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Specifications and Certifications for Dental Materials*
T h e Journal of the American D ental Association
658
T able 1.—C ertified I mpression C ompounds W h i c h M e t A.D.A. Specification No. 3
Brand Dresch
Manufacturer The Ransom & Randolph Co.
Kerr—Black
Detroit Dental Manufac turing Co. Kerr—No. 3 Detroit Dental Manufac turing Co. Kerr—Perfection Detroit Dental Manufac turing Co. T a b le 2.—Impression Compounds W hich D id N o t M e e t A.D.A. S pecification No. 3
Brand Brewster*
Manufacturer E. R. S. Brewster
*The first sample was failed; the second sample passed. A communication from the manufacturer states that boxes with serial number of 5061 or above comply with the specification. on all samples. W h e n the sample failed to comply w ith the physical property re-
T a b le 3.—C e rtifie d In la y W axes W hich M e t A.D.A. S p ecification No. 4
Brand Manufacturer Brewster Blue E. R. S. Brewster Kerr—Blue (Hard) Detroit Dental Mfg. Co. Maves The Heidbrink Co. Peck’s Blue A. E. Peck Mfg. Co. Peck’s Purple A. E. Peck Mfg. Co. T a b le 4.—In la y W axes W hich D id N o t M e e t A.D.A. S p ecification No. 4
Brand Ransom & Randolph Standard Blue— Hard*
Manufacturer, The Ransom & Ran dolph Co.
*A11 samples failed to comply with the specification requirements. quirem ents of th e specification, addi tional tests in duplicate w ere conducted by another observer.
SPECIFICATIONS AND CERTIFICATIONS FOR D ENTAL MATERIALS* By GEORGE C. PAFFENBARGER,t D.D.S., and W . T. SW EENEY,t A.B., W ashington, D. C. N E of th e chief aims of the D en ta l Research program jo in tly con ducted by th e N atio n al B ureau of S tandards an d th e A m erican D en ta l A s sociation is the draw in g up of satisfactory stan dards o r specifications for dental m a terials. T h e se specifications are based upon th e opinions of m anufacturers, den tists and d ental schools and a survey of
O
*A report to the Research Commission of the American Dental Association. ‘ Publication authorized by the Executive Board of the Research Commission of the American Dental Association. tResearch associate for the American Den tal Association at the National Bureau of Standards. Jour. A.D.A., A pril, 1934
th e physical properties of th e cu rren tly used m aterials. Seven ten tativ e specifications fo r v ari ous types of d en tal m aterials w ere devel oped prio r to 1933, including am algam alloy, inlay casting investm ent, im pres sion com pound, inlay w ax, inlay casting golds, d en tal m ercury and w ro u g h t gold w ire. A n eighth ten tativ e specification covering th e zinc phosphate cements is now being prepared. REVISION O F A M A L G A M A L L O Y SPECIFICATION
A ll of th e seven specifications w hich have been adopted by the A m erican D en
Paffenbarger and Sweeney— Specifications for D ental M aterials ta l Association are tentative. I t is con tem plated th a t changes w ill be m ade in any o f th e requirem ents if th e available m aterials show m arked general im prove m ent, o r if, th ro u g h experience, th e tenta-
659
e r’s point of view, th e am algam alloy specification w as modified on J a n . 1, 1934. M a n y valuable suggestions w ere re ceived from both th e consum ers and th e
T able 1.—A.D.A. Specification No. 1 for D ental A malgam A lloys
Alloy Manufacturer Argentum Hammond Dental Mfg. Co. Aristaloy Baker & Co., Inc. Banner Goldsmith Bros. Smelt. & Ref. Co. Brewster E. R. S. Brewster Lee S. Smith & Son Mfg. Co. Certified Coe Coe Laboratories, Inc. Dee Thos J. Dee & Co. Excel Daniels Dental Alloy Co. Lee S. Smith & Sons Mfg. Co. Keystone Minimax Nos. 172, 173, 174, 177, 178, 180, The Minimax Co. 181, 183, 161 Minimax White Gold and Platinum The Minimax Co. San Diego Smelting and Refining Co. Mission No. 5 and No. 6 Modeloy (Quick Setting) Crescent Dental Mfg. Co. Odontographic “Improved” Odontographic Mfg. Co. P. D. Q. Patterson-Hettinger Co. Pearlol Wildberg Bros. Smelting and Refining Co. Preferd Michigan Refining Works Royal—Special First Setting Garhart Dental Specialty Co. Silverloy Crescent Dental Mfg. Co. 67 Silver Alloy Research Products Corporation Specific Alloy Research Products Corporation Speyer Speyer Smelting and Refining Co. S—C Stratford-Cookson Co. True Dentalloy (Filings) S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. True Dentalloy (Cut A) S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. Twentieth Century The L. D. Caulk Co. White Beauty Lang Dental Mfg. Co. T a b le 2.—A.D.A. Specification No. 2 for I nlay Casting I nvestments* Investment M anufacturer Coecal Inlay Coe Laboratories, Inc. Coecal Universal Coe Laboratories, Inc. Kerr Cristobalite-Inlay Detroit Dental Mfg. Co. Kerr Cristobalite-Model Detroit Dental Mfg. Co. Kerr No. 3 Detroit Dental Mfg. Co. Ransom and Randolph Gray The Ransom & Randolph Co. Ransom and Randolph Green The Ransom and Randolph Co. Ransom and Randolph X-45 The Ransom and Randolph Co. S. S. White Inlay No. 20 S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. *J.A.D.A., December, 1930. tive specifications are found to be too exacting o r too lax. P u rsu a n t to th e Research Com m is sion’s policy of m aintaining these speci fications on as high a level as is p racti cable both from a user’s and m anufactur-
m akers of am algam alloys. T h ese sug gestions w ere all examined critically and given due consideration before any values o r test m ethods in th e form er specification w ere altered. A ny change recommended had to be in agreem ent w ith the three
