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Stardust component in tree rings
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Dendrochronologia 24 (2007) 131–135 www.elsevier.de/dendro
SHORT ARTICLE
Stardust component in tree rings E. Kasatkinaa, O. Shumilova,, N.V. Lukinab, M. Krapiecc, G. Jacobyd a
Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems, Kola Science Center RAS, P.O. Box 162, 184209 Apatity, Russia Centre for Forest Ecology and Productivity RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia c Polish Geological Institute, Carpatian Branch, 31-560 Cracow, Poland d Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, NY 10964, USA b
Received 13 December 2005; accepted 1 June 2006
Abstract Tree-ring series collected from different parts of Arctic (Fennoscandia, Kola Peninsula and Northern Siberia) are investigated by means of the multi-taped method (MTM) of spectral analysis. Results of spectral analysis allow us to select the main periods of solar variability (22-, 30–33- and 80–90-year solar cycles) in Kola and Fennoscandia tree-ring chronologies. Besides it was found that only periodicities of around 20 years are present in Siberian and Stockholm series, respectively. With respect to 11-year periodicity, which is the most prominent one in sunspot number spectrum (Schwabe cycle) it may be said that it hardly appeared in Arctic tree-ring series. Although the 22-year cycles in climatic records are perceivable (it is also evident from our and other results), any physical mechanisms by which a reversal in the solar magnetic field could influence climate are still missing. To our mind, a potential cause of this phenomenon seems to be a variation of stardust flux inside the solar system. The most recent observations in frame of the DUST experiment on board the Ulysses spacecraft have shown that stardust level inside of the solar system was trebled during the recent solar maximum (Landgraf et al., 2003. Penetration of the heliosphere by the interstellar dust stream during solar maximum. Journal Geophysical Research 108, 8030). It is possible that the periodic increase of stardust in the solar system will influence the amount of extraterrestrial material that rains down to the Earth and consequently down to the Earth’s atmosphere and may affect climate through alteration of atmospheric transparency and albedo. r 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Keywords: Solar cycles; Interstellar dust; Tree-ring chronologies; Climate; Cosmic rays; Solar radiation
Introduction An existence of low-frequency variability in climatic parameters seems to be connected to solar cycles. The most expressed periodicities are: 11-year (Schwabe), 22year (Hale), 33-year (Bruckner) and 80–100 (Gleissberg) cycles. The main heliophysical factors acting on climate, biosphere and atmospheric state are solar irradiance Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (O. Shumilov). 1125-7865/$ - see front matter r 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.dendro.2006.10.005
(Reid, 1991; Lean et al., 1995; Douglass and Clader, 2002), intensity of solar and galactic cosmic rays (relativistic particles with energies 4500 MeV) influencing the cloud cover of the atmosphere (Tinsley et al., 1989; Shumilov et al., 1996; Svensmark and FriisChristensen, 1997; Palle and Butler, 2001; Carslaw et al., 2002, Kasatkina and Shumilov, 2005) and UVB-radiation (Haigh, 1996). The 11-year and 80–90 solar cycles are apparent in solar radiation and as well in galactic cosmic ray variations (Tinsley et al., 1989; Lean et al., 1995;
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Svensmark and Friis-Christensen, 1997; McCracken et al., 2001). At the same time, the bidecadal Hale cycle, related to a reversal of the main solar magnetic field direction is practically absent in either solar radiation (Lean et al., 1995) or in galactic cosmic ray variation (Webber and Lockwood, 1988). Besides we cannot identify any physical mechanisms by which a reversal in the main solar magnetic field direction could influence climate. However, the 22-year cycle has been identified practically in all regional climatic and temperature records all over the world (D’Arrigo and Jacoby, 1991; Plaut et al., 1995; Cook et al., 1997; Hoyt and Schatten, 1997; Baliunas et al., 1997; Rigozo et al., 2002; Gusev et al., 2004). In contrast, the 11-year solar cycle is not easily detectable in climate records worldwide and where a signal is apparent it is often preserved with lower amplitudes compared with those of the 22-year cycle (Molinari et al., 1997; White et al., 1997). The other 80–90-year solar cycle is less commonly preserved in climatic records (Stocker, 1994). The 33-year (Bruckner) solar cycle, the physical nature of which currently remains unknown, has only been identified in a limited number of regions: Northern Finland (Stocker, 1994), Chile (Roig et al., 2001), Mexico (Mendoza et al., 2001) and North America (Scuderi, 1993; Dean et al., 2002). Below we analyze new evidence of bidecadal variations in Arctic and their possible extraterrestrial origin.
