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State of the art in storm-surge protection: the Netherlands Delta Project
1132
F. General
F130. Institutions and services 90:7233 Kerr, R.A., 1990. NOAA revived for the green decade. Science, 248(4960):1177-1179. NOAA's well respected John Knauss is getting that agency off to a fresh start after years of neglect during the Reagan years. An 'environmentally sensitive' president has helped, as has growing public and Congressional concern with climate change and other environmental problems. Its budget proposal is 35% higher than last year's. NOAA's curious mix of functions (research, forecasting and enforcement) in a lot of different areas, not all of them compatible or self-consistent, may result in some redefinition of its mission, but 'it could end up at the head of the pack in the environmental decade.' (fcs) 90:7234 Sheets, R.C., 1990. The National Hurricane Cent e r - p a s t , present and future. Weather Forecasting, 5(2): 185-232. The frequency of hurricanes striking the U.S. has diminished in the last two decades, the very period in which population growth in hurricane-prone areas has skyrocketed; 80%-90% of people living in these areas have never experienced the core of a major hurricane. The potential for loss of life and property from hurricanes has never been greater, and much longer evacuation lead times are required. But longer lead times come at the expense of certainty with regard to both the track and the severity of the storm. Because hurricane preparation will cost an average of $50 million (not counting such soft losses as the cancellation of motel reservations), the risk of false alarms is a serious problem in its own right. ttere, the history and progress of the National Hurricane Center in both forecasting and warning procedures is described, with some discussion of the years ahead. Natl. tturricane Ctr., N O A A / E R L , IRE Bldg., Rm. 631, 1320 S. Dixie Hwy., Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA. (fcs)
F170. Engineering and industry 90:7235 Arnold, M.S. and S.A. Tait, 1990. Offshore installation of ocean outfaUs diffuser assemblies. J. Petrol. Teehnol, 42(6):801-805. The Sydney [Australia] Water Board commissioned the design and construction of three subsea ocean outfalls to handle the sewage disposal needs of the area for the next 100 years. The outfalls consist of three underground tunnels, extending up to 3 miles
OLR (1990) 37 (12)
offshore, that connect with 93 riser shafts capped with diffuser heads and supported by caissons. This paper discusses the methods and equipment used to install those ocean outfalls. 90:7236 Caolo, A.C. and Stephen Spotte, 1990. Design of a rapid-flow seawater supply system for the University of Connecticut's marine laboratory at Noank. Ocean Engng, 17(I/2):171-178. We describe the design of a system installed at the University of Connecticut's Noank laboratory on Long Island Sound. Biofouling has been eliminated by uninterrupted rapid flow; simple degassing units seem to have solved the gas supersaturation problem. Engineering features of the system are described in detail. Potential problems and future improvements are discussed. General Dynam., Electric Boat Div., 75 Eastern Point Rd., Groton, CT 06340, USA. 90:7237 Gomathinayagam, S., M.V. Dharaneepathy and M.N.K. Rao, 1990. The influence of wavecurrent sea states on the reliability estimates of offshore towers. Ocean Engng, 17(I/2):105-124. Since offshore towers are high-cost, high-risk structures, reliability analysis is of great importance in their design. This paper presents a possible practical approach to certify a design through selective reliability estimation of structural members in extreme stress and fatigue limit states. A spectral approach for the extreme response statistics with stochastic loading is described. Two numerical examples, a 3-D shallow water model and a 2-D deep water model are presented along with the influences of stochastic variables (sea state, current, tubular member diameter) on reliabilities (extreme stress and fatigue damage). Structural Engng Res. Ctr., CSIR Campus, Taramani Madras 600 113, India. 90:7238 Schalck, S. and J. Baatrup, 1990. Hydrostatic stability calculations by pressure integration. Ocean Engng, 12(1/2):155-169. Dept. of Ocean Engng, Tech. Univ. of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. 90:7239 Watson, lan and C.W. Finkl Jr., 1990. State of the art in storm-surge protection: the Netherlands Delta Project. J. coast. Res~ 6(3):739-764. A multi-billion dollar complex of coastal construction protects the delta-estuarine region of the
OLR(I990)37 (12)
F. General
