23.6 23.2 18.2

CA FL NY NV TX PA IL OH MI NJ GA VA HA MA MO MN CO NC WI TN AZ LA IN WA OR DC MD SC KY AL IA OK CT AR NM ME MS NH KS WY NS VT WV UT MT ID AK SD ND RI DE

1.542.7 1,509.8 1.329.8 1.069.6 723.0 661.7 647. I 422.0 402.7 402.0 372.6 361.3 350.3 343.0 320. I 273.6 272.9 262.3 249.4 243.9 240.9 227.3 209.7 208. I 181.8 178.4 176.6 175. I 162.4 136.4 125.9 124.3 117.5 112.1 I I0. I I04.5 103.5 I01.8 99.0 92.2 88.1 85.2 84.0 78.5 74.4 71.I 51.9 49.7 38.5 33.6 28.1

CA NV FL NY TX IL PA HA OH VA GA M! NJ MA MO TN LA CO NC AZ MN IN WA SC WI DC MD OR KY LA AL OK NM WY MS CT AR KS NH MT NB WV ME AK UT VT ID SD ND RI DE

1,867.7 1,726.3 1,484.3 1,244.9 879. l 761.3 678.5 548.7 482.7 451.5 449.2 426.9 377,8 333,4 321.4 309.6 307.2 291.5 287.0 280.4 277. I 261.9 256.3 254.4 252.8 222.0 200.7 200.2 197.0 148.7 148.3 146.0 126.5 120.5 114.7 114.4 l I 1.0 110.9 I 01.4 97.9 97.1 95.5 91.7 91.2 91.0 78.5 69.6 53.0 52.6 36. I 31.I

NOTE: S t a t e s are r e p r e s e n t e d by Zip Code a b b r e v i a t i o n s .

1982 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH

549

THE U.S. LODGING INDUSTRY

New York declined 5.7% to a t h i r d place r a n k i n g in total receipts. Nevada moved from seventh to f o u r t h place in absolute r a n k i n g w i t h a n increase in receipts of 202%. For t h e nation, t h e average h o t e l / motel receipts by state increased 54.7% between 1963 a n d 1972. R a n k i n g of the lodging receipts for the 1977 C e n s u s of B u s i n e s s also revealed slight shifts, while the n a t i o n a l average of state receipts increased at a 15% rate between 1972 a n d 1977. California received 59.8% more receipts in 1977 t h a n in 1963 a n d moved to a n u m b e r one ranking. Nevada r a n k e d second a n d s h o w e d a p h e n o m e n a l 388% increase in receipts. Florida r e t u r n e d to a t h i r d place r a n k i n g b u t h a d a 95% increase in receipts. New York w h i c h r a n k e d n u m b e r one in 1963 fell to f o u r t h in 1977 b e c a u s e of a n 11.8% decrease in total receipts. Hawaii's r a n k i n g shifted dramatically from 2 6 t h in 1963 to 8 t h in 1977, with a 468% overall increase in receipts. The state average increase in receipts between 1963 a n d 1977 was 78% after a d j u s t m e n t to 1977 dollars. State Per Capita Receipts A comparison of the c h a n g e in state receipts between 1963 a n d 1977 on a per capita basis provides a m u c h different p i c t u r e of t h e p a t t e r n of g r o w t h (Figure 2). Many of t h e S u n b e l t s t a t e s are promin e n t with a very h i g h per c a p i t a increase in lodging receipts. North a n d S o u t h Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, L o u i s i a n a , Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, a n d Virginia experienced per capita receipt increases from 65% to 206%. Hawaii h a d the largest per capita increase of a n y state. Nevada a n d W y o m i n g also h a d s u b s t a n t i a l increases. The s t a t e c h a n g e s in receipts between 1963 a n d 1972, a n d between the 1972 a n d 1977 inter-censal periods, provides a n ind e p t h look at the historical growth p a t t e r n . The s o u t h e a s t e r n s t a t e s have experienced very high per capita increases in lodging receipts for the 1963-1972 time period. S o u t h C a r o l i n a a n d T e n n e s s e e c o m b i n e to provide a nodal area of growth. The s u r r o u n d i n g s t a t e s of North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Alabama, Louisiana, a n d Florida h a d per capita increases from 45% to 74%. In the West, Nevada a n d Wyoming also h a d s u b s t a n t i a l increases of 67% to 120% respectively. The 1972-1977 receipts indicate t h a t Hawaii a n d Alaska cont i n u e d to grow dramatically. The S o u t h e a s t also c o n t i n u e d to increase, b u t less t h a n in the 1963-1972 inter-censal period. S o u t h Carolina r e m a i n s the center of g r o w t h with a 72% per c a p i t a increase, while moderate increases occurred in Georgia, Tennessee, 550

1982 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH

C.S. VANDORENAND LARRYD. GUSTKE Figure 2 Percent Increase/Decrease in Per Capita Lodging Receipts in the United States: 1 9 6 3 - 1 9 7 7