T h e Journal of the American D ental Association
660
follow ing considerations: 1 . T h e den tist wishes the best m aterial th a t can be secured. 2. T h e tolerances m u st be su f ficient to allow for unavoidable variations in m anufacturing processes. 3. Simplifi cation of the tests o r test m ethods should be m ade w henever possible. A m erican D e n ta l A ssociation S pecification No. 1 fo r D e n ta l A m algam A llo y s
(First Revision, Jan. 1, 1934) I Types. —1. This specification is for the so-called “silver” amalgam alloys which are to be used for restorations in the mouth. 2. The alloy may be furnished as: Type A. Filings Type B. Shavings II M aterial .—The comminuted alloy shall be free of foreign materials and shall be uni-
a polish twenty-four hours after amalgama tion. IV D etail R equirem ents. —1. Chemical com position shall be within the following limits: Silver, 65 per cent minimum Copper, 6 per cent maximum Zinc, 2 per cent maximum Tin, 25 per cent minimum Gold and platinum will not be regarded as foreign materials. 2. Flow. Specimens subjected to a con stant pressure of 250 kg. per square centimeter (approximately 3,550 pounds per square inch) shall not show more than 4 per cent flow (i.e., more than 4 per cent shortening in length of specimen) in a period of twentyfour hours. 3. Setting changes. Twenty-four hours after amalgamation the length shall have in creased between 3 and 13 microns per cen timeter.
T able 3.—A.D.A. S p ecification No. 3 fo r Impression Compounds*
Compound Brewster Dresch Kerr Black Kerr No. 3 Kerr Perfection Kerr White
Manufacturer E. R. S. Brewster The Ransom and Randolph Co. Detroit Dental Mfg. Co. Detroit Dental Mfg. Co. Detroit Dental Mfg. Co. Detroit Dental Mfg. Co.
*J.A.D.A., January, 1931. T a b le 4.—A.D.A. S p ecification No. 4 fo r In la y C a stin g W ax*
Wax Brewster Maves Kerr Blue—Hard Peck’s Blue Peck’s Purple
Manufacturer E. R. S. Brewster The Heidbrink Co. Detroit Dental Mfg. Co. A. E. Peck Mfg. Co. A. E. Peck Mfg. Co.
*J.A.D.A., January, 1931. form and the amalgamated alloy shall not pro duce excessive blackening of the hand or white paper when rubbed against the hand or paper. Ill General R equirem ents .—Amalgam al loys shall possess the following features, known as satisfactory working qualities: 1. Thorough amalgamation in three min utes. 2. Absence of granular or sandy consist ency when amalgamated. 3. Susceptibility to carving for at least fifteen minutes after amalgamation. 4. Susceptibility to receiving and retaining
V M ethods of Sam pling and Tests .—The test specimens shall be made according to the published directions which shall accompany each package. These directions shall not re quire complicated equipment and shall be in harmony with recognized dental practice. The following details shall be included in these directions: ratio of alloy to mercury, type of mortar and pestle, whether the alloy and mercury shall be stirred or ground, mixing time, mixing speed (revolutions of pestle or number of times amalgam is spread out and rolled up in the hand, when and how the ex cess mercury shall be expressed and the method
Paffenbarger and Sweeney— Specifications for D ental M aterials of packing. The following details relative to test methods shall be observed: 1. Flow. Specimens shall be cylinders 4 mm. in diameter and 8 mm. long. These shall be prepared by condensing the amalgam
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C. Three hours after condensing, the specimen shall be subjected to a constant pressure of 250 kg. per square centimeter (approximately 3,550 pounds per square inch). 2. Setting changes. Specimens shall be
T a b le 5.—A.D.A. S pecificatio n No. 5 fo r In la y C a stin g Golds* Alloy Type Manufacturer Chilcast No. 1 A Vernon Benshoff Co. B Chilcast No. 1-A Vernon Benshoff Co. Chilcast No. 2 C Vernon Benshoff Co. B and C Chilcast No. 2-A Vernon Benshoff Co. Chilcast No. 3 C Vernon Benshoff Co. Coe 1 A and B Coe Laboratories, Inc. Coe 2 B and C Coe Laboratories, Inc. Coe 3 C Coe Laboratories, Inc. Deetwo Light A Thomas J. Dee & Co. Deetwo B Thomas J. Dee & Co. Deesix C ' Thomas J. Dee & Co. A Goldsmith Inlay No. 1 Goldsmith Bros. S. & R. Co. B Goldsmith Inlay No. 2—Medium Goldsmith Bros. S. & R. Co. Goldsmith Inlay No. 3—Hard C Goldsmith Bros. S. & R. Co. A Patterson-Hettinger Co. K Inlay Knapp No. 1 A Patterson-Hettinger Co. B Knapp No. 2 Patterson-Hettinger Co. Knapp No. 3 C Patterson-Hettinger Co. No. 1 Hard Inlay B and C Patterson-Hettinger Co. A Patterson-Hettinger Co. No. 2 Cast Inlay C Patterson-Hettinger Co. No. 9 Cast Gold Research—Hard Cast—No. 5 C Precious Metals Research Works Research Inlay C Precious Metals Research Works . B Spyco Smelting and Refining Co. Spyco Hard A Spyco Smelting and Refining Co. Spyco Soft Spyco Smelting and Refining Co. Spyco No. 6 C S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. S. S. White No. 2 A B S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. S. S. White No. 3 C S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. S. S. White No. 13 C I. Stern and Co. Stern No. 2847 B I. Stern and Co. Stern No. 3290 Stern No. 3337 B and C I. Stern and Co. Stern No. 3375 A I. Stern and Co. Stern No. 3441 C I. Stern and Co. I. Stern and Co. Stern No. 3465 B and C T B Patterson-Hettinger Co. TT C Patterson-Hettinger Co. B Spyco Smelting and Refining Co. Tinker No. 1 Spyco Smelting and Refining Co. Tinker No. 1H C Tinker No. 2 C Spyco Smelting and Refining Co.
