- Email: [email protected]
Special issue “Bioactive Lipids, Nutrition and Health”
Biochimie 93 (2011) v–vi
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Biochimie journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biochi
Editorial
Special issue “Bioactive Lipids, Nutrition and Health”
Due to the increasing links between food and health, dietary lipids are major concerns for consumers [1]. As illustrated by the emerging obesity crisis [2] and the high occurrence of cardiovascular diseases which is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Western countries [3], dietary “fat” is usually associated with negative consequences for human health, with the single current exception of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids [4,5]. With regard to this negative assumption and public health concern, one of the greatest challenges for the scientists in the lipid-nutrition field is therefore to increase their understanding of the complex relationship between lipids and health and to provide the consumer with clear information. In this period of high development of dietary supplements [6–8], often associated with caricatural or subjective communication, pooling and sharing the scientific knowledge is indeed a promise of cognitive, educational and economic valorization. Experimental results on the relationship between doses, physiological effects, specificities and functions of individual lipids are however somewhat conflicting, and controversies can appear depending on evidence based on animal studies, observational studies, or intervention trials in humans. It is now well recognized that lipids do not only function as structural membrane components and energetic fuels. Lipids have major roles as signaling molecules, controlling key aspects of the cellular lifespan and development, and also as a risk factor in the etiologies of numerous diseases. In this context, this special issue describes recent findings on the important and specific biological roles of lipids. Such data are needed to allow a balanced view in terms of the potential nutritional benefits of lipids, leading for instance to the reassessment of the current nutritional dietary recommendations in many countries, as has recently been the case for fatty acids in France [9]. In order to illustrate this broad topic, this special issue of Biochimie entitled “Bioactive Lipids, Nutrition and Health” presents 16 reviews focusing on several nutritional aspects of lipids: their origin, biosynthesis, metabolism, molecular organization, biological functions and potential utilization. These articles have been assigned to 3 sections, sometimes classified arbitrarily because the section topics tend to overlap. 1. Dietary lipids in health and disease The 7 articles compiled in this section cover various aspects of the growing list of physiological functions associated with “bioactive” lipid molecules, regulating either the pathophysiological status or the prevention of diseases. The first article by Deniau et al. highlights the potential anti-tumour activities of ether lipids, 0300-9084/$ – see front matter doi:10.1016/S0300-9084(10)00413-X
termed alkylglycerols, coming mainly from marine sources like shark liver oil. It aims at determining the specific effects of individual molecules obtained by chemical synthesis, theses molecules being found as mixtures in the natural sources. The second article by Gillet et al. also deals with marine lipids and presents the voltage-gated sodium channels as new exciting molecular targets for (n-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA; docosahexaenoic acid DHA). These findings could explain the beneficial effect of EPA and DHA on both cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer. The third article by Guesnet and Alessandri provides an overview of the crucial importance of DHA during the early development of the central nervous system in humans, leading to recommendations for both maternal intake of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation, and DHA supplementation in milk formulas. In the next article, Kouba and Mourot show that the (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid content and composition of meat can be easily modified through animal feeding, thereby providing an alternative source of these fatty acids, in the context of increasing concerns regarding the sustainability of the use of fish products for human consumption. The two following articles also deal with fatty acids, but the saturated ones, and update the list of biochemical and physiological functions of individual saturated fatty acids. The article by Martin et al. focuses on myristic acid (C14:0) and provides an overview of the implication of N-terminal myristoylation in health and disease with special emphasis on post-translational myristoylation. The next article by Deevska et al. describes a novel concept suggesting a link between palmitic acid (C16:0), increased synthesis of sphingolipids and insulin resistance in lean tissues. Finally, the article by Laugerette et al. highlights recently gained knowledge regarding the links between high fat diets, lipid digestion, intestinal microbiota, and metabolic endotoxemia and inflammation. 2. Lipid-derived metabolite signaling and diseases This section compiles 3 articles dealing with lipid signaling. In their article, Aïd and Bosetti present data that challenge the widely held belief on the respective role of each cyclooxygenase (COX) isoform and propose that the inducible COX-2, which yields prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid, is not always the most appropriate target to treat neuro-inflammation. Other aspects of oxidized lipids derived from polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation i.e. arachidonic acid for isoprostanes and a-linolenic acid for phytoprostanes in plants, are overviewed by Durand et al. showing their link with oxidative injury and human diseases. The third article by Samadi et al. focuses on lipid mediators including
vi
Editorial / Biochimie 93 (2011) v–vi
lysophosphatidate (LPA), phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 trisphosphate, phosphatidate (PA), sphingosine 1-phosphate and ceramides, and describes their balancing roles in cancer.