COLUMBIA SUNBELT

26%- 5 0 % 1--'-] 0-25•

[-'--7

¢-)% 033

a nd Virginia. At t h e w e s t e r n edge of node, Mississippi a n d L o u i s i a n a s how m o d e r a t e increases, as do K e n t u c k y a n d West Virginia to t he n o r t h of t h e node. W i t hi n t h e nodal cluster, A l a b a m a a n d N ort h Carolina e x p e r i e n c e d only a m i n u t e i n c r e a s e in p e r c a p i t a lodging receipts. In t h e M o u n t a i n West, W y o m i n g h a d a small i n c r e a s e while Nevada e x p e r i e n c e d a s u b s t a n t i a l increase. D u r i n g t h e 1 9 7 2 - 1 9 7 7 period, t h e r e were less d r a m a t i c i n c r e a s e s for a l m o s t all of t h e s t a t e s as c o m p a r e d to t he 1 9 6 3 - 1 9 7 2 increases. T h e l e n g t h of t h e t i m e p e r i o d s u s e d for t h e anal ysi s m a y a c c o u n t for some of t h e differences. However, t h e differences are s u b s t a n t i a l e n o u g h to observe t h a t slightly over o n e - t h i r d (36%) of t he s t a t e s h a d a d e c r e a s e in p e r c a p i t a lodging r e c e i p t s a n d 16% s h o w e d only very small i n c r e a s e s (0%- 10%). 1982 ANNALSOF TOURISM RESEARCH

551

THE U.S. LODGINGINDUSTRY T he g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n w h i c h c a n be d r a w n from t h e c o m p a r i s o n of t he s t a t e receipt d a t a is t h a t g r o w t h h a s been m o s t evi dent in the S o u t h a n d M o u n t a i n states. S t a t e s w i t h a s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e in lodging r e c e i pt s a r e in s o m e cases t h e s a m e s t a t e s t h a t h a d high p o p u l a t i o n increases. R e sul t s of t h e 1980 C e n s u s of P o p u l a t i o n (Russell a n d Roby 198 I) i n d i c a t e p h e n o m e n a l p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e s in t he M o u n t a i n West (+37.1%) w i t h above n a t i o n a l average p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h in t he S o u t h (+20%) a n d Far West (+ 19.8%). T he parallel b e t w e e n lodging r e c e i p t s a n d p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h is e m p h a sized to a g r e a t e r de gr ee in t h e S t a n d a r d M e t r o p o l i t a n Statistical Areas analysis.

Figure 3 Lodging Receipts: Top 2 5 SMSAs in the United States

ul LOOGING RECEIPTS

(-9

1200

I100 I000 900, 800. 700. 600'

500400-

I001977

552

-"-

1972

......

1963

STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA (SMSA'S)"-'~

1982 ANNALSOF TOURISM RESEARCH

C.S. VAN DOREN AND LARRYD. GUSTKE

Table 2

United States SMSA Lodging Receipts (In Millions of Dollars) 1963

1972

Rank

SMSA

l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 iI 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

New York Chicago Los Angeles Miami Las Vegas San Francisco Wash. DC Philadelphia Boston Detroit Dallas Pittsburgh RIverside Aft. City San Diego St. Louis Minn/St. Paul Ft. Laud. Cleveland Denver Honolulu Tampa New Orleans Phoenix Houston

Receipts 919.8 433.8 321.9 317.6 274.7 236.3 211.8 144.9 136. I 100.2 99.0 97.0 92.4 90.8 87.9 87.2 85.2 79.9 79.2 77.3 74.5 74.4 70.3 66.8 65.6

SMSA

1977 Receipts

Las Vegas New York Chicago Miami Los Angeles San Francisco Wash. DC Honolulu Philadelphia Atlanta Boston San Diego Dallas Ft. Laud. Orlando Detroit Tampa Houston New Orleans Minn/St. Paul St. Louis Phoenix Denver Pittsburgh Riverside

877.7 751.0 467.5 455.9 387.2 326.3 325.9 223.0 210.5 192.9 182.7 177.2 176.4 166.9 164.5 162.1 159.2 157.4 151.2 139.5 125.4 124.8 124.2 104.9 99.0

SMSA

Receipts

Las Vegas 1.219.0 New York 797.6 Chicago 588.0 Los Angeles 448.8 San Francisco 448.5 Wash. DC 401.8 Miami 358.8 Honolulu 341.5 Orlando 265.3 Atlanta 256.4 Reno 253.4 San Diego 234.9 Dallas 227.9 Philadelphia 222.7 Houston 216. I New Orleans 205.6 Detroit 201.2 Boston 197.7 Tampa 186.5 Anaheim 161.3 Phoenix 159.8 Minn/St. Paul 158.4 Ft. Laud. 156.7 St. Louis 140.0 Denver 130.8

Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas In 1963, the New York SMSA had the highest hotel/motel receipts of a n y m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a i n t h e n a t i o n , followed b y C h i c a g o , Los Angeles, Miami, Las Vegas, San Francisco/Oakland, Washington D.C., P h i l a d e l p h i a , B o s t o n , a n d D e t r o i t ( T a b l e 2 a n d F i g u r e 3). T h e s e m e t r o p o l i t a n areas, w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of M i a m i a n d Las Vegas, are diversified centers of commerce, industry, and government. Pleasure a n d c o n v e n t i o n t r a v e l t o all o f t h e s e c i t i e s i s a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f t h e i r e c o n o m i c b a s e . I n M i a m i a n d L a s V e g a s , f u r n i s h i n g l o d g i n g to t h e p l e a s u r e v i s i t o r w a s a n d c o n t i n u e s to be of p r i m a r y i m p o r t a n c e to e c o n o m i c s u r v i v a l . O t h e r c i t i e s w h e r e t o u r i s t t r a v e l i s i m p o r t a n t to t h e l o d g i n g i n d u s t r y a r e S a n F r a n c i s c o , H o n o l u l u , T a m p a / S t . P e t e r s b u r g , N e w O r l e a n s , P h o e n i x , S a n Diego, a n d Ft. L a u d e r d a l e . I n

1982 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH

553

THE U.S. LODGING INDUSTRY

1963, t h e s e t o u r i s t cities r a n k e d in t he top 25 In t e r m s of total receipts. A na he i m , California a n d Orlando, Florida held 3 0 t h a n d 8 0 t h position, respectively. By 1972, r a t h e r d r a m a t i c c h a n g e s had o c c u r r e d . Las Vegas was n u m b e r one in total receipts followed by New York. T h e D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m e r c e d e f i n i t i o n of recei pt s is a c c e p t e d at face value, a n d it is a s s u m e d t h a t Las Vegas g a m b l i n g r e c e i p t s are not i n c l u d e d in t he r e p o r t e d receipts. Miami was still 4th, S a n F r a n c i s c o m a i n t a i n e d its 6 t h position, a n d H onol ul u m oved from 21st to 8th. Bet w een 1963 a n d 1972, T a m pa, New Orleans, Phoenix, a n d A n a h e i m had large i n c r e a s e s in total receipts, b u t not as d r a m a t i c as O r l a n d o w h i c h moved from 8 0 t h to 15th. O rl ando's r a n k c h a n g e was t he result of a 934% i n c r e a s e in receipts. O t h e r cities also d e m o n s t r a t i n g s u b s t a n tial i n c r e a s e s were Honolulu w i t h a 200% i n c r e a s e w h i c h r a n k e d it 8th; Atlanta, a 301% i n c r e a s e m o v i n g it into 10th position; Dallas/Ft. W or t h o c c u p i e d 13th place as a resul t of a 78% increase; T a m p a / S t . P e t e r s b u r g was 17th a n d r e p o r t e d a 114% increase; H o u s t o n m o v e d to 18th with a s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e m e n t of 140%; New O r l e a n s was 19th w i t h a 115% increase; P h o e n i x a d d e d 87% a n d o c c u p i e d t he 2 2 n d position; a n d A n a h e i m was 2 6 t h w i t h a 95% i n c r e a s e in receipts. T h e 1977 lodging receipt d a t a r e i n f o r c e s t he 1972 p a t t e r n b u t s h o w s s o m e m i n o r changes. T h e top t h r e e r a n k e d SMSAs in 1972 r e t a i n e d t h e i r pos i t i on in 1977. T h e r e are only m i n o r s h i f t s in r a n k i n g a m o n g m os t of t he m e t r o p o l i t a n areas, b u t t h e r e are a few i m p o r t a n t s u b s t a n t i a l shifts. O r l a n d o c o n t i n u e d to i n c r e a s e its r e c e i p t s a n d m ove d f r om 15th in 1972 to 9 t h in 1977. H o u s t o n o c c u p i e d t he 15th ranking, followed by New O r l e a n s a n d A n a h e i m at 20th. T h e o u t s t a n d i n g c h a n g e is for Reno, w h i c h j u m p e d from 3 9 t h in 1972 to 1 l t h in 1977 as a r e s u l t of a 274% i n c r e a s e in l o d g i n g receipts for t he 1 9 7 2 - 1 9 7 7 inter-censal period. T h e r e were 108 m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s with lodging receipt g r o w t h of 10% or m o r e in 1977. Of these, 59 are located in t h e S o u t h , 19 a r e in t h e S o u t h w e s t , five are on t he s o u t h e r n West Coast. All are located in w h a t h a s b e c o m e k n o w n as t he Sunbelt. E v e r y o n e h a s a d e f i n i t i o n of t he S u n b e l t (Rice 1981). T h e S u n b e l t is d e f i n e d here as every s t a t e s o u t h of t he 3 7 t h parallel. F r o m east to w e s t it is t h e line t h a t t r a v e r s e s t he n o r t h e r n b o r d e r s of North Carolina, T e n n e s s e e . Arkans a s , Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, and, in s o u t h e r n California, the u p p e r b o u n d a r i e s of S a n B e r n a r d i n o , Klein, a n d S a n Louis Obispo counties. It does include Clark c o u n t y in Las Vegas, Nevada. In addition, six c i t i e s - - H o n o l u l u , H o u s t o n , New Orleans, T a m p a , A na he i m , a n d W a s h i n g t o n , D.C.--are located in a coast al zone. T h e coastal z o n e is d e f i n e d as a 50-mile l i m i t i n g line (Feddler 554

1982 ANNALS O F TOURISM R E S E A R C H

C.S. VAN DOREN AND LARRY D. GUSTKE

Table 3 Interior and Coastal U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1 9 7 6

N : 243 SMSAs Coastal SMSAs

Interior SMSAs Population

Number

(%)

Number

(%)

50.000- 100.000 100,000-1.000.000 1,000.000 or m o r e

12 141 20

(5.0) (58.0) (8.2)

l 50 19

(0.4) (20.5) (7.8)

Total

173

(71.2)

70

(28.85)

Source: U.S. Dept. of C o m m e r c e , B u r e a u of the C e n s u s , 1979.