Fig. 1. Example of MTM-spectrum of tree-ring record with clearly impressed solar cycles from Kola Peninsula, Apatity (67.5N, 33.5EE), 1601–2000. The lower and upper lines represent 90% and 99% confidence limits.
Data and method For analysis, we used 14 tree-ring records from three sites distributed longitudinally over a large part of Arctic (Kola Peninsula, Northern Lapland and Northern Siberia). Tree-ring data (Pinus sylvestris L.) were sampled in Northern Lapland (40 km from Sodankyla; 671220 N, 261380 E; 2 series), Kola Peninsula (671330 –681360 N; 311450 –341580 E; 11 series), which were collected up to date and Northern Syberia [(Taymir region, 721300 N, 1051100 E; Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen (Jacoby et al., 2000)]. The samples were cross-dated and ring widths were measured using standard dendrochronological techniques and COFECHA (Holmes, 1983) and ARSTAN (Cook and Kairiukstis, 1990) programs. Most of the series begin in the 1700s, the longest one begins in 1524. All data series were spectrally analyzed with help of a multi-taped method (MTM) (Thomson, 1982) in order to look for solar activity signals.
Results and discussion MTM spectral analysis revealed 4–7, 11, 22, 33, 66, 80–100 year periodicity with 90% (or higher) confidence level for Kola and Lapland series (Fig. 1). However, by
Fig. 2. The same as in Fig. 1, but for Northern Siberia, Taymir (72.5N, 105.2E), 1581–1997.
the method used, no cycles at significant level were found in Siberian (Fig. 2) and Stockholm (Fig. 3) treering records with exception of the 22-year one. Peaks between 4 and 7 year may be related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) (Mokhov et al., 2000) together with other peaks corresponding to solar cycles. As noted earlier, the periods of 11-year and 80–90-year solar cycles were identified in variations of solar irradiance and galactic cosmic rays. These periods are also evident in climatic variations. There are several reasons to consider the 33-year cycle observed in Kola and Lapland series to be of a solar origin. For example, it was discovered in variations of magnetic index (Ap) and as well as in sunspots, although it was very unstable (Gonzalez et al., 1993). This period seems to be
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Fig. 4. The Sun and the nearest stars moving through filaments of interstellar clouds (Frisch, 2000). Fig. 3. The same as in Fig. 1, but for Fennoscandia, Stockholm (59N, 18E), 1660–1995.