Rennes in July 2009, but it also includes contributions from other scientists working in the field.
3. Lipid metabolism, lipid domains, regulation and characterization
References
In this miscellaneous section dealing with a better characterization of lipid metabolism and lipid organization, 6 articles are compiled. In their article, Briand et al. describe the emerging role of a family of proteins termed cavins in the biogenesis and functions of caveolae. The second article by Mauvoisin and Mounier reviews recent data on the regulation of Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (also known as D9-desaturase) at the genetic level, by hormones and nutrients. Blanchard et al. also focus on fatty acid metabolism and biosynthesis and highlight that Fatty Acid Desaturase 3 (FADS3) may be a new player involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. In the next article, Khozin-Goldberg and Cohen describe the novel information regarding the identification of genes involved in the lipid metabolism of eukaryotic photosynthetic microalgae. Queneau et al. present data on the use of Langmuir monolayers for studying the molecular organization and insertion properties of new synthetic glycolipid analogues. Finally, Touboul et al. review the recent major advances in analytical tools for the direct detection of lipids as intact molecular species in thin tissue slices by mass spectrometry imaging. Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the researchers who have answered our invitation to contribute articles to this special issue of Biochimie. The original starting point of this special issue was the 6th Lipidomics Meeting organized by the GERLI (Groupe d’Etude et de Recherche en Lipidomique, www.gerli.com) which was held in
[1] K.D. Gifford, Dietary fats, eating guides, and public policy: history, critique, and recommendations, Am. J. Med. 113 (Suppl. 9B) (2002) 89S–106S. [2] W.V. Brown, K. Fujioka, P.W. Wilson, K.A. Woodworth, Obesity: why be concerned? Am. J. Med. 122 (2009) S4–S11. [3] K. Kotseva, D. Wood, G. De Backer, D. De Bacquer, K. Pyorala, U. Keil, Cardiovascular prevention guidelines in daily practice: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I, II, and III surveys in eight European countries, Lancet 373 (2009) 929–940. [4] A.P. Simopoulos, Evolutionary aspects of the dietary omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratio: medical implications, World Rev. Nutr. Diet 100 (2009) 1–21. [5] P. Saravanan, N.C. Davidson, E.B. Schmidt, P.C. Calder, Cardiovascular effects of marine omega-3 fatty acids, Lancet 376 (2010) 540–550. [6] A.H. Lichtenstein, Approaches to reducing cardiovascular disease risk: food or pills? Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 12 (2001) 1–3. [7] D.C. Schwenke, Vitamin E to prevent cardiovascular disease: pill or dietary package? Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 18 (2007) 467–469. [8] A.H. Lichtenstein, Nutrient supplements and cardiovascular disease: a heartbreaking story, J. Lipid Res. 50 (Suppl.) (2009) S429–S433. [9] A.N.S.E.S, Opinion of 1 March 2010 of the French Food Safety Agency on the update of French population intakes (ANCs) for fatty acids, http://www.afssa. fr/Documents/NUT2006sa0359EN.pdf.
Vincent Rioux* Laboratoire de Biochimie-Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus Ouest, USC INRA 2012, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]. Frédéric Carrière Laboratoire d’Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, CNRS UPR 9025, IFR88, 31 Chemin Joseph-Aiguier, 13009 Marseille Cedex 20, France E-mail address: [email protected].
