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Spatial variability of jumbo flying squid (Dosidicus gigas) fishery related to remotely sensed SST and chlorophyll-a concentration (2004-2012)
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Spatial variability of jumbo flying squid (Dosidicus gigas) fishery related to remotely sensed SST and chlorophyll-a concentration (2004-2012) Carlos Paulino ∗ , Marceliano Segura, German Chacón Instituto del Mar del Perú, Dirección General de Investigaciones en Hidroacústica, Sensoramiento Remoto y Artes de Pesca, Gral. Valle y Gamarra S/N, Chucuito-Callao, Lima, Peru
a r t i c l e
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Article history: Received 24 March 2015 Received in revised form 5 October 2015 Accepted 5 October 2015 Available online xxx Keywords: Dosidicus gigas Spatial distribution Jig fishery Perú Chlorophyll-a
a b s t r a c t An analysis was performed on the spatial distribution of the industrial Jumbo flying squid fishery within and outside the Peruvian exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in relation to sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a). The locations of vessels were derived from the satellite tracking system (SISESAT) of the Instituto del Mar del Perú. Monthly environmental information came from the MODIS sensor of 4 km spatial resolution for the period 2004–2012. Fishing operations data were divided into three periods based on their distance to shore consequential to the fishing regulations from January 2004 to October 2010, November 2010 to December 2011 and 2012. During the first period, two monthly patterns of spatial distribution were identified; from January to July fishing was along the coast from Paita (05◦ S) to San Juan de Marcona (15◦ 22 S) and later it was more concentrated in the northern area between Chimbote and Paita from August to December. In the second period, fishing operations formed small concentrations and widely dispersed points of fishing as a result of fishing restrictions within 80 nautical miles introduced in November 2010. In 2012 the fleet was located outside the EEZ. The highest concentrations of the fleet were found between 30 and 90 nautical miles offshore. The highest concentrations of squid were located from Paita-Chimbote (05◦ –09◦ S) and Callao–San Juan de Marcona (12◦ 03 –15◦ 22 S). Fishing operations were conducted in a wide range of SST between 14.1◦ and 26.8 ◦ C, with the highest incidence in temperatures between 18.4 to 22 ◦ C and with a tendency to be located more frequently in areas with higher temperatures in recent years. Regarding chlorophylla, the fleet fished between chlorophyll-a concentrations of 0–9.5 mg/m3 within the EEZ, and from 0.2 to 0.5 mg/m3 outside the EEZ. Distribution patterns of the fleet in relation to anomalies of sea surface ˜ 1 + 2, with respect to latitude and cyclic monthly SST variability, were temperature in the area El Nino also observed. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction The Jumbo flying squid (Dosidicus gigas) supports a leading Peruvian artisanal fishery as well as a significant fleet of industrial vessels of foreign nations (flags from Japanese, Korean and Taiwanese). The distribution of this resource is wide, because it is a highly migratory species. Its habitat in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, ranges from 60◦ N and 60◦ S (Gershanovich et al., 1974; Hatfield and ˜ and Cubillos, 2007; Roper et al., 1984), and Hochberg, 2007; Ibánez to 125◦ W. In the southern hemisphere, the highest concentrations
∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Paulino).
are located in the oceanic region off of Perú, and in the northern hemisphere in the Gulf of California (Nesis, 1983). Due to their biological characteristics such as rapid growth, early maturation, short life, high migratory capacity, and complex recruitment patterns (Boyle and Boletzky, 1996) ommastrephid squid populations live in areas characterized by wide oceanographic regimes in oceanic and coastal waters of tropical and temperate latitudes (Anderson and Rodhouse, 2001). In Perú, the jumbo flying squid fishery has increased activity mainly because of the presence of an industrial fleet consisting of specialized vessels equipped with lighting systems and automatic machines, with storage capacity of 300–1000 t that started their operations in 1991 (Taipe et al., 2001). This was approved by Peru-
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2015.10.006 0165-7836/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: Paulino, C., et al., Spatial variability of jumbo flying squid (Dosidicus gigas) fishery related to remotely sensed SST and chlorophyll-a concentration (2004-2012). Fish. Res. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2015.10.006
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vian regulations for the Operation of Jig Fishery, and later Fisheries Management Plans. According to the Supreme Decree of December 13, 1991, it was stated that fishing operations should be conducted outside 30 nautical miles from the coastline; then in 1993 this was reduced to 20 nm. Subsequently, in 2011 both national and foreign industrial vessels fishing operations were permitted between 80 and 200 nm, this regulation aimed to establish fishing of jumbo flying squid by developing a national fleet and optimizing a specialized industry for direct human consumption. Fishing takes place mainly at night, for which vessels use powerful lamps to attract the squid (Rodhouse et al., 2001). Halide lamps are suspended above the main deck. Large industrial vessels operate with 150 or more lamps which are 2 kW each; while small coastal vessels often use a single lamp. The lamps typically emit a white light, but sometimes some green lamps are interspersed (Inada and Ogura, 1988). Waluda et al. (2006) used night time visible satellite images from DMSP/OLS, data provided by the NOAA National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) and data on location of vessels (latitude, longitude and time) was obtained via a regional Collect Location System (CLS) by the Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE) in order to quantify fishing effort of the fishery for D. gigas off the coast of Perú and adjacent high seas. The Peruvian fisheries management has implemented a satellite tracking system called (Sistema de Seguimiento Satelital—SISESAT) for the monitoring, control and surveillance of fishing vessels; data are obtained via satellite tracking using the ARGOS system for better management of aquatic resources, thus allowing for systematic observations (in time and space), of the activities of the jig fishery within and outside the Exclusive Economic Zone. Since the late 90’s, IMARPE depends on daily satellite information for the location (latitude and longitude) in near real time of the industrial fishing fleet and to determine fishing operations, information which serves for research aimed at proper management and sustainability of marine resources. This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal dynamics of the jig fishery, to identify spatial distribution patterns within and outside the EEZ and their relationship with environmental parameters such as sea surface temperature (SST) and concentration of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) for the period 2004–2012.
Fig. 1. Study area and spatial distribution of industrial jigging fleet within and outside the EEZ during the period 2004–2012.