interpreted taking into account the Sun’s oscillation about the center of mass of the solar system (Landscheidt, 1990). As for the 22-year solar cycle, although it is perceivable in climatic records, any physical mechanisms by which a reversal in the solar magnetic field could influence climate are still missing (Baranyi et al., 1995). We present here one of possible reasons for the appearance of this periodicity in the climate records. A potential cause of this phenomenon is the variation of stardust flux inside of the solar system. The stardust is embedded in the local galactic cloud through which the Sun is moving at a speed of 26 km/s (Fig. 4) (Frisch, 2000). Within about 50,000 years, the solar system could enter a cloud that’s 1 million times denser. It will have a significant impact on the Earth’s atmosphere and climate (McCrea, 1975; McKay and Thomas, 1978; Frisch, 2000). As far as is known, the Sun’s magnetic field protects the inner solar system from the interstellar dust penetration, and dust grains may be focused in the plane of the ecliptic or diverted from the plane depending on its polarity, which changes every 11 years (Zank and Frisch, 1999; Frisch, 2000). The most recent observations by the DUST experiment on board Ulysses have shown that this magnetic shield has lost its protective power during the recent solar maximum, and stardust level inside of the solar system was trebled (Landgraf et al., 2003). According to model simulations, in the reversed configuration after the recent solar maximum (North negative, south positive), the interstellar dust is even channeled more effectively towards the inner solar system (Landgraf, 2000; Altobelli et al., 2003; Landgraf et al., 2003). Dust grains with radii of 0.4 mm (and more) can penetrate deeply into the inner solar system. Of course, any effects on Earth will likely involve secondary processes. Stardust increase in the solar system will create more cosmic dust by collisions
with asteroids or comets. It is possible that the increase of stardust in the solar system will influence on the amount of extraterrestrial material that rains down to Earth and thus impact the Earth’s weather and climate (McCrea, 1975; McKay and Thomas, 1978; Zank and Frisch, 1999; Frisch, 2000; Landgraf et al., 2003). It is important to note also, however, that in a number of models climatic variations with periods in the range from 11 to 90 years are interpreted exclusively in terms of internal processes (ocean–atmosphere interaction, thermohaline circulation) without consideration of the role of solar forcing (Wohlleben and Weaverm, 1995; Latif, 1998).
Conclusions A new possible explanation of the appearance of 22year periodicity in climatic records based on dendrochronological data has been suggested. The origin of this cycle in climatic records has been explained in terms of interstellar dust penetration inside the solar system depending on the main solar magnetic field reversals. Increase of stardust during these reversals will influence the amount of extraterrestrial material that rains down to Earth and affect climate change. The stardust would influence the Earth’s climate together the other agents of extraterrestrial origin (solar radiation and cosmic rays modulated by solar activity).
Acknowledgements This work was supported by a Grant from The Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant no. 0506-97528), by the Program ‘Biodiversity and dynamics of gene pool’ of the Russian Academy and by the Regional Scientific Program of Murmansk region.
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Dendrochronologia 24 (2007) 131–135 www.elsevier.de/dendro
SHORT ARTICLE
Stardust component in tree rings E. Kasatkinaa, O. Shumilova,, N.V. Lukinab, M. Krapiecc, G. Jacobyd a
Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems, Kola Science Center RAS, P.O. Box 162, 184209 Apatity, Russia Centre for Forest Ecology and Productivity RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia c Polish Geological Institute, Carpatian Branch, 31-560 Cracow, Poland d Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, NY 10964, USA b
Received 13 December 2005; accepted 1 June 2006