1978). W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. is in the coastal zone by n a t u r e of its location to C h e s a p e a k e Bay. O t h e r coastal locations w h e r e t he lodging i n d u s t r y e x p e r i e n c e d grow t h o c c u r in Maine: Newport News/ Norfolk, Virginia: a n d Myrtle Beach, S o u t h Carolina. T he Atlantic coast of Florida, f r om Jacksonville t h r o u g h West Palm Beach to Fort L a u d e r d a l e e x p e r i e n c e d large i n c r e a s e s in receipts. T h e Cent ral Gulf Coast also was a m a j o r g r o w t h area from P a n a m a City, Florida to Biloxi, Mississippi. T h e Texas Gulf Coast also e x p e r i e n c e d as substantial a g r o w t h as Florida's coastal area. On the Pacific Coast, S a n Diego, A n a h e i m . t he M o n t e r e y Peninsula, a n d Seattle are p r o m i n e n t with u n u s u a l l y high increases. G r o w t h a r e a s at i n t e r i o r locations are m u c h m o r e difficult to identify. Of t he 243 m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s for w h i c h receipt d a t a was available, 7 I% are in i n t e r i o r locations. Interior locations are metropolitan a r e a s not located in a n y U.S. coastal zone. T he p r o p o r t i o n of i n t e r i o r cities of di f f er e nt p o p u l a t i o n s is s h o w n in Table 3. Most of the i n t e r i o r cities fall i nt o t he 100,000 to 1 million p o p u l a t i o n range. Within t h a t range, 45% of the cities experi enced a n i n c r e m e n t of receipts of 100% or m o r e (Table 4). Of t he m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s with a p o p u l a t i o n of 50,000 to 100,000, 42% had similar increases. Comb i n i n g t h e s e two r a n g e s results in 82.9% of m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s at i n t e r i o r l o c a t i o n s h a v i n g receipt i ncreases of 100% or more. T hi s is a similar t r e n d for m e t r o p o l i t a n areas e x p e r i e n c i n g 0-99% increases. Lodging i n d u s t r y g r o w t h has been in t he m e d i u m sized cities, p a r t i c u l a r l y in the c o n s t r u c t i o n of d o w n t o w n hotels with 3 0 0 - 5 0 0 rooms. Several g e o g r a p h i c areas can be recognized. E xam pl es are P i e d m o n t Plateau cities s u c h as Charlotte, Greensboro, W i n s t o n / Salem, R a l e i g h / D u r h a m , a n d Greenville, a n d the i n t e r i o r C u m b e r 1982 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH

555

T H E U.S. L O D G I N G I N D U S T R Y

Table 4 Lodging Increases at Interior SMSA Locations, 1 9 7 6 n :

173 SMSAs

Increases Population

0%-99%

100%--

50.000-100.000 100.000-1.000.000 1.000.000 or more

7 78 6

5 63 14

Tot~

91

82

land Plateau cities of Chattanooga and Knoxville. In the Rocky Mountain West, cities with significant increases are more dispersed. Examples are El Paso, Albuquerque, Pueblo, Salt Lake City, Provo, Boise City, Billings, and Spokane (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Growth in Hotel/Motel Receipts, 1 9 6 3 - 1 9 7 7 , in Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas

t / ,/ ~ _ ~

~/ . ' ~ "

,._

:4.

~x.J

~

/ I ~'~'~'~,~, ,,~,

l-,,~.,.~,--~.-,._._,,.j~_~

~.),

/

I

}

L

'~ - ~ " ~ "' ~ ' - - ' ~L" = ~ - ~

, . . . . ~.~,~.-,

!

~/ - C" /-4' ~. M ' ZL- C ~ y"~,_-~.,.

,

I ......

'~.

.o.o u uo

~

. i

,

~,

.c_

I-'~!~

& ....

i__~"

f ~ ; ' , , ~ ,,

"

.~

M k ~"

"[ . ' _ . . . ~ ' ~

,.<, .¢,.\ ((,.--.~"1---/~ 400 % ~oo-/.