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)—National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center for the period 1996–2014. From this data set, vector and raster data were generated, which were integrated into thematic layers in a GIS. The resource and environment data were analyzed using R version 3.0.2. The data analyzed included the dynamics of the fishing fleet in the area of research between Zorritos (03◦ 47 S) to the southern border of Perú, from 20 to 500 nautical miles from shore. This area is dominated by the Humboldt Current System, which generates cold upwelling, rich in nutrients making this a very productive region (Fig. 1). Stat plots were generated from the records of the number of fishing operations by Isoparalitoral area polygons created by the imaginary projection of the coastline every 10 nm, the same that are cut every 30 min by the parallel of latitude, to a distance of 300 nautical miles from the coastline, each polygon is coded to facilitate calculations and spatial location (Gutiérrez and Peraltilla 1999), relating to the sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a, latitude and distance to the coast. Only those isoparalitoral areas containing at least one fishing operation were considered. 3. Results
2. Material and methods The satellite location data of the jig fishery comes from Satellite Tracking System for Ships (SISESAT), which is processed by the Department of Remote Sensing of Instituto del Mar del Perú. This system obtains information from the spatial location (latitude/longitude) of the vessels that have onboard GPS transmitters. The SISESAT records the location of a boat every hour; this means 24 measurements per day for the same vessel that includes information on the date, time, speed, course direction and name. To determine that a vessel is a squid jigger, critera are assumed based on speed, time spent in a given area and through interviews with researchers on board jigging vessels. Monthly data of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophylla, both at 4 km spatial resolution Aqua-MODIS sensor L3 level, distributed by the project website OCEAN COLOR Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) was used. The MODIS sensor is located onboard the satellite AQUA PM, which is part of the international mission called Earth Observing System (EOS), in which the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) participates with other space agencies. Also, average monthly atmospheric data and indices ˜ 1 + 2 region comprising 0–10◦ of SST Eastern Pacific (area El Nino 80–90◦ south and west), were obtained from the National Oceanic
3.1. Types of jigging fleet by nationality During the study period, the industrial fishing fleet consisted of 30 foreign vessels authorized to fish. Of this total, 14 were Japanese, 12 Korean and 4 Taiwanese (Table 1). It was noted that during 2004 and 2010 there was a greater number of fishing vessels compared to other years. While in 2011 and 2012 there were 4 vessels conducting fishing operations respectively. 3.2. Annual variability of jig fishery Fishing operations were recorded from 20 to 495 nm offshore. The annual fleet dynamics were characterized by distinct patterns of spatial distribution and well-defined areas of high concentrations of fishing. In 2004, fishing operations were conducted between latitudes of 05◦ to 17◦ S and from 20 to 308 nm offshore. The largest concentration was located in the north (05◦ –09◦ S). Small concentrations were observed outside the Peruvian EEZ. Fishing areas showed a progressive reduction after 2005, most fishing areas in 2005 were located off Chimbote, Supe, Pisco and San Juan de Marcona, these were slightly coastal and spatial distribution was from the 4◦ to 16◦ S, Fig. 2.
Please cite this article in press as: Paulino, C., et al., Spatial variability of jumbo flying squid (Dosidicus gigas) fishery related to remotely sensed SST and chlorophyll-a concentration (2004-2012). Fish. Res. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2015.10.006
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Table 1 Number of foreign industrial jigging vessels operated inside and outside the Peruvian EEZ from 2004 to 2012. Flag fleet
Taiwan Korea (South) Japan Total: Fishing vessels %
Total: 2004-2012
Distribution of the fleet for years
n
%
2004
4 12 14 30
13.3 40.0 46.7 100.0
1 13 14 17.7
2005 3 8 11 13.9
2006 1 5 6 7.6
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
3
1 3 3 7 8.9
1 5 4 10 12.7
1 10 4 15 19.0
1
1
4 5 6.3
4 5 6.3
3 6 7.6
Fig. 2. Annual spatial distribution of jumbo flying squid (Dosidicus gigas) fishery from 2004 to 2012.
The reduction of fishing areas was most evident in 2006, this year only six ships operated and their latitudinal distribution ranged from Sechura (05◦ 33 S) to Quilca (16◦ 42 S). Three areas of concentrated fishing is located off Malabrigo–Chimbote (7◦ 10 and 9◦ 19 S), Supe–Callao (10◦ 49 –12◦ 29 S) and north of Pisco (13◦ 33 S), to distances of 83, 61 and 57 nm respectively. In 2007, the fleet was located, from Zorritos (3◦ 30 S) to Pisco (13◦ 44 S) and scattered fishing zones to 552 nm (17◦ 20 S/80◦ 19 W). The highest concentrations of fishing covered large areas from Talara to Chimbote (Fig. 2). The spatial distribution of the fleet during 2008 and 2009 were similar, fishing is concentrated in the North (4◦ 30 –8◦ 42 S) in relation to previous years, likewise, widely scattered fishing off Pisco and Marcona was recorded. In 2010, the fleet had a significant dispersed spatial distribution, more than 425 nm offshore. Dense concentrations were located off Talara to Malabrigo, the dispersion of fishing operations resulted from the restriction of fishing within 80 nautical miles. The records of 2011 show that only four Japanese vessels worked, and these operated throughout the study period. Unlike previous years, in 2010 the highest concentrations of fishing areas were located in the south, between Pisco and San Juan de Marcona (13◦ 40 –16◦ 17 S) and the northern region (3◦ 55 –8◦ 40 S) from 80–371 nm from shore. Since 2012, the industrial fleet did not to renew their fishing licenses in Peruvian EEZ, which is why fishing operations were widely scattered with small areas of concentration around 19◦ S/81◦ W over 300 nm.
3.3. Latitudinal variability and distance to coast The annual latitudinal spatial distribution of the fleet revealed four different fishing patterns (Fig. 3a), the first was during the period from 2004 to 2006 where the fleet was concentrated around 10◦ S, the second from 2007 to 2009 when the fleet moved further north (06◦ S), in 2010 the fleet presented a very scattered distribution from 13◦ to 18◦ S, but with greater concentration in the north; and finally in 2011 and 2012 the fleet was concentrated further south, between 14◦ to 19◦ S.
Fig. 3. Annual and monthly distribution of industrial jigging fleet by latitude and distance from the coast from 2004 to 2012.