*J.A.D.A., January, 1932. into a cavity of these dimensions in a rigid block using the technic given in the sheet of instructions accompanying the alloy. The ends of the cylinders shall be surfaced plane at right angles to the axis. Tests shall be made at temperatures between 20 and 25
prepared by condensing into a cavity or ma trix. These shall be removed as soon as con densation is completed and shall not be sub ject to restraint during the test. Measure ments shall begin fifteen minutes after amal gamation (time spent in mulling and condens
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T h e Journal of the American D ental Association
ing to be included as a part of the fifteen min utes). VI Packing.—1. The alloy shall be packed in moisture-resisting containers and in quan tities of 1, 2 or 5 troy ounces. 2. Accurate and adequate instructions for proportioning and manipulation shall ac company each package. 3. Each package of alloy shall be marked w ith a serial number or a combination of let ters and numbers which shall refer to the manufacturer’s records for the particular lot or batch of alloy. 4. T he date of manufacture (year and month) shall be indicated on the package as
not assume responsibility for, or guarantee compliance of, material so labeled by manu facturers, but will, in event of a dispute be tween a member of the Association and a man ufacturer, act in an advisory capacity and will designate testing laboratories having equipment for testing dental amalgam alloys where necessary tests may be made.
A com parison w ith th e form er specifi cation 1 w ill show th e follow ing changes : ( 1 ) inclusion of a protective against blackening; ( 2 ) broadening of the chem ical composition lim its; (3 ) deletion of th e u ltim ate compressive stren g th re-
T able 6.—A.D.A. Specification No. 6 for D ental M ercury* Mercury M anufacturer Argentum Hammond Dental Mfg. Co. Chemically Pure S. S. W hite Dental M fg. Co. Thomas J. Dee & Co. Dee Goldsmith Bros. S. & R. Co. Dental M ercury Laboratories Mercury Laboratories, Inc. Minimax T he M inimax Co. San Diego Smelting and Refining Co. Mission Odontographic Odontographic Mfg. Co. G arhart Dental Specialty Co. Positively Pure Research Products Corporation R. P. C. *J.A.D.A., January, 1932. T able 7.—A.D.A. Specification N o. 7 for W rought G old W ire A lloys* Alloy M anufacturer Patterson-Hettinger Co. Hylastic Thomas J. Dee & Co. Deepep-Hard Goldsmith Bros. S. & R. Co. H igh Fusing Clasp Goldsmith Bros. S. & R. Co. Medium Clasp Goldsmith Bros. S. & R. Co. Regular Clasp Research No. 22 Precious Metals Research Works Spyco Smelting and Refining Co. Spyco No. 3 Spyco Smelting and Refining Co. Spyco No. 4 I. Stern and Co., Inc. Stern No. 2657 *J.A.D.A., December, 1932. a separate item or as a part of the serial num ber. 5. Containers shall not be made, in whole or in part, of materials which will amalga mate readily w ith mercury. V II Notes.—1. M anufacturers of amal gam alloys may indicate that their materials comply w ith this specification by (a) a state ment on the package guaranteeing the mate rial contained therein to meet the requirements of this specification, or (h) a statement as to the chemical and physical properties of the alloy. 2. T he American Dental Association will
q u irem en t; (4 ) reduction of the m axi m um flow value from 5 to 4 per cen t; (5 ) change in the dimensional change on setting values from 1 to 1 0 microns per centim eter to 3 to 13 microns per centi m eter; ( 6 ) deletion of th e allow ed 4 m icron m axim um contraction to th e first m inim um . 1. Taylor, N. O.: Specification for Dental Amalgam Alloys, J.A.D.A., 17:112 (Jan.) 1930.