• = 100% or

556

more

1982 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH

C.S. VAN DOREN AND LARRY D. G U S T K E

This a n a l y s i s of m e t r o p o l i t a n lodging receipts is i n a d e q u a t e to identify all centers of spatial growth or stability and, admittedly, does not advance o u r ability to locate a n d c o n f i r m p r o m i n e n t t o u r i s m / travel centers. Some of the s h o r t c o m i n g s of the analysis result from the disclosure rule u s e d by the B u r e a u of Census. This reporting limit m a y conceal m a n y areas t h a t would be easily identified as nodes of t o u r i s m / t r a v e l . For example, resort ski areas s u c h as Aspen or Vail are not included. It is d o u b t f u l if t o u r i s m / r e c r e a t i o n - c e n t e r e d development of t h i s type could be identified even if c o u n t y lodging receipts were analyzed due to the s a m e disclosure limitation. SMSA Receipts Per Capita It is very difficult to d e t e r m i n e specifically the n a t u r e of the metropolitan hotel/motel receipts as to t h e type of lodging patron. It is obvious t h a t receipts in Miami are p r i m a r i l y derived from t o u r i s t or c o n v e n t i o n visitors. New York City receipts include those from conventioneers, tourists, a n d a large p r o p o r t i o n of b u s i n e s s patrons. L u n d b e r g (1979) s t a t e s t h a t i n d u s t r i a l cities s u c h as Cleveland, Pittsburgh, a n d Detroit traditionally have fewer hotel rooms t h a n less industrialized cities. By r a n k i n g the top 25 metropolitan areas on a receipts per c a p i t a basis, m a n y of the older i n d u s t r i a l based cities that were r a n k e d h i g h on a n absolute base are r a n k e d m u c h lower (Table 5). New York City, w i t h a top receipt r a n k i n g in 1963, drops to 12th on a receipts per c a p i t a r a n k i n g a n d Chicago drops from 2nd to 16th. Traditional r e s o r t / v a c a t i o n cities s u c h as Las Vegas, Atlantic City. Miami, Fort Lauderdale, Honolulu, a n d T a m p a move up the scale on a receipts per capita b a s i s w h e n c o m p a r e d to the receiptsonly ranking. The lodging i n d u s t r y in t h e s e cities in 1963 was larger t h a n m i g h t be expected given t h e i r size. C o m m o n knowledge a b o u t the vacation a t t r a c t i o n s in these cities c a n only lead to the conclusion t h a t a larger proportion of the receipts were derived from vacationers. R a n k i n g receipts on a per c a p i t a (relative as opposed to absolute) basis provides a c r u d e m e a s u r e of t o u r i s t related activity for those m e t r o p o l i t a n areas t h a t are n o t extremely large, d e p e n d on h e a ~ industry, a n d do not have a long h i s t o r y of f u n c t i o n i n g as regional e c o n o m i c centers. Notice t h a t Detroit, Cleveland, a n d Pittsb u r g h (industrial centers) are r a n k e d well d o w n the list of lodging receipts per capita while well k n o w n t o u r i s t / v a c a t i o n cities are at the top of the list. In 1972, Atlantic City drops o u t of the receipts per capita r a n k i n g (it ~vill probably reappear in the top 25 in 1982), while Orlando 1982 ANNALSOF TOURISM RESEARCH

557

THE U.S. LODGING INDUSTRY

Table 5

United States SMSA Lodging Receipts Per Capita 1963

1972

Rank

SMSA

Rec/Cap

i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I0 Il 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Las Vegas 1184.0 Aft. City 507.3 Miami 302.7 Riverside 257.4 Ft. Laud. 181.2 Honolulu 130.5 Wash. DC 94.1 Tampa 88.6 San Francisco 83.3 Dallas 81.8 Phoenix 81.7 New York 81.5 San Diego 78.9 Denver 73.6 New Orleans 72.4 Chicago 66.9 Minn/St. Paul 54.8 Los Angeles 49.1 Houston 47.1 Boston 42.9 Pittsburgh 41.2 Cleveland 40.5 St. Louis 40.0 Philadelphia 31.8 Detroit 25.8

SMSA

1977 Rec/Cap

Las Vegas 2967.2 Miami 342.5 Honolulu 337.8 Orlando 325.0 Ft. Laud. 243.7 New Orleans 140.4 Tampa 133,9 Boston 126.6 San Diego 122.8 Phoenix l 18.5 Atlanta I 14.6 Wash. DC 108.7 San Francisco 104.2 Denver 94.1 Riverside 84.0 New York 75.5 Houston 74.1 Dallas 72.1 Minn/St. Paul 69.9 Chicago 66.0 Los Angeles 55.3 St. Louis 52.2 Pittsburgh 43.8 Philadelphia 43.2 Detroit 36.1

SMSA

Rec/Cap

Las Vegas 3387.9 Reno 1623,3 Honolulu 472. l Orlando 447.4 Miami 249.0 New Orleans 181.4 Ft. Laud. 181.3 S a n Francisco 140.9 Atlanta 140.0 S a n Diego 139.6 Tampa 135. I Wash. DC 132.5 Phoenix 127.5 Anaheim 89.6 Denver 89.3 Houston 86.0 Dallas 85.3 New York 85.0 Chicago 83.8 Minn/St. Paul 77.8 Los Angeles 69.5 St. Louis 58.8 Boston 50.7 Philadelphia 46.4 Detroit 46.0