Abstract Tree-ring series collected from different parts of Arctic (Fennoscandia, Kola Peninsula and Northern Siberia) are investigated by means of the multi-taped method (MTM) of spectral analysis. Results of spectral analysis allow us to select the main periods of solar variability (22-, 30–33- and 80–90-year solar cycles) in Kola and Fennoscandia tree-ring chronologies. Besides it was found that only periodicities of around 20 years are present in Siberian and Stockholm series, respectively. With respect to 11-year periodicity, which is the most prominent one in sunspot number spectrum (Schwabe cycle) it may be said that it hardly appeared in Arctic tree-ring series. Although the 22-year cycles in climatic records are perceivable (it is also evident from our and other results), any physical mechanisms by which a reversal in the solar magnetic field could influence climate are still missing. To our mind, a potential cause of this phenomenon seems to be a variation of stardust flux inside the solar system. The most recent observations in frame of the DUST experiment on board the Ulysses spacecraft have shown that stardust level inside of the solar system was trebled during the recent solar maximum (Landgraf et al., 2003. Penetration of the heliosphere by the interstellar dust stream during solar maximum. Journal Geophysical Research 108, 8030). It is possible that the periodic increase of stardust in the solar system will influence the amount of extraterrestrial material that rains down to the Earth and consequently down to the Earth’s atmosphere and may affect climate through alteration of atmospheric transparency and albedo. r 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Keywords: Solar cycles; Interstellar dust; Tree-ring chronologies; Climate; Cosmic rays; Solar radiation
Introduction An existence of low-frequency variability in climatic parameters seems to be connected to solar cycles. The most expressed periodicities are: 11-year (Schwabe), 22year (Hale), 33-year (Bruckner) and 80–100 (Gleissberg) cycles. The main heliophysical factors acting on climate, biosphere and atmospheric state are solar irradiance Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (O. Shumilov). 1125-7865/$ - see front matter r 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.dendro.2006.10.005
(Reid, 1991; Lean et al., 1995; Douglass and Clader, 2002), intensity of solar and galactic cosmic rays (relativistic particles with energies 4500 MeV) influencing the cloud cover of the atmosphere (Tinsley et al., 1989; Shumilov et al., 1996; Svensmark and FriisChristensen, 1997; Palle and Butler, 2001; Carslaw et al., 2002, Kasatkina and Shumilov, 2005) and UVB-radiation (Haigh, 1996). The 11-year and 80–90 solar cycles are apparent in solar radiation and as well in galactic cosmic ray variations (Tinsley et al., 1989; Lean et al., 1995;
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Svensmark and Friis-Christensen, 1997; McCracken et al., 2001). At the same time, the bidecadal Hale cycle, related to a reversal of the main solar magnetic field direction is practically absent in either solar radiation (Lean et al., 1995) or in galactic cosmic ray variation (Webber and Lockwood, 1988). Besides we cannot identify any physical mechanisms by which a reversal in the main solar magnetic field direction could influence climate. However, the 22-year cycle has been identified practically in all regional climatic and temperature records all over the world (D’Arrigo and Jacoby, 1991; Plaut et al., 1995; Cook et al., 1997; Hoyt and Schatten, 1997; Baliunas et al., 1997; Rigozo et al., 2002; Gusev et al., 2004). In contrast, the 11-year solar cycle is not easily detectable in climate records worldwide and where a signal is apparent it is often preserved with lower amplitudes compared with those of the 22-year cycle (Molinari et al., 1997; White et al., 1997). The other 80–90-year solar cycle is less commonly preserved in climatic records (Stocker, 1994). The 33-year (Bruckner) solar cycle, the physical nature of which currently remains unknown, has only been identified in a limited number of regions: Northern Finland (Stocker, 1994), Chile (Roig et al., 2001), Mexico (Mendoza et al., 2001) and North America (Scuderi, 1993; Dean et al., 2002). Below we analyze new evidence of bidecadal variations in Arctic and their possible extraterrestrial origin.
Fig. 1. Example of MTM-spectrum of tree-ring record with clearly impressed solar cycles from Kola Peninsula, Apatity (67.5N, 33.5EE), 1601–2000. The lower and upper lines represent 90% and 99% confidence limits.
Data and method For analysis, we used 14 tree-ring records from three sites distributed longitudinally over a large part of Arctic (Kola Peninsula, Northern Lapland and Northern Siberia). Tree-ring data (Pinus sylvestris L.) were sampled in Northern Lapland (40 km from Sodankyla; 671220 N, 261380 E; 2 series), Kola Peninsula (671330 –681360 N; 311450 –341580 E; 11 series), which were collected up to date and Northern Syberia [(Taymir region, 721300 N, 1051100 E; Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen (Jacoby et al., 2000)]. The samples were cross-dated and ring widths were measured using standard dendrochronological techniques and COFECHA (Holmes, 1983) and ARSTAN (Cook and Kairiukstis, 1990) programs. Most of the series begin in the 1700s, the longest one begins in 1524. All data series were spectrally analyzed with help of a multi-taped method (MTM) (Thomson, 1982) in order to look for solar activity signals.