Paffenbarger and Sweeney— Specifications for D ental M aterials REVISED ITEMS
G eneral.— A ll of the changes w ere very m inor ones. N o suggestions involv ing drastic changes w ere received. T h e Association’s am algam specification has been in use since 1929. I t is identical (as far as physical properties are con cerned) w ith th e F ed eral Specification N o. U A -451 (fo rm erly N o. 356) w hich has been in use since 1926. T h e testing of am algam alloys over this period of years by both the G overnm ent and the Association has show n th a t the m anufac tu re of these alloys has progressed suf ficiently to p erm it m aking some of the requirem ents of th e specification more stringent. Chemical.— I t m ight be preferable not to have requirem ents fo r both chemical composition and physical properties in the specification. N o tarnish o r solubility tests w hich w ill sim ulate m outh condi tions are available. I t w as therefore nec essary to retain certain requirem ents as to composition. T h e changes m ade in these requirem ents perm it greater v aria tion in com position. P ractically all of th e satisfactory alloys w hich have been m ade d uring th e last fifteen years come w ith in the specified lim its of chemical composition. U ltim a te Com pressive S tre n g th .— T h is requirem ent is unnecessary as experience shows th a t alloys w hich pass the flow and setting change requirem ents w ill invari ably m eet th e crushing stren g th require m ent. N o alloys have been rejected on failure to pass th e crushing stren g th value alo n e; i.e., the sam ple’s flow w ould be too high o r the shrinkage w ould be excessive, or both, for all alloys the crushing stren gth of w hich w as too low. F lo w .— T h e reduction of th e m axi m um allow able flow from 5 to 4 per cent also increases th e early compressive strength and autom atically eliminates the slow setting alloys, m any of w hich
663
have been found to shrink on setting. S ettin g Change.— C ertain alloys w hich are now on th e low er border line in set tin g changes w ould be rejected as a result of harsh trea tm e n t in m ixing and packing. T h e revision of th is requirem ent w ill m ake it difficult for alloys of this type to comply w ith th e specification and w ill tend to protect the dentist w ho insists on using a very heavy tritu ra tio n pressure. Since am algam s w hich initially con tra c t m ore th a n 4 m icrons per centim eter w ill seldom recover sufficiently on the expansion phase to com ply w ith the new specification, th e requirem ent relating to th e initial contraction has been deleted. T h ese changes should ensure the user against a shrinking am algam u nder any reasonable v ariation of technic. M ix in g and P acking Technics.— D i rections fo r m ixing and packing should be supplied by th e m a n u fa ctu re r in ac curate and adequate detail. I f he wishes his alloy to be gro u n d in th e m o rtar w ith heavy hand pressure for three minutes, or, fo r instance, tritu ra te d lightly w ith th e least pressure w ith w hich the m er cury and alloy can be united, it should be stated in such a m an n er th a t the direc tions are clear. W h e n alloys are tested fo r conform ity to th e specification, they should be mixed and packed according to the directions of th e m an u factu rer w ho produced them . T h e instructions w hich accompany the package can be m ade specific enough for th e preparatio n of th e test specimens. T h is, too, has th e added advantage of m aking th e test specimens as nearly as possible like the m aterial w hich w ill be used in practice. T h e prin ted directions w hich shall ac company the package should contain all of the details m entioned in Section V of the specification. Such directions are not im practical and should im prove the quality of am algam restorations.
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T h e Journal of the American D ental Association
T h e cooperation and interest of the d ental schools and th e m anufacturers w ho assisted in this revision is appre ciated. I t is th e policy of both the B ureau of S tandards and the A m erican D en ta l Association .to welcome any suggestions relative to th e im provem ent and stren g th ening of these specifications. Such com m ent is extrem ely valuable if th e sugges tions are accom panied by definite n u m erical values and confirm atory data. CERTIFICATION
P u rsu a n t to th e policy of the Research Com mission ,2 various m anufacturers w ere asked to certify th a t th e ir products w ould m eet th e specifications of th e Association. T h ese certifications are solely the respon-
sibility of th e m akers. N eith er th e B ureau of S tan d ard s n o r th e Research Com mis sion approves, certifies o r guarantees any d ental m aterials. T w o previous lists of certified m a terials have been published .3 T h e present list has only those certifications w hich w ere accom panied by representative test data and executed as outlined in the statem ent of th e Research Com m is sion .2 L ists of d en tal m aterials w hich are certified to th e R esearch Commission by th e m a n u factu rers as com plying w ith the A m erican D e n ta l Association’s Specifica tions are given in th e accompanying tables.
3. Footnote 1. Taylor, N. O., and Paffen2. Dental Research Fellowship at National barger, G. C. : Progress Report on Research on Dental M aterials (1931), J.A.D.A., 19:404 Bureau of Standards, J.A.D.A., 20:1040 (M arch) 1932. (June) 1933.
RESTORATION OF LOST FACIAL DIMENSIONS AND FACIAL HARMONY* By J . W . CRAWFORD, D.D.S., F.A.C.D., Milwaukee, Wis. I L L Y P O G A N Y , artist, is cred ited w ith saying: “ N o perfectly beau tifu l w om an is interesting. Freckles m ake her countenance m ore a t tractive. Eyes and a m outh th a t do not m atch have charm . C ontradictions make the fem inine face appealing and in tri gu ing.” D en tu re specialists have long recog nized the fact th a t harm onious blend ing of facial contradictions is the basis of th e ir services. T h e key to this blend *Read at the Seventy-Fifth Annual Session of the American Dental Association in con junction with the Chicago Centennial Dental Congress, Aug. 9, 1933. Jour. A.D.A., A pril, 1934
ing is a building up of the stru ctu res around th e m outh, and tooth and arch arrangem ent. Y ears ago, G eorge S. M onson, of St. P aul, ta u g h t th e im portance of facial dimensions and facial harm ony in den tu re construction, as w ell as th e b u ild ing up of n a tu ra l occlusion to attain th a t end. A dem onstration in th e ex trem es in contrasts w as evident in the characterizatio n of L on Chaney, who, w ith the aid of D r. H o w ard , of H o lly wood, designed and constructed exag gerations in tooth form and position and m outh form th a t w ere largely the basis of those characterizations.