The monthly latitudinal fleet analysis (Fig. 3b), revealed a spatial distribution cycle that starts in February (13◦ S) and later tends to move towards the north to reach (8◦ S) in October, and then shifts southward again. The highest concentrations of the fleet in relation to the distance from the coast was 30–90 nm (Fig. 3c), with the exception of 2011 and 2012, which showed widespread distribution of squid. The monthly analysis by distance to shore (Fig. 3d) revealed a pattern of approach to the coast from December to June, then gradually a monthly withdrawal from the coast from July to November. 3.4. Monthly interannual variability The annual monthly analysis identified different patterns during the study period; the first from January 2004 until October 2010 (Fig. 4) indicated fishing operations forming small concentrations along the coast and mainly off Paita, Malabrigo, Chimbote and Pisco from January to July. From August to December they were more concentrated between 4◦ S–10◦ S with a monthly shift westward, covering large areas. Also, from June to October fishing areas were concentrated the EEZ between 13◦ –16◦ S and 79◦ –83◦ W, with high probability of presence of resources due to the permanent presence of the fleet in those areas during this period. The fishing ban on D. gigas within 80 nm of the coast from November 2010 caused a search for new fishing grounds. During
Please cite this article in press as: Paulino, C., et al., Spatial variability of jumbo flying squid (Dosidicus gigas) fishery related to remotely sensed SST and chlorophyll-a concentration (2004-2012). Fish. Res. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2015.10.006
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Fig. 4. Monthly spatial distribution of industrial jigging fleet during the period January 2004–October 2010.
Fig. 6. Monthly spatial distribution of industrial jigging fleet in 2012.
˜ Fig. 7. Anomaly of sea surface temperature from 1996 to 2014, in the area El Nino 1 + 2.
Fig. 8. (a) Sea surface temperature of fishing operations from 2004 to 2012. (b) Annual SST variability of fishing operations. (c) Monthly SST variability of fishing operations. (d–f) Frequency density of SST and fishing operations. Fig. 5. Monthly spatial distribution of industrial jigging fleet during the period November 2010–December 2011.
the first 6 months of 2010 the fleet was located around 15◦ S/78◦ W, later it moved to the north (May–June) and then refocussed on the south off Pisco. Unlike the previous period, there were no records of fishing operations in the central region of 8◦ –14◦ S (Fig. 5). 2012 had small concentrations of fishing outside the 200 nm. There was a preference for fishing in the south to over 300 nm offshore from January to April and October. From July to September and in December; the fleet was located on the edge of the 200 nm limit in search of D. gigas (Fig. 6). Monthly images show an area free of fishing operations off central Perú (10◦ –14◦ S), from October to December 2004 to 2010, and
during 2011—in both periods from the coast to the limit of the EEZ. This area could indicate two different populations, as described by Clarke and Paliza (2000) separated by the equatorial countercurrent population. This same distribution was observed in the annual spawning groups presented by Tafur et al. (2001) for the period 1991–1995. 3.5. Spatial distribution of fishing operations related to SST The annual distribution of the fleet was analyzed in relation to ˜ 1 + 2 (Fig. 7), concluding that SST anomalies for the region El Nino during “cold” years to −1 ◦ C (2004, 2005, early 2006 2007, 2010 and end of 2011) the fleet presented a scattered spatial distribution
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9.5 mg/m3 were recorded, while from 2007 to 2009 the concentration was lower (0.2–3.8 mg/m3) a different situation occurred in 2011–2012 with records of concentrations below 0.5 mg/m3, because the jigging fleet fished outside the 80 nm limit (Fig. 9b). Moreover the monthly analysis in Fig. 9c shows that the variability of chlorophyll-a is related to seasonality, low concentrations during the summer (January–March), mean concentrations from April to June (period of intense upwelling). Fig. 9d, e and f show the density frequency of concentration of chlorophyll-a in three different periods by distance from the coast.
Fig. 9. (a) Chlorophyll-a concentration of fishing operations from 2004 to 2012. (b) Annual chlorophyll-a concentration variability of fishing operations. (c) Monthly chlorophyll-a concentration variability of fishing operations. (d–f) Frequency density of chlorophyll-a concentrationand fishing operations.
along the Peruvian coast. While for warmer years up to +1 ◦ C (2008 and 2009) the fleet was concentrated in the north. Fig. 8a shows the temperature values in regions of fishing operations, recording periods of high and low concentration of the fleet operating in a wide temperature range of 14.1–26.8 ◦ C, but with higher concentrations of fishing between 18.4 to 22.0 ◦ C. Also, the annual spatial variability of SST was analyzed, which showed a pattern of fishing in areas with higher temperature during 2004–2006, 2007–2009 and the 2010–2012 (Fig. 8b). Analysis of the monthly variability of the fleet with respect to temperature identified a monthly cyclical distribution pattern that repeats every year, in which fishing operations occur in high temperature waters during February, preferred temperature then decreases progressively until September (minimum temperature) and then increases again and continues with the monthly pattern of spatial distribution (Fig. 8c). Fig. 8d, e and f show the frequency of density of fishing operations for temperature ranges during the period January 2004–October 2010, November 2010–December 2011 and 2012. During the summer months (January–March), the fleet fished SST ranges from 21 to 26.5 ◦ C. In April upwelling of Cold Coastal Waters (ACF) begins, however, the fleet was located in almost the same areas as in the summer, between isotherms of 20–23 ◦ C. During May, the coastal upwelling is more intense, fishing operations developed between isotherms of 17–22.5 ◦ C. In June, the Cold Peruvian Coastal Current (CCFP) covers large areas and fishing areas with high concentrations were located between Paita to Punta Falsa. From July to September, the fleet was located between temperature ranges of 14.5–21.5 ◦ C. The increase in sea surface temperatures in October and November, resulted in fishing areas in the north (from Paita to Chimbote) between isotherms 18–20 ◦ C. In December, the fleet fished in areas with SST between 19.5 to 22.5 ◦ C. The presence of the fleet within and outside the EEZ during the entire year, revealed the capacity of the jumbo flying squid to adapt and remain almost in the same areas for long periods, demonstrating its high adaptability to environmental dynamics. 3.6. Spatial distribution of fishing operations related to Chlorophyll-a concentration The fishery for D. gigas takes place beyond the 20 nautical miles from the coast, which is why its spatial distribution during the period under study is related to medium and low concentrations of chlorophyll-a (0–9.5 mg/m3), but with higher concentrations of fishing between 0.5 to 2.5 mg/m3, Fig. 9a. During the years of extensive spatial distribution of the fleet (2004–2006 and 2010) chlorophyll-a concentrations from 0.3 to