a p p e a r s 4 t h in the top 25 b e h i n d Las Vegas, Miami, a n d Honolulu. O r l a n d o ' s g r o w t h c a n obvi ousl y be a t t r i b u t e d to D i s n e y World a n d o t h e r t o u r i s t / t r a v e l a t t r a c t i o n s t h a t have c o m b i n e d to m a k e t he central Florida ar e a one of t he m o s t i m p o r t a n t v a c a t i o n com pl exes in t he United St a t e s (Figure 4). A t l a n t a also a p p e a r s for t he first t i m e in t he p e r c a p i t a receipt r a n k i n g . New Orleans, a n older city w i t h a firm i n d u s t r i a l - b u s i n e s s ba s i s h a s moved up from 15th in 1963 to 6 t h in 1972. Atlanta's s p e c t a c u l a r g r o w t h can be a t t r i b u t e d to t he city's c o n c e n t r a t e d effort at p r o m o t i n g itself as a b u s i n e s s , e n t e r t a i n m e n t . a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n s c e n t e r in the S o u t h e a s t . H o u s t o n h a s prom o t e d itself in a s i m i l a r m a n n e r in t he S o u t h c e n t r a l region. Las Vegas, Honolulu, New Orleans, T a m p a / S t . Pet ersburg, A n a h e i m , a n d P h o e n i x have been in t h e p r o c e s s of c a p i t a l i z i n g on n a t u r a l a n d c u l t u r a l r e s o u r c e s t h a t e n h a n c e d t h e i r g r o w t h as p r i m a r y t o u r i s m / travel centers. 558

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Figure 5 L o d g i n g Receipts and Receipts Per Capita for the T o p 2 5 S M S A s in the United States: 1977 Lodging Receipts (Mil~ons)

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Reno a n d A n a h e i m are new cities t h a t a p p e a r in the r a n k i n g in 1977, while Miami drops from a r a n k i n g of 2nd in 1972 to 5 t h in 1977. M i a m i / M i a m i Beach's decline can be a t t r i b u t e d to a variety of f a c t o r s - - c o n d o m i n i u m growth, loss of the beach resource, a n d lower airfares to resorts in the Caribbean. An e x a m i n a t i o n of the 1977 per capita receipts (Figure 5 and Table 5), reemphasizes lodging g r o w t h in the S u n b e l t a n d M o u n t a i n West cities of m e d i u m p o p u l a t i o n size (500,000 to 2,000,000 population). Some cities are clearly regional economic centers t h a t have grown as population increases a n d metropolitan economics have thrived. Examples include New Orleans, S a n Francisco, Atlanta, S a n Diego, Phoenix, Denver, Houston, a n d Dallas. For m a n y of these cities, some of the s a m e factors s u c h as climate a n d cultural a t t r i b u t e s t h a t have been attractive to m i g r a n t s have also been attractive to the t o u r i s t a n d conventioneer, so their lodging g r o w t h h a s h a d the a d v a n t a g e of a t t r a c t i n g a n d 1982 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH

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serving business, convention, and leisure visitors. The larger a n d older centers of c o m m e r c e s u c h as New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Boston, and Philadelphia have stayed a b o u t even in receipts per c a p i t a due to their established i m p o r t a n c e as centers of commerce a n d as a t t r a c t i o n s of historical significance or, in the case of Washington, as centers of government. In some cases, a decline in population in these SMSA's, along with increased receipts, h a s been an a d v a n t a g e in m a i n t a i n i n g their relative positions. However, the Sunbelt a n d M o u n t a i n metropolitan centers have increased their per c a p i t a receipts a n d have also h a d significant population increases. Increased lodging receipts along with increased population serve to intensify the importance of their lodging growth. CONCLUSIONS The lodging i n d u s t r y is very sensitive to the b u s i n e s s cycle. Recession, tight money, inflation, a n d energy cost all have a n i m p a c t on travel w h e t h e r for business, conventions, or vacations. The i n d u s t r y m u s t j u d g e the local m a r k e t well in order to plan for expansion. In 1963, the lodging i n d u s t r y was experiencing a mild sales s l u m p after a slow, steady increase in b u i l d i n g a n d sales following World War II. In the early 1960s, several social-economic factors were g a i n i n g m o m e n t u m to s t i m u l a t e cycles of growth d u r i n g the next decades. Increased mobility a n d travel affluence was considered a right a n d not a privilege. Mobility was s t i m u l a t e d by the completion of m o s t of the Interstate Highway System, w h i c h altered established u r b a n traffic flows a n d encouraged the growth of s u b u r b i a a n d m e t r o p o l i t a n centers t h a t are polynucleated. The lodging i n d u s t r y benefited from the c h a n g i n g mobility because new locations for hotels a n d motels were the result of the new h i g h w a y i n t e r c h a n g e s at new regional metropolitan airports a n d as a part of the polynucleated b u s i n e s s - s h o p p i n g centers. The lodging industry, since the 1960s, benefited from corporate c h a n g e s w h i c h s p u r r e d considerable growth in the n u m b e r a n d size of lodging c h a i n s a n d f r a n c h i s e s a n d by large corporations t h a t entered the hotel/motel field. The move to s u b u r b i a and declining economic c o n d i t i o n s in the i n n e r city s p u r r e d federally assisted u r b a n renewal with highrise lodging complexes as major focal points. The cities themselves s t a r t e d p r o m o t i n g c o n v e n t i o n b u s i n e s s in order to m a i n t a i n i n n e r city viability. As all these social and economic activities were t a k i n g place, some of o u r populace were m i g r a t i n g out of the i n d u s t r i a l i z e d e a s t e r n a n d m i d w e s t e r n metropolitan areas to the West a n d South. This exodus h a s not only c h a n g e d the political map, but, as s h o w n 560