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Biochimie journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biochi
Editorial
Special issue “Bioactive Lipids, Nutrition and Health”
Due to the increasing links between food and health, dietary lipids are major concerns for consumers [1]. As illustrated by the emerging obesity crisis [2] and the high occurrence of cardiovascular diseases which is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Western countries [3], dietary “fat” is usually associated with negative consequences for human health, with the single current exception of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids [4,5]. With regard to this negative assumption and public health concern, one of the greatest challenges for the scientists in the lipid-nutrition field is therefore to increase their understanding of the complex relationship between lipids and health and to provide the consumer with clear information. In this period of high development of dietary supplements [6–8], often associated with caricatural or subjective communication, pooling and sharing the scientific knowledge is indeed a promise of cognitive, educational and economic valorization. Experimental results on the relationship between doses, physiological effects, specificities and functions of individual lipids are however somewhat conflicting, and controversies can appear depending on evidence based on animal studies, observational studies, or intervention trials in humans. It is now well recognized that lipids do not only function as structural membrane components and energetic fuels. Lipids have major roles as signaling molecules, controlling key aspects of the cellular lifespan and development, and also as a risk factor in the etiologies of numerous diseases. In this context, this special issue describes recent findings on the important and specific biological roles of lipids. Such data are needed to allow a balanced view in terms of the potential nutritional benefits of lipids, leading for instance to the reassessment of the current nutritional dietary recommendations in many countries, as has recently been the case for fatty acids in France [9]. In order to illustrate this broad topic, this special issue of Biochimie entitled “Bioactive Lipids, Nutrition and Health” presents 16 reviews focusing on several nutritional aspects of lipids: their origin, biosynthesis, metabolism, molecular organization, biological functions and potential utilization. These articles have been assigned to 3 sections, sometimes classified arbitrarily because the section topics tend to overlap. 1. Dietary lipids in health and disease The 7 articles compiled in this section cover various aspects of the growing list of physiological functions associated with “bioactive” lipid molecules, regulating either the pathophysiological status or the prevention of diseases. The first article by Deniau et al. highlights the potential anti-tumour activities of ether lipids, 0300-9084/$ – see front matter doi:10.1016/S0300-9084(10)00413-X
termed alkylglycerols, coming mainly from marine sources like shark liver oil. It aims at determining the specific effects of individual molecules obtained by chemical synthesis, theses molecules being found as mixtures in the natural sources. The second article by Gillet et al. also deals with marine lipids and presents the voltage-gated sodium channels as new exciting molecular targets for (n-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA; docosahexaenoic acid DHA). These findings could explain the beneficial effect of EPA and DHA on both cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer. The third article by Guesnet and Alessandri provides an overview of the crucial importance of DHA during the early development of the central nervous system in humans, leading to recommendations for both maternal intake of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation, and DHA supplementation in milk formulas. In the next article, Kouba and Mourot show that the (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid content and composition of meat can be easily modified through animal feeding, thereby providing an alternative source of these fatty acids, in the context of increasing concerns regarding the sustainability of the use of fish products for human consumption. The two following articles also deal with fatty acids, but the saturated ones, and update the list of biochemical and physiological functions of individual saturated fatty acids. The article by Martin et al. focuses on myristic acid (C14:0) and provides an overview of the implication of N-terminal myristoylation in health and disease with special emphasis on post-translational myristoylation. The next article by Deevska et al. describes a novel concept suggesting a link between palmitic acid (C16:0), increased synthesis of sphingolipids and insulin resistance in lean tissues. Finally, the article by Laugerette et al. highlights recently gained knowledge regarding the links between high fat diets, lipid digestion, intestinal microbiota, and metabolic endotoxemia and inflammation. 2. Lipid-derived metabolite signaling and diseases This section compiles 3 articles dealing with lipid signaling. In their article, Aïd and Bosetti present data that challenge the widely held belief on the respective role of each cyclooxygenase (COX) isoform and propose that the inducible COX-2, which yields prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid, is not always the most appropriate target to treat neuro-inflammation. Other aspects of oxidized lipids derived from polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation i.e. arachidonic acid for isoprostanes and a-linolenic acid for phytoprostanes in plants, are overviewed by Durand et al. showing their link with oxidative injury and human diseases. The third article by Samadi et al. focuses on lipid mediators including
vi
Editorial / Biochimie 93 (2011) v–vi
lysophosphatidate (LPA), phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 trisphosphate, phosphatidate (PA), sphingosine 1-phosphate and ceramides, and describes their balancing roles in cancer.