4. Discussion The Peruvian jumbo flying squid fishery has had several fishing restrictions imposed regarding the distance from coast. Fishing since 2004 operated outside the 20 nm limit and from November 2010 outside 80 nm, this resulted in a high dispersion of the fishing fleet. The highest concentrations of the fleet were located between 30 and 90 nm offshore, this distribution coincides with investigations based on monitoring biological-fishing aboard the vessel Seafood Worker (Yamashiro et al., 1997). Areas of high squid concentrations were located at: Paita-Chimbote (05◦ –09◦ S) and Callao-San Juan de Marcona (12◦ 03 –15◦ 22 S), Taipe et al., 2001 have, also reported areas of high concentration in the north. During the study period, scattered fishing positions that could indicate exploratory fishing were located. The spatial recurrence of fishing in the same area for a long period was evidence of resource availability. Through the study of stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon on a large scale on the coast of Perú, Arguelles et al. (2012) found that D. gigas has the ability to exploit a wide range of habitats and resources at each stage of life. Moreover, Tafur and Rabí (1997) suggested the existence of two subpopulations based on the size at maturity. This explains the wide spatial distribution of the resource during the period analyzed, including their adaptability to the variability of oceanographic conditions. Liu et al. (2013) investigated the age, maturity and population structure of the jumbo flying squid outside the EEZ of Perú (10◦ S–18◦ S) with information from the fleet that operated in that area during the period 2008–2010, and concluded that the waters around 11◦ S may be a potential spawning area. According Nesis, (1983), Yamashiro et al. (1998), Taipe et al. (2001), Waluda et al. (2006), the highest concentrations of D. gigas in the Southern Hemisphere are located off Perú between 17 and 23 ◦ C. This was confirmed by the spatial distribution of the fleet which were obtained during the period analyzed in this study and this confirms the broad spatial distribution of squid even under El ˜ conditions. Nino Nevárez-Martínez et al. (2000) and Ichii et al. (2002) conclude that SST itself does not seem to be directly related to the abundance of squid in the Eastern Pacific. In terms of capture (Waluda et al., 2006) describes very low and low catches for D. gigas dur˜ and La Nina ˜ respectively. However, Robinson ing extreme El Nino et al. (2012), found a high of D. gigas in the Gulf of California associated with periods of cold SST (June 1999–December 2004) and a decrease in catch with a gradual warming of the sea (2005–2012). In terms of spatial distribution associated with monthly SST anomaly NOAA in region 1 + 2, a dispersed spatial distribution and extensive fleet was observed during the “cold” years (2004, 2005, beginning 2006–2007, 2010, end of 2011), while in years “warm” (2008 and 2009) the fleet was concentrated in the north. Similar results were obtained by Mariategui and Taipe (1996) who conclude that from 1991 to 1994, catches increased from 57 703 a 164 713 t and were associated with warm periods (1992–1993), this condition implies that the abundance of D. gigas would be related to positive
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anomalies creating conditions for optimal growth, development, reproduction and the consequent generation of high-density areas in the north (Taipe et al., 2001). This was also found in this investigation. In summary, we conclude that the spatial distribution of D. gigas inside and outside the Peruvian EEZ is related to variability of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a in the period 2004–2010. This was not taken into account by regulations that governed distance from the coast that fishing was allowed. Further research is needed to extend these preliminary investigations. Acknowledgements We appreciate the kindness of Dra. Carmen Yamashiro and Anna De Cima for their help and suggestions. Special thanks to the anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript. References Anderson, C.I.H., Rodhouse, P.G., 2001. Life cycles, oceanography and variability: ommastrephid squid in variable oceanographic environments. Fish. Res. 54, 133–143. Arguelles, J., Lorrain, A., Cherel, Y., Graco, M., Tafur, R., Alegre, A., Espinoza, Pepe, Taipe, A., Ayón, P., Bertrand, A., 2012. Tracking habitat and resource use for the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas: a stable isotope analysis in the Northern Humboldt current system. Mar. Biol. 159 (9), 2105–2116. Liu, B., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Tian, S., Li, J., Fang, Z., Yang, M., 2013. Age, maturation, and population structure of the Jumbo flying squid Dosidicus gigas off the Peruvian exclusive economic zones. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 31 (1), 81–91. Boyle, P., Boletzky, S., 1996. Cephalopod populations: definitions and dynamics. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B351, 985–1002. Clarke, R., Paliza, O., 2000. The Humboldt current squid Dosidicus gigas (Orbigny, 1835). Rev. Biol. Mar. Oceanogr. 35 (1), 1–38. Gershanovich, D.E., Natarov, V.V., Cherny, E.I., 1974. Oceanologic bases as the forming up of the increased production areas in the Pacific Ocean. Trudy VNIRO 98, 35–42. Gutiérrez, M., Peraltilla, S., 1999. Aplicación de un Sistema de Información Geográfica y de la carta electrónica isoparalitoral en las evaluaciones hidroacústicas de la biomasa de recursos pesqueros en el mar peruano. Inf. Inst. Mar. Perú 146, 25–29. Hatfield E.M.C., Hochberg F.G., 2007, Dosidicus gigas: northern range expansion events. CalCOFI Annual Conference 2007. Shedd Auditorium. Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, San Diego, CA, 26–28 November 2007: 12.