658
T able 1.—C ertified I mpression C ompounds W h i c h M e t A.D.A. Specification No. 3
Brand Dresch
Manufacturer The Ransom & Randolph Co.
Kerr—Black
Detroit Dental Manufac turing Co. Kerr—No. 3 Detroit Dental Manufac turing Co. Kerr—Perfection Detroit Dental Manufac turing Co. T a b le 2.—Impression Compounds W hich D id N o t M e e t A.D.A. S pecification No. 3
Brand Brewster*
Manufacturer E. R. S. Brewster
*The first sample was failed; the second sample passed. A communication from the manufacturer states that boxes with serial number of 5061 or above comply with the specification. on all samples. W h e n the sample failed to comply w ith the physical property re-
T a b le 3.—C e rtifie d In la y W axes W hich M e t A.D.A. S p ecification No. 4
Brand Manufacturer Brewster Blue E. R. S. Brewster Kerr—Blue (Hard) Detroit Dental Mfg. Co. Maves The Heidbrink Co. Peck’s Blue A. E. Peck Mfg. Co. Peck’s Purple A. E. Peck Mfg. Co. T a b le 4.—In la y W axes W hich D id N o t M e e t A.D.A. S p ecification No. 4
Brand Ransom & Randolph Standard Blue— Hard*
Manufacturer, The Ransom & Ran dolph Co.
*A11 samples failed to comply with the specification requirements. quirem ents of th e specification, addi tional tests in duplicate w ere conducted by another observer.
SPECIFICATIONS AND CERTIFICATIONS FOR D ENTAL MATERIALS* By GEORGE C. PAFFENBARGER,t D.D.S., and W . T. SW EENEY,t A.B., W ashington, D. C. N E of th e chief aims of the D en ta l Research program jo in tly con ducted by th e N atio n al B ureau of S tandards an d th e A m erican D en ta l A s sociation is the draw in g up of satisfactory stan dards o r specifications for dental m a terials. T h e se specifications are based upon th e opinions of m anufacturers, den tists and d ental schools and a survey of
O
*A report to the Research Commission of the American Dental Association. ‘ Publication authorized by the Executive Board of the Research Commission of the American Dental Association. tResearch associate for the American Den tal Association at the National Bureau of Standards. Jour. A.D.A., A pril, 1934
th e physical properties of th e cu rren tly used m aterials. Seven ten tativ e specifications fo r v ari ous types of d en tal m aterials w ere devel oped prio r to 1933, including am algam alloy, inlay casting investm ent, im pres sion com pound, inlay w ax, inlay casting golds, d en tal m ercury and w ro u g h t gold w ire. A n eighth ten tativ e specification covering th e zinc phosphate cements is now being prepared. REVISION O F A M A L G A M A L L O Y SPECIFICATION
A ll of th e seven specifications w hich have been adopted by the A m erican D en
Paffenbarger and Sweeney— Specifications for D ental M aterials ta l Association are tentative. I t is con tem plated th a t changes w ill be m ade in any o f th e requirem ents if th e available m aterials show m arked general im prove m ent, o r if, th ro u g h experience, th e tenta-
659
e r’s point of view, th e am algam alloy specification w as modified on J a n . 1, 1934. M a n y valuable suggestions w ere re ceived from both th e consum ers and th e
T able 1.—A.D.A. Specification No. 1 for D ental A malgam A lloys
Alloy Manufacturer Argentum Hammond Dental Mfg. Co. Aristaloy Baker & Co., Inc. Banner Goldsmith Bros. Smelt. & Ref. Co. Brewster E. R. S. Brewster Lee S. Smith & Son Mfg. Co. Certified Coe Coe Laboratories, Inc. Dee Thos J. Dee & Co. Excel Daniels Dental Alloy Co. Lee S. Smith & Sons Mfg. Co. Keystone Minimax Nos. 172, 173, 174, 177, 178, 180, The Minimax Co. 181, 183, 161 Minimax White Gold and Platinum The Minimax Co. San Diego Smelting and Refining Co. Mission No. 5 and No. 6 Modeloy (Quick Setting) Crescent Dental Mfg. Co. Odontographic “Improved” Odontographic Mfg. Co. P. D. Q. Patterson-Hettinger Co. Pearlol Wildberg Bros. Smelting and Refining Co. Preferd Michigan Refining Works Royal—Special First Setting Garhart Dental Specialty Co. Silverloy Crescent Dental Mfg. Co. 67 Silver Alloy Research Products Corporation Specific Alloy Research Products Corporation Speyer Speyer Smelting and Refining Co. S—C Stratford-Cookson Co. True Dentalloy (Filings) S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. True Dentalloy (Cut A) S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. Twentieth Century The L. D. Caulk Co. White Beauty Lang Dental Mfg. Co. T a b le 2.—A.D.A. Specification No. 2 for I nlay Casting I nvestments* Investment M anufacturer Coecal Inlay Coe Laboratories, Inc. Coecal Universal Coe Laboratories, Inc. Kerr Cristobalite-Inlay Detroit Dental Mfg. Co. Kerr Cristobalite-Model Detroit Dental Mfg. Co. Kerr No. 3 Detroit Dental Mfg. Co. Ransom and Randolph Gray The Ransom & Randolph Co. Ransom and Randolph Green The Ransom and Randolph Co. Ransom and Randolph X-45 The Ransom and Randolph Co. S. S. White Inlay No. 20 S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. *J.A.D.A., December, 1930. tive specifications are found to be too exacting o r too lax. P u rsu a n t to th e Research Com m is sion’s policy of m aintaining these speci fications on as high a level as is p racti cable both from a user’s and m anufactur-
m akers of am algam alloys. T h ese sug gestions w ere all examined critically and given due consideration before any values o r test m ethods in th e form er specification w ere altered. A ny change recommended had to be in agreem ent w ith the three
T h e Journal of the American D ental Association