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by this analysis, h a s paralleled a s i g n i f i c a n t increase in lodging receipts in these regions, It is obvious t h a t the S u n b e l t a n d the M o u n t a i n West have been major g r o w t h areas for the lodging i n d u s t r y a n d will probably c o n t i n u e to be in the n e a r future. W i t h i n the Sunbelt, the S o u t h e a s t is the m o s t p r o m i n e n t area of growth. Coastal zone areas have also grown dramatically, b u t the p r e d o m i n a n t t r e n d is growth at interior midsize cities. In 1978, the U.S. lodging i n d u s t r y h a d the h i g h e s t room o c c u p a n c y (72.7%) in 9 years (Harris, Kerr, Forster. a n d C o m p a n y 1979). A second energy crisis in 1979, a n d the declining economy, d a m p e n e d w h a t a p p e a r e d to be an u p t u r n in lodging o c c u p a n c y from a low in 1975. Receipts have c o n t i n u e d to increase (14% h i g h e r in 1979 t h a n 1978) b u t have been based on h i g h e r room rates, not increased o c c u p a n c y (Travel Market Year Book, 1981). Hotel b u i l d i n g is brisk in New York City, S a n Francisco, Sacramento, Las Vegas, Atlantic City, S a n Antonio, a n d Houston. In Houston, new hotel/motel rooms were c o n s t r u c t e d at a rate of 1,000 rooms a y e a r in the 1970s (Houston Post 1981). C o n t i n u e d lodging industrs" g r o w t h c a n be expected in the Sunbelt. Coastal growth m a y have r e a c h e d the apex a n d f u t u r e g r o w t h of the i n d u s t r y will take place in the interior of the country, particularly in the M o u n t a i n West a n d Appalachia. Nationwide c o n t i n u e d growth will take place in small to m e d i u m sized cities. A more detailed e x p l a n a t i o n of the spatial lodging p a t t e r n and, by implication, spatial t o u r i s m / t r a v e l p h e n o m e n a is impossible without the c o m p l e m e n t of supply, a m e a s u r e of d e m a n d . Vacation travel flows from the 1977 C e n s u s of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n tend to confirm p r e d o m i n a n t m o v e m e n t s to the S o u t h . Southwest, a n d M o u n t a i n states. However, w i t h o u t evidence of place-specific origin-destination data, linkages t h a t confirm vacation or leisure interaction is at best very tentative. The researcher is faced w i t h a dilemma. Data are available for both supply a n d d e m a n d for leisure travel at the state level b u t this spatial scale does not allow a n a l y s i s at the s u b s t a t e level. Lodging receipt d a t a are available at the metropolitan level b u t d e m a n d d a t a are not. This analysis verifies the utility of m e t r o p o l i t a n lodging receipt d a t a to identify some cities t h a t are clearly vacation d e s t i n a t i o n s such as Orlando, Las Vegas. a n d Miami. Lodging receipts, c o m b i n e d with s t a t e a n d metropolitan population figures, can be very useful at a macro-level in s t u d y i n g spatial c h a n g e s in the i n d u s t r y a n d for identif51ng potential growth regions and selected areas of f u t u r e growth. As one c o m p o n e n t of the t r a v e l / t o u r i s m i n d u s t r y , lodging g r o w t h or decline is a partial indicator of the economic health of t o u r i s m , particularly for metro1982 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH

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politan areas that are easily identified as leisure vacation nodes. Cities, afterall, are tourist attractions. Receipt analysis still falls short of pinpointing the importance of tourism by proportion of business, tourist, or c o n v e n t i o n patrons. Even so, it is a useful method of d o c u m e n t i n g the spatial growth or decline of the industry by states, regions, or metropolitan areas. [] []