˜ Ibánez, C.M., Cubillos, L.A., 2007. Seasonal variation in the length structure and reproductive condition of the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas (d’Orbigny, 1835) off central-south Chile. Sci. Mar. 71 (1), 123–128. Ichii, T., Mahapatra, K., Watanabe, T., Yatsu, A., Inagake, D., Okada, Y., 2002. Occurrence of jumbo flying squid Dosidicus gigas aggregations associated with ˜ and the countercurrent ridge off the Costa Rica Dome during 1997 El Nino ˜ Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 231, 151–166. 1999 La Nina. Inada, H., Ogura, M., 1988. Historical changes of fishing light and its operation in squid jigging fisheries. Rep. Tokyo Univ. Fish. 24, 189–207. Mariategui, L., Taipe, A., 1996. Distribución y abundancia relativa del calamar gigante (Dosidicus gigas) en el Perú. Inf. Prog. Inst. Mar. Perú 34, 1–27. Nesis, K.N., 1983. Dosidicus gigas. In: Boyle, P.R. (Ed.), Cephalopod Life Cycles, Vol 1. Species Accounts. Academic Press, London, pp. 215–231. Nevárez-Martínez, M.O., Hernández-Herrera, A., Morales-Bojórquez, E., Balmori-Ramírez, A., Cisneros-Mata, M.A., Morales-Azpeitia, R., 2000. Biomass and distribution of the jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas; d’Orbigny, 1835) in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Fish Res. 49, 129–140. Robinson, C.J., Gomoez-Gutierrez, J., Salas De Leon, D.A., 2012. Jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) landings in the Gulf of California related to remotely sensed SST and concentrations of chlorophyll a (1998–2012). Fish. Res. 137, 97–103. Rodhouse, P.G., Elvidge, C.D., Trathan, P.N., 2001. Remote sensing of the global light-fishing fleet: an analysis of interactions with oceanography, other fisheries and predators. Adv. Mar. Biol. 39, 261–303. Roper, C.F.E., Sweeney, M.J., Nauen, C.E., 1984. Cephalopods of the World. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries. FAO Fish. Synop. 125 (3), 277. Tafur, R., Rabí, M., 1997. Reproduction of the jumbo flying squid, Dosidicus gigas (Orbigny, 1835) (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) off Peruvian coast. Sci. Mar. 61, 33–37. Tafur, R., Villegas, P., Rabí, M., Yamashiro, C., 2001. Dynamics of maturation, seasonality of reproduction and spawning grounds of the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in peruvian waters. Fish. Res. 54, 33–50. Taipe, A., Yamashiro, C., Mariátegui, L., Rojas, P., Roque, C., 2001. Distribution and concentrations of jumbo flying squid (Dosidicus gigas) off the Peruvian coast between 1991 and 1999. Fish. Res. 54, 21–32. Waluda, C., Yamashiro, C., Rodhouse, P., 2006. Influence of the ENSO cycle on the light-fishery for Dosidicus gigas in the Perú current: an analysis of remotely sensed data. Fish. Res. 79, 56–63. Yamashiro, C., Mariátegui, L., Rubio, J., Arguelles, J., Tafur, R., Taipe, A., Rabí, M., 1998. Jumbo flying squid fishery in Perú. In: Okutani, T. (Ed.), Large Pelagic Squids. Japan Marine Fishery Resources Research Center, Tokyo, pp. 119–125. Yamashiro, C., Mariátegui, L., Taipe, A., 1997. Cambios en la distribución y concentración del calamar gigante (Dosidicus gigas) frente a la costa peruana durante 1991–1995 Informe Progresivo N◦ 52. Inst. del Mar. del Perú., 3–40.
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Spatial variability of jumbo flying squid (Dosidicus gigas) fishery related to remotely sensed SST and chlorophyll-a concentration (2004-2012) Carlos Paulino ∗ , Marceliano Segura, German Chacón Instituto del Mar del Perú, Dirección General de Investigaciones en Hidroacústica, Sensoramiento Remoto y Artes de Pesca, Gral. Valle y Gamarra S/N, Chucuito-Callao, Lima, Peru
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 24 March 2015 Received in revised form 5 October 2015 Accepted 5 October 2015 Available online xxx Keywords: Dosidicus gigas Spatial distribution Jig fishery Perú Chlorophyll-a
a b s t r a c t An analysis was performed on the spatial distribution of the industrial Jumbo flying squid fishery within and outside the Peruvian exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in relation to sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a). The locations of vessels were derived from the satellite tracking system (SISESAT) of the Instituto del Mar del Perú. Monthly environmental information came from the MODIS sensor of 4 km spatial resolution for the period 2004–2012. Fishing operations data were divided into three periods based on their distance to shore consequential to the fishing regulations from January 2004 to October 2010, November 2010 to December 2011 and 2012. During the first period, two monthly patterns of spatial distribution were identified; from January to July fishing was along the coast from Paita (05◦ S) to San Juan de Marcona (15◦ 22 S) and later it was more concentrated in the northern area between Chimbote and Paita from August to December. In the second period, fishing operations formed small concentrations and widely dispersed points of fishing as a result of fishing restrictions within 80 nautical miles introduced in November 2010. In 2012 the fleet was located outside the EEZ. The highest concentrations of the fleet were found between 30 and 90 nautical miles offshore. The highest concentrations of squid were located from Paita-Chimbote (05◦ –09◦ S) and Callao–San Juan de Marcona (12◦ 03 –15◦ 22 S). Fishing operations were conducted in a wide range of SST between 14.1◦ and 26.8 ◦ C, with the highest incidence in temperatures between 18.4 to 22 ◦ C and with a tendency to be located more frequently in areas with higher temperatures in recent years. Regarding chlorophylla, the fleet fished between chlorophyll-a concentrations of 0–9.5 mg/m3 within the EEZ, and from 0.2 to 0.5 mg/m3 outside the EEZ. Distribution patterns of the fleet in relation to anomalies of sea surface ˜ 1 + 2, with respect to latitude and cyclic monthly SST variability, were temperature in the area El Nino also observed. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction The Jumbo flying squid (Dosidicus gigas) supports a leading Peruvian artisanal fishery as well as a significant fleet of industrial vessels of foreign nations (flags from Japanese, Korean and Taiwanese). The distribution of this resource is wide, because it is a highly migratory species. Its habitat in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, ranges from 60◦ N and 60◦ S (Gershanovich et al., 1974; Hatfield and ˜ and Cubillos, 2007; Roper et al., 1984), and Hochberg, 2007; Ibánez to 125◦ W. In the southern hemisphere, the highest concentrations
∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Paulino).
are located in the oceanic region off of Perú, and in the northern hemisphere in the Gulf of California (Nesis, 1983). Due to their biological characteristics such as rapid growth, early maturation, short life, high migratory capacity, and complex recruitment patterns (Boyle and Boletzky, 1996) ommastrephid squid populations live in areas characterized by wide oceanographic regimes in oceanic and coastal waters of tropical and temperate latitudes (Anderson and Rodhouse, 2001). In Perú, the jumbo flying squid fishery has increased activity mainly because of the presence of an industrial fleet consisting of specialized vessels equipped with lighting systems and automatic machines, with storage capacity of 300–1000 t that started their operations in 1991 (Taipe et al., 2001). This was approved by Peru-
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vian regulations for the Operation of Jig Fishery, and later Fisheries Management Plans. According to the Supreme Decree of December 13, 1991, it was stated that fishing operations should be conducted outside 30 nautical miles from the coastline; then in 1993 this was reduced to 20 nm. Subsequently, in 2011 both national and foreign industrial vessels fishing operations were permitted between 80 and 200 nm, this regulation aimed to establish fishing of jumbo flying squid by developing a national fleet and optimizing a specialized industry for direct human consumption. Fishing takes place mainly at night, for which vessels use powerful lamps to attract the squid (Rodhouse et al., 2001). Halide lamps are suspended above the main deck. Large industrial vessels operate with 150 or more lamps which are 2 kW each; while small coastal vessels often use a single lamp. The lamps typically emit a white light, but sometimes some green lamps are interspersed (Inada and Ogura, 1988). Waluda et al. (2006) used night time visible satellite images from DMSP/OLS, data provided by the NOAA National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) and data on location of vessels (latitude, longitude and time) was obtained via a regional Collect Location System (CLS) by the Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE) in order to quantify fishing effort of the fishery for D. gigas off the coast of Perú and adjacent high seas. The Peruvian fisheries management has implemented a satellite tracking system called (Sistema de Seguimiento Satelital—SISESAT) for the monitoring, control and surveillance of fishing vessels; data are obtained via satellite tracking using the ARGOS system for better management of aquatic resources, thus allowing for systematic observations (in time and space), of the activities of the jig fishery within and outside the Exclusive Economic Zone. Since the late 90’s, IMARPE depends on daily satellite information for the location (latitude and longitude) in near real time of the industrial fishing fleet and to determine fishing operations, information which serves for research aimed at proper management and sustainability of marine resources. This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal dynamics of the jig fishery, to identify spatial distribution patterns within and outside the EEZ and their relationship with environmental parameters such as sea surface temperature (SST) and concentration of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) for the period 2004–2012.