660
follow ing considerations: 1 . T h e den tist wishes the best m aterial th a t can be secured. 2. T h e tolerances m u st be su f ficient to allow for unavoidable variations in m anufacturing processes. 3. Simplifi cation of the tests o r test m ethods should be m ade w henever possible. A m erican D e n ta l A ssociation S pecification No. 1 fo r D e n ta l A m algam A llo y s
(First Revision, Jan. 1, 1934) I Types. —1. This specification is for the so-called “silver” amalgam alloys which are to be used for restorations in the mouth. 2. The alloy may be furnished as: Type A. Filings Type B. Shavings II M aterial .—The comminuted alloy shall be free of foreign materials and shall be uni-
a polish twenty-four hours after amalgama tion. IV D etail R equirem ents. —1. Chemical com position shall be within the following limits: Silver, 65 per cent minimum Copper, 6 per cent maximum Zinc, 2 per cent maximum Tin, 25 per cent minimum Gold and platinum will not be regarded as foreign materials. 2. Flow. Specimens subjected to a con stant pressure of 250 kg. per square centimeter (approximately 3,550 pounds per square inch) shall not show more than 4 per cent flow (i.e., more than 4 per cent shortening in length of specimen) in a period of twentyfour hours. 3. Setting changes. Twenty-four hours after amalgamation the length shall have in creased between 3 and 13 microns per cen timeter.
T able 3.—A.D.A. S p ecification No. 3 fo r Impression Compounds*
Compound Brewster Dresch Kerr Black Kerr No. 3 Kerr Perfection Kerr White
Manufacturer E. R. S. Brewster The Ransom and Randolph Co. Detroit Dental Mfg. Co. Detroit Dental Mfg. Co. Detroit Dental Mfg. Co. Detroit Dental Mfg. Co.
*J.A.D.A., January, 1931. T a b le 4.—A.D.A. S p ecification No. 4 fo r In la y C a stin g W ax*
Wax Brewster Maves Kerr Blue—Hard Peck’s Blue Peck’s Purple
Manufacturer E. R. S. Brewster The Heidbrink Co. Detroit Dental Mfg. Co. A. E. Peck Mfg. Co. A. E. Peck Mfg. Co.
*J.A.D.A., January, 1931. form and the amalgamated alloy shall not pro duce excessive blackening of the hand or white paper when rubbed against the hand or paper. Ill General R equirem ents .—Amalgam al loys shall possess the following features, known as satisfactory working qualities: 1. Thorough amalgamation in three min utes. 2. Absence of granular or sandy consist ency when amalgamated. 3. Susceptibility to carving for at least fifteen minutes after amalgamation. 4. Susceptibility to receiving and retaining
V M ethods of Sam pling and Tests .—The test specimens shall be made according to the published directions which shall accompany each package. These directions shall not re quire complicated equipment and shall be in harmony with recognized dental practice. The following details shall be included in these directions: ratio of alloy to mercury, type of mortar and pestle, whether the alloy and mercury shall be stirred or ground, mixing time, mixing speed (revolutions of pestle or number of times amalgam is spread out and rolled up in the hand, when and how the ex cess mercury shall be expressed and the method
Paffenbarger and Sweeney— Specifications for D ental M aterials of packing. The following details relative to test methods shall be observed: 1. Flow. Specimens shall be cylinders 4 mm. in diameter and 8 mm. long. These shall be prepared by condensing the amalgam
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C. Three hours after condensing, the specimen shall be subjected to a constant pressure of 250 kg. per square centimeter (approximately 3,550 pounds per square inch). 2. Setting changes. Specimens shall be
T a b le 5.—A.D.A. S pecificatio n No. 5 fo r In la y C a stin g Golds* Alloy Type Manufacturer Chilcast No. 1 A Vernon Benshoff Co. B Chilcast No. 1-A Vernon Benshoff Co. Chilcast No. 2 C Vernon Benshoff Co. B and C Chilcast No. 2-A Vernon Benshoff Co. Chilcast No. 3 C Vernon Benshoff Co. Coe 1 A and B Coe Laboratories, Inc. Coe 2 B and C Coe Laboratories, Inc. Coe 3 C Coe Laboratories, Inc. Deetwo Light A Thomas J. Dee & Co. Deetwo B Thomas J. Dee & Co. Deesix C ' Thomas J. Dee & Co. A Goldsmith Inlay No. 1 Goldsmith Bros. S. & R. Co. B Goldsmith Inlay No. 2—Medium Goldsmith Bros. S. & R. Co. Goldsmith Inlay No. 3—Hard C Goldsmith Bros. S. & R. Co. A Patterson-Hettinger Co. K Inlay Knapp No. 1 A Patterson-Hettinger Co. B Knapp No. 2 Patterson-Hettinger Co. Knapp No. 3 C Patterson-Hettinger Co. No. 1 Hard Inlay B and C Patterson-Hettinger Co. A Patterson-Hettinger Co. No. 2 Cast Inlay C Patterson-Hettinger Co. No. 9 Cast Gold Research—Hard Cast—No. 5 C Precious Metals Research Works Research Inlay C Precious Metals Research Works . B Spyco Smelting and Refining Co. Spyco Hard A Spyco Smelting and Refining Co. Spyco Soft Spyco Smelting and Refining Co. Spyco No. 6 C S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. S. S. White No. 2 A B S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. S. S. White No. 3 C S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. S. S. White No. 13 C I. Stern and Co. Stern No. 2847 B I. Stern and Co. Stern No. 3290 Stern No. 3337 B and C I. Stern and Co. Stern No. 3375 A I. Stern and Co. Stern No. 3441 C I. Stern and Co. I. Stern and Co. Stern No. 3465 B and C T B Patterson-Hettinger Co. TT C Patterson-Hettinger Co. B Spyco Smelting and Refining Co. Tinker No. 1 Spyco Smelting and Refining Co. Tinker No. 1H C Tinker No. 2 C Spyco Smelting and Refining Co.