Rennes in July 2009, but it also includes contributions from other scientists working in the field.
3. Lipid metabolism, lipid domains, regulation and characterization
References
In this miscellaneous section dealing with a better characterization of lipid metabolism and lipid organization, 6 articles are compiled. In their article, Briand et al. describe the emerging role of a family of proteins termed cavins in the biogenesis and functions of caveolae. The second article by Mauvoisin and Mounier reviews recent data on the regulation of Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (also known as D9-desaturase) at the genetic level, by hormones and nutrients. Blanchard et al. also focus on fatty acid metabolism and biosynthesis and highlight that Fatty Acid Desaturase 3 (FADS3) may be a new player involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. In the next article, Khozin-Goldberg and Cohen describe the novel information regarding the identification of genes involved in the lipid metabolism of eukaryotic photosynthetic microalgae. Queneau et al. present data on the use of Langmuir monolayers for studying the molecular organization and insertion properties of new synthetic glycolipid analogues. Finally, Touboul et al. review the recent major advances in analytical tools for the direct detection of lipids as intact molecular species in thin tissue slices by mass spectrometry imaging. Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the researchers who have answered our invitation to contribute articles to this special issue of Biochimie. The original starting point of this special issue was the 6th Lipidomics Meeting organized by the GERLI (Groupe d’Etude et de Recherche en Lipidomique, www.gerli.com) which was held in
[1] K.D. Gifford, Dietary fats, eating guides, and public policy: history, critique, and recommendations, Am. J. Med. 113 (Suppl. 9B) (2002) 89S–106S. [2] W.V. Brown, K. Fujioka, P.W. Wilson, K.A. Woodworth, Obesity: why be concerned? Am. J. Med. 122 (2009) S4–S11. [3] K. Kotseva, D. Wood, G. De Backer, D. De Bacquer, K. Pyorala, U. Keil, Cardiovascular prevention guidelines in daily practice: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I, II, and III surveys in eight European countries, Lancet 373 (2009) 929–940. [4] A.P. Simopoulos, Evolutionary aspects of the dietary omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratio: medical implications, World Rev. Nutr. Diet 100 (2009) 1–21. [5] P. Saravanan, N.C. Davidson, E.B. Schmidt, P.C. Calder, Cardiovascular effects of marine omega-3 fatty acids, Lancet 376 (2010) 540–550. [6] A.H. Lichtenstein, Approaches to reducing cardiovascular disease risk: food or pills? Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 12 (2001) 1–3. [7] D.C. Schwenke, Vitamin E to prevent cardiovascular disease: pill or dietary package? Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 18 (2007) 467–469. [8] A.H. Lichtenstein, Nutrient supplements and cardiovascular disease: a heartbreaking story, J. Lipid Res. 50 (Suppl.) (2009) S429–S433. [9] A.N.S.E.S, Opinion of 1 March 2010 of the French Food Safety Agency on the update of French population intakes (ANCs) for fatty acids, http://www.afssa. fr/Documents/NUT2006sa0359EN.pdf.
Vincent Rioux* Laboratoire de Biochimie-Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus Ouest, USC INRA 2012, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]. Frédéric Carrière Laboratoire d’Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, CNRS UPR 9025, IFR88, 31 Chemin Joseph-Aiguier, 13009 Marseille Cedex 20, France E-mail address: [email protected].