Fig. 1. Study area and spatial distribution of industrial jigging fleet within and outside the EEZ during the period 2004–2012.
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)—National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center for the period 1996–2014. From this data set, vector and raster data were generated, which were integrated into thematic layers in a GIS. The resource and environment data were analyzed using R version 3.0.2. The data analyzed included the dynamics of the fishing fleet in the area of research between Zorritos (03◦ 47 S) to the southern border of Perú, from 20 to 500 nautical miles from shore. This area is dominated by the Humboldt Current System, which generates cold upwelling, rich in nutrients making this a very productive region (Fig. 1). Stat plots were generated from the records of the number of fishing operations by Isoparalitoral area polygons created by the imaginary projection of the coastline every 10 nm, the same that are cut every 30 min by the parallel of latitude, to a distance of 300 nautical miles from the coastline, each polygon is coded to facilitate calculations and spatial location (Gutiérrez and Peraltilla 1999), relating to the sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a, latitude and distance to the coast. Only those isoparalitoral areas containing at least one fishing operation were considered. 3. Results
2. Material and methods The satellite location data of the jig fishery comes from Satellite Tracking System for Ships (SISESAT), which is processed by the Department of Remote Sensing of Instituto del Mar del Perú. This system obtains information from the spatial location (latitude/longitude) of the vessels that have onboard GPS transmitters. The SISESAT records the location of a boat every hour; this means 24 measurements per day for the same vessel that includes information on the date, time, speed, course direction and name. To determine that a vessel is a squid jigger, critera are assumed based on speed, time spent in a given area and through interviews with researchers on board jigging vessels. Monthly data of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophylla, both at 4 km spatial resolution Aqua-MODIS sensor L3 level, distributed by the project website OCEAN COLOR Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) was used. The MODIS sensor is located onboard the satellite AQUA PM, which is part of the international mission called Earth Observing System (EOS), in which the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) participates with other space agencies. Also, average monthly atmospheric data and indices ˜ 1 + 2 region comprising 0–10◦ of SST Eastern Pacific (area El Nino 80–90◦ south and west), were obtained from the National Oceanic
3.1. Types of jigging fleet by nationality During the study period, the industrial fishing fleet consisted of 30 foreign vessels authorized to fish. Of this total, 14 were Japanese, 12 Korean and 4 Taiwanese (Table 1). It was noted that during 2004 and 2010 there was a greater number of fishing vessels compared to other years. While in 2011 and 2012 there were 4 vessels conducting fishing operations respectively. 3.2. Annual variability of jig fishery Fishing operations were recorded from 20 to 495 nm offshore. The annual fleet dynamics were characterized by distinct patterns of spatial distribution and well-defined areas of high concentrations of fishing. In 2004, fishing operations were conducted between latitudes of 05◦ to 17◦ S and from 20 to 308 nm offshore. The largest concentration was located in the north (05◦ –09◦ S). Small concentrations were observed outside the Peruvian EEZ. Fishing areas showed a progressive reduction after 2005, most fishing areas in 2005 were located off Chimbote, Supe, Pisco and San Juan de Marcona, these were slightly coastal and spatial distribution was from the 4◦ to 16◦ S, Fig. 2.
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Table 1 Number of foreign industrial jigging vessels operated inside and outside the Peruvian EEZ from 2004 to 2012. Flag fleet
Taiwan Korea (South) Japan Total: Fishing vessels %
Total: 2004-2012
Distribution of the fleet for years
n
%
2004
4 12 14 30
13.3 40.0 46.7 100.0
1 13 14 17.7
2005 3 8 11 13.9
2006 1 5 6 7.6
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
3
1 3 3 7 8.9
1 5 4 10 12.7
1 10 4 15 19.0
1
1
4 5 6.3
4 5 6.3
3 6 7.6
Fig. 2. Annual spatial distribution of jumbo flying squid (Dosidicus gigas) fishery from 2004 to 2012.
The reduction of fishing areas was most evident in 2006, this year only six ships operated and their latitudinal distribution ranged from Sechura (05◦ 33 S) to Quilca (16◦ 42 S). Three areas of concentrated fishing is located off Malabrigo–Chimbote (7◦ 10 and 9◦ 19 S), Supe–Callao (10◦ 49 –12◦ 29 S) and north of Pisco (13◦ 33 S), to distances of 83, 61 and 57 nm respectively. In 2007, the fleet was located, from Zorritos (3◦ 30 S) to Pisco (13◦ 44 S) and scattered fishing zones to 552 nm (17◦ 20 S/80◦ 19 W). The highest concentrations of fishing covered large areas from Talara to Chimbote (Fig. 2). The spatial distribution of the fleet during 2008 and 2009 were similar, fishing is concentrated in the North (4◦ 30 –8◦ 42 S) in relation to previous years, likewise, widely scattered fishing off Pisco and Marcona was recorded. In 2010, the fleet had a significant dispersed spatial distribution, more than 425 nm offshore. Dense concentrations were located off Talara to Malabrigo, the dispersion of fishing operations resulted from the restriction of fishing within 80 nautical miles. The records of 2011 show that only four Japanese vessels worked, and these operated throughout the study period. Unlike previous years, in 2010 the highest concentrations of fishing areas were located in the south, between Pisco and San Juan de Marcona (13◦ 40 –16◦ 17 S) and the northern region (3◦ 55 –8◦ 40 S) from 80–371 nm from shore. Since 2012, the industrial fleet did not to renew their fishing licenses in Peruvian EEZ, which is why fishing operations were widely scattered with small areas of concentration around 19◦ S/81◦ W over 300 nm.