REFERENCES Blank, Uel 1976 Metropolitan T r a v e l / T o u r i s m M a r k e t s - - A r e C u r r e n t M e a s u r e s Misleading. In Marketing Travel a n d T o u r i s m - - S e v e n t h A n n u a l C o n f e r e n c e Proceedings. Salt Lake City: The Travel R e s e a r c h Association. Blank. Uel. Helen J e n s e n a n d S u s a n W a g e n h a l s 1975 M i n n e s o t a ' s Lodging Industry: S t a t i s t i c s a n d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . E x t e n s i o n Bulletin 386, Hospitality Series No. 1. St. Paul: Agricultural E x t e n s i o n Service. University of Minnesota. Christaller, W. 1964 Some C o n s i d e r a t i o n s of T o u r i s m Location in Europe. Papers, Regional Science Association:95-105. Cosgrove, I. a n d R. J a c k s o n 1972 The Geography of Recreation a n d Leisure. London: H u t c h i n s o n . Defert, P. 1967 Le Taux de F o n c t i o n T o u r i s t i q u e : Mise a u Point et Critique. C a h i e r s du Tourisme. C-13. Aix-en-Provence: Centre des H a u t e s E t u d e s T o u r i s t i q u e s . Fedler. A n t h o n y 1978 The U.S. Coastal Population: An Analysis of State, Regional a n d National Trends. Professional Paper for M a s t e r of A g r i c u l t u r e Degree. Texas A&M University, College Station: D e p a r t m e n t of Recreation a n d Parks. Harris, Kerr. Forster, a n d C o m p a n y 1979 T r e n d s in the Hotel-Motel B u s i n e s s . New York: Harris, Kerr, Forster, a n d Company. Hooper. Carl 1981 Hotel, Motel Development B u c k i n g Trends, Rises. H o u s t o n Post ( S e p t e m b e r 21):19C. Kahn. Terry D. 1975 E s t i m a t i n g Tourist I n d u s t r y Employment: T h e P r i m a r y Data Approach. In The Impact of Tourism, S i x t h A n n u a l Conference Proceedings. Salt Lake City: The Travel Research Association, p. 167. Laventhol a n d Horwath 1978 U.S. Lodging I n d u s t r y - - 1 9 7 8 Edition. Philadelphia: Laventhol a n d Horwath. Lavery, P. 1971 Resorts a n d Recreation. In Recreational Geography. P. Lavery ed. pp. 167196. London: David a n d Charles. Leisure. J.D. 1973 The Lodging I n d u s t r y - - T o d a y a n d Tomorrow. Lodging Industry, 1973 Edition. Philadelphia: Laventhol, Kerstein. Horwath. a n d Hornvath. Lundberg, Donald E. 1979 The Hotel a n d R e s t a u r a n t B u s i n e s s (Third Ed.). Boston, Mass.: C.B.I. Publishing 562

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Noe. L.R.. ed. 1976 Travel Market Yearbook. Stamford: M a r k e t i n g Handbooks. Inc. Pearee. Douglas G. 1979a Geographical Aspects of T o u r i s m in New Zealand. Auckland: Proceedings of the 10th New Zealand Geography Conference. 1979b Toward a G e o g r a p h y of Tourism. A n n a l s of T o u r i s m Research 6(3):245-279. Rice. Bradley R. 1981 S e a r c h i n g for t h e Sunbelt. A m e r i c a n D e m o g r a p h i c s 3(3):22-23. Richmond, Samuel B. 1964 Statistical Analysis. New York: The Ronald Press. Robinson, H. 1976 A Geography of Tourism. London: MacDonald a n d Evans. Russell, Cheryl a n d B r v a n t Robey 1981 Follow the S u n : C e n s u s S h i f t s Explained. A m e r i c a n D e m o g r a p h i c s 3{31 18-21. Stansfield. C.A. 1971 The Geography of Resorts: Problems a n d Potentials. Professional Geogr a p h e r 23:164-166. Travel Market Yearbook 1981 New York: Ziff-Davis P u b l i s h i n g Company. U.S. D e p a r t m e n t of Commerce, B u r e a u of the C e n s u s 1963 C e n s u s of B u s i n e s s , VII, Selected Services, Area Statistics, Parts 1.2. a n d 3. Washington. DC: U.S. G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g Office. 1972 C e n s u s of Selected Services. Area Statistics, Parts 1 . 2 a n d 3. W a s h i n g t o n , DC: U.S. G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g Office. 1973 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the Population, Part A. N u m b e r of I n h a b i t a n t s . Table 34. Population Inside a n d Outside Central Cities of S t a n d a r d Metropolitan Statistical Areas: 1950-1970. Washington. DC: G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g Office. 1 9 7 7 C e n s u s of Selected Service Industries, Area Statistics. Parts 1, 2 a n d 3. Washington. DC: U.S. G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g Office. 1979 E s t i m a t e s of P o p u l a t i o n s of C o u n t i e s a n d Metropolitan Areas: July 1. 1976 a n d 1977. C u r r e n t Population Reports. P o p u l a t i o n E s t i m a t e s a n d Projections. Washington. DC: U.S. G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g Office. September. 1979 1977 C e n s u s of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . W a s h i n g t o n . DC: U.S. G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g Office. U.S. Travel Data C e n t e r 1978 The Impact of Travel on State Economies. Washington, DC: U.S. Travel Data Center. Van Doren. Carlton S, a n d Larry G u s t k e 1980 Spatial Analysis of the U.S. Lodging Industry: 1963-1972. In T o u r i s m P l a n n i n g a n d Development Issues: The I n t e r n a t i o n a l S y m p o s i u m o n T o u r i s m a n d the Next Decade. Washington, DC: George W a s h i n g t o n University.

S u b m i t t e d 12 December 1980 Rexised version s u b m i t t e d 27 August 1981 Accepted 22 October 1981 Final revisions s u b m i t t e d 20 J a n u a r y 1982 Refereed a n o n y m o u s l y

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