Results and discussion MTM spectral analysis revealed 4–7, 11, 22, 33, 66, 80–100 year periodicity with 90% (or higher) confidence level for Kola and Lapland series (Fig. 1). However, by
Fig. 2. The same as in Fig. 1, but for Northern Siberia, Taymir (72.5N, 105.2E), 1581–1997.
the method used, no cycles at significant level were found in Siberian (Fig. 2) and Stockholm (Fig. 3) treering records with exception of the 22-year one. Peaks between 4 and 7 year may be related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) (Mokhov et al., 2000) together with other peaks corresponding to solar cycles. As noted earlier, the periods of 11-year and 80–90-year solar cycles were identified in variations of solar irradiance and galactic cosmic rays. These periods are also evident in climatic variations. There are several reasons to consider the 33-year cycle observed in Kola and Lapland series to be of a solar origin. For example, it was discovered in variations of magnetic index (Ap) and as well as in sunspots, although it was very unstable (Gonzalez et al., 1993). This period seems to be
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Fig. 4. The Sun and the nearest stars moving through filaments of interstellar clouds (Frisch, 2000). Fig. 3. The same as in Fig. 1, but for Fennoscandia, Stockholm (59N, 18E), 1660–1995.
interpreted taking into account the Sun’s oscillation about the center of mass of the solar system (Landscheidt, 1990). As for the 22-year solar cycle, although it is perceivable in climatic records, any physical mechanisms by which a reversal in the solar magnetic field could influence climate are still missing (Baranyi et al., 1995). We present here one of possible reasons for the appearance of this periodicity in the climate records. A potential cause of this phenomenon is the variation of stardust flux inside of the solar system. The stardust is embedded in the local galactic cloud through which the Sun is moving at a speed of 26 km/s (Fig. 4) (Frisch, 2000). Within about 50,000 years, the solar system could enter a cloud that’s 1 million times denser. It will have a significant impact on the Earth’s atmosphere and climate (McCrea, 1975; McKay and Thomas, 1978; Frisch, 2000). As far as is known, the Sun’s magnetic field protects the inner solar system from the interstellar dust penetration, and dust grains may be focused in the plane of the ecliptic or diverted from the plane depending on its polarity, which changes every 11 years (Zank and Frisch, 1999; Frisch, 2000). The most recent observations by the DUST experiment on board Ulysses have shown that this magnetic shield has lost its protective power during the recent solar maximum, and stardust level inside of the solar system was trebled (Landgraf et al., 2003). According to model simulations, in the reversed configuration after the recent solar maximum (North negative, south positive), the interstellar dust is even channeled more effectively towards the inner solar system (Landgraf, 2000; Altobelli et al., 2003; Landgraf et al., 2003). Dust grains with radii of 0.4 mm (and more) can penetrate deeply into the inner solar system. Of course, any effects on Earth will likely involve secondary processes. Stardust increase in the solar system will create more cosmic dust by collisions
with asteroids or comets. It is possible that the increase of stardust in the solar system will influence on the amount of extraterrestrial material that rains down to Earth and thus impact the Earth’s weather and climate (McCrea, 1975; McKay and Thomas, 1978; Zank and Frisch, 1999; Frisch, 2000; Landgraf et al., 2003). It is important to note also, however, that in a number of models climatic variations with periods in the range from 11 to 90 years are interpreted exclusively in terms of internal processes (ocean–atmosphere interaction, thermohaline circulation) without consideration of the role of solar forcing (Wohlleben and Weaverm, 1995; Latif, 1998).
Conclusions A new possible explanation of the appearance of 22year periodicity in climatic records based on dendrochronological data has been suggested. The origin of this cycle in climatic records has been explained in terms of interstellar dust penetration inside the solar system depending on the main solar magnetic field reversals. Increase of stardust during these reversals will influence the amount of extraterrestrial material that rains down to Earth and affect climate change. The stardust would influence the Earth’s climate together the other agents of extraterrestrial origin (solar radiation and cosmic rays modulated by solar activity).
Acknowledgements This work was supported by a Grant from The Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant no. 0506-97528), by the Program ‘Biodiversity and dynamics of gene pool’ of the Russian Academy and by the Regional Scientific Program of Murmansk region.
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