3.3. Latitudinal variability and distance to coast The annual latitudinal spatial distribution of the fleet revealed four different fishing patterns (Fig. 3a), the first was during the period from 2004 to 2006 where the fleet was concentrated around 10◦ S, the second from 2007 to 2009 when the fleet moved further north (06◦ S), in 2010 the fleet presented a very scattered distribution from 13◦ to 18◦ S, but with greater concentration in the north; and finally in 2011 and 2012 the fleet was concentrated further south, between 14◦ to 19◦ S.
Fig. 3. Annual and monthly distribution of industrial jigging fleet by latitude and distance from the coast from 2004 to 2012.
The monthly latitudinal fleet analysis (Fig. 3b), revealed a spatial distribution cycle that starts in February (13◦ S) and later tends to move towards the north to reach (8◦ S) in October, and then shifts southward again. The highest concentrations of the fleet in relation to the distance from the coast was 30–90 nm (Fig. 3c), with the exception of 2011 and 2012, which showed widespread distribution of squid. The monthly analysis by distance to shore (Fig. 3d) revealed a pattern of approach to the coast from December to June, then gradually a monthly withdrawal from the coast from July to November. 3.4. Monthly interannual variability The annual monthly analysis identified different patterns during the study period; the first from January 2004 until October 2010 (Fig. 4) indicated fishing operations forming small concentrations along the coast and mainly off Paita, Malabrigo, Chimbote and Pisco from January to July. From August to December they were more concentrated between 4◦ S–10◦ S with a monthly shift westward, covering large areas. Also, from June to October fishing areas were concentrated the EEZ between 13◦ –16◦ S and 79◦ –83◦ W, with high probability of presence of resources due to the permanent presence of the fleet in those areas during this period. The fishing ban on D. gigas within 80 nm of the coast from November 2010 caused a search for new fishing grounds. During
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Fig. 4. Monthly spatial distribution of industrial jigging fleet during the period January 2004–October 2010.
Fig. 6. Monthly spatial distribution of industrial jigging fleet in 2012.
˜ Fig. 7. Anomaly of sea surface temperature from 1996 to 2014, in the area El Nino 1 + 2.
Fig. 8. (a) Sea surface temperature of fishing operations from 2004 to 2012. (b) Annual SST variability of fishing operations. (c) Monthly SST variability of fishing operations. (d–f) Frequency density of SST and fishing operations. Fig. 5. Monthly spatial distribution of industrial jigging fleet during the period November 2010–December 2011.
the first 6 months of 2010 the fleet was located around 15◦ S/78◦ W, later it moved to the north (May–June) and then refocussed on the south off Pisco. Unlike the previous period, there were no records of fishing operations in the central region of 8◦ –14◦ S (Fig. 5). 2012 had small concentrations of fishing outside the 200 nm. There was a preference for fishing in the south to over 300 nm offshore from January to April and October. From July to September and in December; the fleet was located on the edge of the 200 nm limit in search of D. gigas (Fig. 6). Monthly images show an area free of fishing operations off central Perú (10◦ –14◦ S), from October to December 2004 to 2010, and
during 2011—in both periods from the coast to the limit of the EEZ. This area could indicate two different populations, as described by Clarke and Paliza (2000) separated by the equatorial countercurrent population. This same distribution was observed in the annual spawning groups presented by Tafur et al. (2001) for the period 1991–1995. 3.5. Spatial distribution of fishing operations related to SST The annual distribution of the fleet was analyzed in relation to ˜ 1 + 2 (Fig. 7), concluding that SST anomalies for the region El Nino during “cold” years to −1 ◦ C (2004, 2005, early 2006 2007, 2010 and end of 2011) the fleet presented a scattered spatial distribution
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9.5 mg/m3 were recorded, while from 2007 to 2009 the concentration was lower (0.2–3.8 mg/m3) a different situation occurred in 2011–2012 with records of concentrations below 0.5 mg/m3, because the jigging fleet fished outside the 80 nm limit (Fig. 9b). Moreover the monthly analysis in Fig. 9c shows that the variability of chlorophyll-a is related to seasonality, low concentrations during the summer (January–March), mean concentrations from April to June (period of intense upwelling). Fig. 9d, e and f show the density frequency of concentration of chlorophyll-a in three different periods by distance from the coast.
Fig. 9. (a) Chlorophyll-a concentration of fishing operations from 2004 to 2012. (b) Annual chlorophyll-a concentration variability of fishing operations. (c) Monthly chlorophyll-a concentration variability of fishing operations. (d–f) Frequency density of chlorophyll-a concentrationand fishing operations.