*J.A.D.A., January, 1932. into a cavity of these dimensions in a rigid block using the technic given in the sheet of instructions accompanying the alloy. The ends of the cylinders shall be surfaced plane at right angles to the axis. Tests shall be made at temperatures between 20 and 25
prepared by condensing into a cavity or ma trix. These shall be removed as soon as con densation is completed and shall not be sub ject to restraint during the test. Measure ments shall begin fifteen minutes after amal gamation (time spent in mulling and condens
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ing to be included as a part of the fifteen min utes). VI Packing.—1. The alloy shall be packed in moisture-resisting containers and in quan tities of 1, 2 or 5 troy ounces. 2. Accurate and adequate instructions for proportioning and manipulation shall ac company each package. 3. Each package of alloy shall be marked w ith a serial number or a combination of let ters and numbers which shall refer to the manufacturer’s records for the particular lot or batch of alloy. 4. T he date of manufacture (year and month) shall be indicated on the package as
not assume responsibility for, or guarantee compliance of, material so labeled by manu facturers, but will, in event of a dispute be tween a member of the Association and a man ufacturer, act in an advisory capacity and will designate testing laboratories having equipment for testing dental amalgam alloys where necessary tests may be made.
A com parison w ith th e form er specifi cation 1 w ill show th e follow ing changes : ( 1 ) inclusion of a protective against blackening; ( 2 ) broadening of the chem ical composition lim its; (3 ) deletion of th e u ltim ate compressive stren g th re-
T able 6.—A.D.A. Specification No. 6 for D ental M ercury* Mercury M anufacturer Argentum Hammond Dental Mfg. Co. Chemically Pure S. S. W hite Dental M fg. Co. Thomas J. Dee & Co. Dee Goldsmith Bros. S. & R. Co. Dental M ercury Laboratories Mercury Laboratories, Inc. Minimax T he M inimax Co. San Diego Smelting and Refining Co. Mission Odontographic Odontographic Mfg. Co. G arhart Dental Specialty Co. Positively Pure Research Products Corporation R. P. C. *J.A.D.A., January, 1932. T able 7.—A.D.A. Specification N o. 7 for W rought G old W ire A lloys* Alloy M anufacturer Patterson-Hettinger Co. Hylastic Thomas J. Dee & Co. Deepep-Hard Goldsmith Bros. S. & R. Co. H igh Fusing Clasp Goldsmith Bros. S. & R. Co. Medium Clasp Goldsmith Bros. S. & R. Co. Regular Clasp Research No. 22 Precious Metals Research Works Spyco Smelting and Refining Co. Spyco No. 3 Spyco Smelting and Refining Co. Spyco No. 4 I. Stern and Co., Inc. Stern No. 2657 *J.A.D.A., December, 1932. a separate item or as a part of the serial num ber. 5. Containers shall not be made, in whole or in part, of materials which will amalga mate readily w ith mercury. V II Notes.—1. M anufacturers of amal gam alloys may indicate that their materials comply w ith this specification by (a) a state ment on the package guaranteeing the mate rial contained therein to meet the requirements of this specification, or (h) a statement as to the chemical and physical properties of the alloy. 2. T he American Dental Association will
q u irem en t; (4 ) reduction of the m axi m um flow value from 5 to 4 per cen t; (5 ) change in the dimensional change on setting values from 1 to 1 0 microns per centim eter to 3 to 13 microns per centi m eter; ( 6 ) deletion of th e allow ed 4 m icron m axim um contraction to th e first m inim um . 1. Taylor, N. O.: Specification for Dental Amalgam Alloys, J.A.D.A., 17:112 (Jan.) 1930.
Paffenbarger and Sweeney— Specifications for D ental M aterials REVISED ITEMS
G eneral.— A ll of the changes w ere very m inor ones. N o suggestions involv ing drastic changes w ere received. T h e Association’s am algam specification has been in use since 1929. I t is identical (as far as physical properties are con cerned) w ith th e F ed eral Specification N o. U A -451 (fo rm erly N o. 356) w hich has been in use since 1926. T h e testing of am algam alloys over this period of years by both the G overnm ent and the Association has show n th a t the m anufac tu re of these alloys has progressed suf ficiently to p erm it m aking some of the requirem ents of th e specification more stringent. Chemical.— I t m ight be preferable not to have requirem ents fo r both chemical composition and physical properties in the specification. N o tarnish o r solubility tests w hich w ill sim ulate m outh condi tions are available. I t w as therefore nec essary to retain certain requirem ents as to composition. T h e changes m ade in these requirem ents perm it greater v aria tion in com position. P ractically all of th e satisfactory alloys w hich have been m ade d uring th e last fifteen years come w ith in the specified lim its of chemical composition. U ltim a te Com pressive S tre n g th .— T h is requirem ent is unnecessary as experience shows th a t alloys w hich pass the flow and setting change requirem ents w ill invari ably m eet th e crushing stren g th require m ent. N o alloys have been rejected on failure to pass th e crushing stren g th value alo n e; i.e., the sam ple’s flow w ould be too high o r the shrinkage w ould be excessive, or both, for all alloys the crushing stren gth of w hich w as too low. F lo w .— T h e reduction of th e m axi m um allow able flow from 5 to 4 per cent also increases th e early compressive strength and autom atically eliminates the slow setting alloys, m any of w hich
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have been found to shrink on setting. S ettin g Change.— C ertain alloys w hich are now on th e low er border line in set tin g changes w ould be rejected as a result of harsh trea tm e n t in m ixing and packing. T h e revision of th is requirem ent w ill m ake it difficult for alloys of this type to comply w ith th e specification and w ill tend to protect the dentist w ho insists on using a very heavy tritu ra tio n pressure. Since am algam s w hich initially con tra c t m ore th a n 4 m icrons per centim eter w ill seldom recover sufficiently on the expansion phase to com ply w ith the new specification, th e requirem ent relating to th e initial contraction has been deleted. T h ese changes should ensure the user against a shrinking am algam u nder any reasonable v ariation of technic. M ix in g and P acking Technics.— D i rections fo r m ixing and packing should be supplied by th e m a n u fa ctu re r in ac curate and adequate detail. I f he wishes his alloy to be gro u n d in th e m o rtar w ith heavy hand pressure for three minutes, or, fo r instance, tritu ra te d lightly w ith th e least pressure w ith w hich the m er cury and alloy can be united, it should be stated in such a m an n er th a t the direc tions are clear. W h e n alloys are tested fo r conform ity to th e specification, they should be mixed and packed according to the directions of th e m an u factu rer w ho produced them . T h e instructions w hich accompany the package can be m ade specific enough for th e preparatio n of th e test specimens. T h is, too, has th e added advantage of m aking th e test specimens as nearly as possible like the m aterial w hich w ill be used in practice. T h e prin ted directions w hich shall ac company the package should contain all of the details m entioned in Section V of the specification. Such directions are not im practical and should im prove the quality of am algam restorations.
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T h e cooperation and interest of the d ental schools and th e m anufacturers w ho assisted in this revision is appre ciated. I t is th e policy of both the B ureau of S tandards and the A m erican D en ta l Association .to welcome any suggestions relative to th e im provem ent and stren g th ening of these specifications. Such com m ent is extrem ely valuable if th e sugges tions are accom panied by definite n u m erical values and confirm atory data. CERTIFICATION
P u rsu a n t to th e policy of the Research Com mission ,2 various m anufacturers w ere asked to certify th a t th e ir products w ould m eet th e specifications of th e Association. T h ese certifications are solely the respon-
sibility of th e m akers. N eith er th e B ureau of S tan d ard s n o r th e Research Com mis sion approves, certifies o r guarantees any d ental m aterials. T w o previous lists of certified m a terials have been published .3 T h e present list has only those certifications w hich w ere accom panied by representative test data and executed as outlined in the statem ent of th e Research Com m is sion .2 L ists of d en tal m aterials w hich are certified to th e R esearch Commission by th e m a n u factu rers as com plying w ith the A m erican D e n ta l Association’s Specifica tions are given in th e accompanying tables.
3. Footnote 1. Taylor, N. O., and Paffen2. Dental Research Fellowship at National barger, G. C. : Progress Report on Research on Dental M aterials (1931), J.A.D.A., 19:404 Bureau of Standards, J.A.D.A., 20:1040 (M arch) 1932. (June) 1933.
RESTORATION OF LOST FACIAL DIMENSIONS AND FACIAL HARMONY* By J . W . CRAWFORD, D.D.S., F.A.C.D., Milwaukee, Wis. I L L Y P O G A N Y , artist, is cred ited w ith saying: “ N o perfectly beau tifu l w om an is interesting. Freckles m ake her countenance m ore a t tractive. Eyes and a m outh th a t do not m atch have charm . C ontradictions make the fem inine face appealing and in tri gu ing.” D en tu re specialists have long recog nized the fact th a t harm onious blend ing of facial contradictions is the basis of th e ir services. T h e key to this blend *Read at the Seventy-Fifth Annual Session of the American Dental Association in con junction with the Chicago Centennial Dental Congress, Aug. 9, 1933. Jour. A.D.A., A pril, 1934
ing is a building up of the stru ctu res around th e m outh, and tooth and arch arrangem ent. Y ears ago, G eorge S. M onson, of St. P aul, ta u g h t th e im portance of facial dimensions and facial harm ony in den tu re construction, as w ell as th e b u ild ing up of n a tu ra l occlusion to attain th a t end. A dem onstration in th e ex trem es in contrasts w as evident in the characterizatio n of L on Chaney, who, w ith the aid of D r. H o w ard , of H o lly wood, designed and constructed exag gerations in tooth form and position and m outh form th a t w ere largely the basis of those characterizations.