along the Peruvian coast. While for warmer years up to +1 ◦ C (2008 and 2009) the fleet was concentrated in the north. Fig. 8a shows the temperature values in regions of fishing operations, recording periods of high and low concentration of the fleet operating in a wide temperature range of 14.1–26.8 ◦ C, but with higher concentrations of fishing between 18.4 to 22.0 ◦ C. Also, the annual spatial variability of SST was analyzed, which showed a pattern of fishing in areas with higher temperature during 2004–2006, 2007–2009 and the 2010–2012 (Fig. 8b). Analysis of the monthly variability of the fleet with respect to temperature identified a monthly cyclical distribution pattern that repeats every year, in which fishing operations occur in high temperature waters during February, preferred temperature then decreases progressively until September (minimum temperature) and then increases again and continues with the monthly pattern of spatial distribution (Fig. 8c). Fig. 8d, e and f show the frequency of density of fishing operations for temperature ranges during the period January 2004–October 2010, November 2010–December 2011 and 2012. During the summer months (January–March), the fleet fished SST ranges from 21 to 26.5 ◦ C. In April upwelling of Cold Coastal Waters (ACF) begins, however, the fleet was located in almost the same areas as in the summer, between isotherms of 20–23 ◦ C. During May, the coastal upwelling is more intense, fishing operations developed between isotherms of 17–22.5 ◦ C. In June, the Cold Peruvian Coastal Current (CCFP) covers large areas and fishing areas with high concentrations were located between Paita to Punta Falsa. From July to September, the fleet was located between temperature ranges of 14.5–21.5 ◦ C. The increase in sea surface temperatures in October and November, resulted in fishing areas in the north (from Paita to Chimbote) between isotherms 18–20 ◦ C. In December, the fleet fished in areas with SST between 19.5 to 22.5 ◦ C. The presence of the fleet within and outside the EEZ during the entire year, revealed the capacity of the jumbo flying squid to adapt and remain almost in the same areas for long periods, demonstrating its high adaptability to environmental dynamics. 3.6. Spatial distribution of fishing operations related to Chlorophyll-a concentration The fishery for D. gigas takes place beyond the 20 nautical miles from the coast, which is why its spatial distribution during the period under study is related to medium and low concentrations of chlorophyll-a (0–9.5 mg/m3), but with higher concentrations of fishing between 0.5 to 2.5 mg/m3, Fig. 9a. During the years of extensive spatial distribution of the fleet (2004–2006 and 2010) chlorophyll-a concentrations from 0.3 to
4. Discussion The Peruvian jumbo flying squid fishery has had several fishing restrictions imposed regarding the distance from coast. Fishing since 2004 operated outside the 20 nm limit and from November 2010 outside 80 nm, this resulted in a high dispersion of the fishing fleet. The highest concentrations of the fleet were located between 30 and 90 nm offshore, this distribution coincides with investigations based on monitoring biological-fishing aboard the vessel Seafood Worker (Yamashiro et al., 1997). Areas of high squid concentrations were located at: Paita-Chimbote (05◦ –09◦ S) and Callao-San Juan de Marcona (12◦ 03 –15◦ 22 S), Taipe et al., 2001 have, also reported areas of high concentration in the north. During the study period, scattered fishing positions that could indicate exploratory fishing were located. The spatial recurrence of fishing in the same area for a long period was evidence of resource availability. Through the study of stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon on a large scale on the coast of Perú, Arguelles et al. (2012) found that D. gigas has the ability to exploit a wide range of habitats and resources at each stage of life. Moreover, Tafur and Rabí (1997) suggested the existence of two subpopulations based on the size at maturity. This explains the wide spatial distribution of the resource during the period analyzed, including their adaptability to the variability of oceanographic conditions. Liu et al. (2013) investigated the age, maturity and population structure of the jumbo flying squid outside the EEZ of Perú (10◦ S–18◦ S) with information from the fleet that operated in that area during the period 2008–2010, and concluded that the waters around 11◦ S may be a potential spawning area. According Nesis, (1983), Yamashiro et al. (1998), Taipe et al. (2001), Waluda et al. (2006), the highest concentrations of D. gigas in the Southern Hemisphere are located off Perú between 17 and 23 ◦ C. This was confirmed by the spatial distribution of the fleet which were obtained during the period analyzed in this study and this confirms the broad spatial distribution of squid even under El ˜ conditions. Nino Nevárez-Martínez et al. (2000) and Ichii et al. (2002) conclude that SST itself does not seem to be directly related to the abundance of squid in the Eastern Pacific. In terms of capture (Waluda et al., 2006) describes very low and low catches for D. gigas dur˜ and La Nina ˜ respectively. However, Robinson ing extreme El Nino et al. (2012), found a high of D. gigas in the Gulf of California associated with periods of cold SST (June 1999–December 2004) and a decrease in catch with a gradual warming of the sea (2005–2012). In terms of spatial distribution associated with monthly SST anomaly NOAA in region 1 + 2, a dispersed spatial distribution and extensive fleet was observed during the “cold” years (2004, 2005, beginning 2006–2007, 2010, end of 2011), while in years “warm” (2008 and 2009) the fleet was concentrated in the north. Similar results were obtained by Mariategui and Taipe (1996) who conclude that from 1991 to 1994, catches increased from 57 703 a 164 713 t and were associated with warm periods (1992–1993), this condition implies that the abundance of D. gigas would be related to positive
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anomalies creating conditions for optimal growth, development, reproduction and the consequent generation of high-density areas in the north (Taipe et al., 2001). This was also found in this investigation. In summary, we conclude that the spatial distribution of D. gigas inside and outside the Peruvian EEZ is related to variability of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a in the period 2004–2010. This was not taken into account by regulations that governed distance from the coast that fishing was allowed. Further research is needed to extend these preliminary investigations. Acknowledgements We appreciate the kindness of Dra. Carmen Yamashiro and Anna De Cima for their help and suggestions. Special thanks to the anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript. References Anderson, C.I.H., Rodhouse, P.G., 2001. Life cycles, oceanography and variability: ommastrephid squid in variable oceanographic environments. Fish. Res. 54, 133–143. Arguelles, J., Lorrain, A., Cherel, Y., Graco, M., Tafur, R., Alegre, A., Espinoza, Pepe, Taipe, A., Ayón, P., Bertrand, A., 2012. Tracking habitat and resource use for the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas: a stable isotope analysis in the Northern Humboldt current system. Mar. Biol. 159 (9), 2105–2116. Liu, B., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Tian, S., Li, J., Fang, Z., Yang, M., 2013. Age, maturation, and population structure of the Jumbo flying squid Dosidicus gigas off the Peruvian exclusive economic zones. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 31 (1), 81–91. Boyle, P., Boletzky, S., 1996. Cephalopod populations: definitions and dynamics. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B351, 985–1002. Clarke, R., Paliza, O., 2000. The Humboldt current squid Dosidicus gigas (Orbigny, 1835). Rev. Biol. Mar. Oceanogr. 35 (1), 1–38. Gershanovich, D.E., Natarov, V.V., Cherny, E.I., 1974. Oceanologic bases as the forming up of the increased production areas in the Pacific Ocean. Trudy VNIRO 98, 35–42. Gutiérrez, M., Peraltilla, S., 1999. Aplicación de un Sistema de Información Geográfica y de la carta electrónica isoparalitoral en las evaluaciones hidroacústicas de la biomasa de recursos pesqueros en el mar peruano. Inf. Inst. Mar. Perú 146, 25–29. Hatfield E.M.C., Hochberg F.G., 2007, Dosidicus gigas: northern range expansion events. CalCOFI Annual Conference 2007. Shedd Auditorium. Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, San Diego, CA, 26–28 November 2007: 12.
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Please cite this article in press as: Paulino, C., et al., Spatial variability of jumbo flying squid (Dosidicus gigas) fishery related to remotely sensed SST and chlorophyll-a concentration (2004-2012). Fish. Res. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2015.10.006