southwest Netherlands from a repeat of the 1953 storm-surge that killed 1835 people. The Delta Project is one of the world's greatest civil-engineering projects; its 11 major and multiple secondary components have the function of (1) closing off three main estuaries which shorten the coastline by ~ 7 2 0 kin, (2) creating a non-tidal waterway, the Scheldt-Rhine link, which facilitates inland shipping between Antwerp and Rotterdam (120 km), and (3) ensuring the partial environmental preservation of the Delta area. This case history addresses geology and foundation problems, planning and construction sequence, site investigation and foundation preparation, methods of construction, and foundation/ structural interaction. The main focus is the megascale control barrier completed in 1986 across the 7.5 km-wide mouth of the Eastern Scheldt Estuary. The new techniques developed on the project have world-wide application to future coastal and offshore construction. Dept. of Geol., Florida Atlantic Univ., Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
F190. Navigation, cartography, etc. 90:7240 Eaton, R.M., 1990. GPS and the electronic chart will go a long way towards preventing tanker groundings. Lighthouse, 41:27-32. For those who have no experience of bridge watch-keeping it may be difficult to conceive how accidents happen on a ship fitted with modern navigation equipment in a channel marked by buoys and lights. But most people who have served on the bridge have got lost on some occasion and can understand all too easily how confusion builds up, particularly in bad weather or with other distractions. The problem is that it is difficult to merge and visualize instantly three vital pieces of information: where the ship is located, where she is heading, and where the dangers lie. Transferring such information to the chart by hand takes too long and is too error-prone. The Exxon Valdez appears to have been a classic case of grounding in the confusion resulting from altering course to avoid collision with ice. I believe this and many other groundings would have easily been avoided using two new developments in navigation: (1) precise positioning wherever it is needed, by Navstar GPS; and (2) continuous display of ship's position on an electronic chart. Such a system is described. 828 Bisset Rd., RR 1, Dartmouth, NS B2W 3X7, Canada. 90:7241 Lachapelle, G. et al., 1990. Marine DGPS lDifferential Global Positioning System] using code and
I 133 carrier in a multipath environment. Lighthouse, 41:33-37. Surv. Engng, Univ. of Calgary, 2500 Univ. Dr. N.W., Calgary, AB T2N IN4, Canada.
90:7242 Viehoff, Thomas, 1990. A shipborne AVHRR-HRPT receiving and image processing system for polar research [for navigation aid in ice-covered regionsl. Int. J. Remote Sens., 11(5):877-886. Alfred Wegener Inst. fur Polar- und Meeresfors., Columbusstr., 2850 Bremerhaven, FRG. 90:7243 Warren, J.S., L.G. Boone and P. Guibord, 1990. A digital depth model and automated contours. Lighthouse, 41:15-18. A computer program named 'CONTOUR,' written by Boone and Warren of the Canadian Hydrographic Service (1989) places a-grid over the map area, but retains the field data, interpolates secondary depth values, produces a digital depth model for bathymetric data, and creates contours. This program does not generate contours unsupported by the field data, nor does it replace the field data with interpolated values. Field data are retained and used in the interpolation of all other data required to provide the depth model. Contour maps are created with user-selected combinations of contours and/or the values in the model. Canadian Hydrographic Serv., 615 Booth St., Ottawa, ON K I A OE6, Canada. 90:7244 Zoraster, S., 1990. The automatic selection of prime soundings for nautical chart compilation. Lighthouse, 41:9-13. All nautical charts include selected soundings to provide detail about the density of the sounding data from which the depth curves were derived. Today the selection of soundings for chart display is performed manually. This paper describes a computer algorithm which selects 'prime soundings' for display on a nautical chart from a set of soundings provided to support chart compilation. Prime soundings are those that contain maximum information for a chart user trying to navigate outside designated channels. Zycor Inc., 220 Foremost Dr., Austin, TX 78745, USA.
F220. Medicine and public health 90:7245 Waldichuk, M., 1990. Editorial. Marine biotoxins
F. General
F130. Institutions and services 90:7233 Kerr, R.A., 1990. NOAA revived for the green decade. Science, 248(4960):1177-1179. NOAA's well respected John Knauss is getting that agency off to a fresh start after years of neglect during the Reagan years. An 'environmentally sensitive' president has helped, as has growing public and Congressional concern with climate change and other environmental problems. Its budget proposal is 35% higher than last year's. NOAA's curious mix of functions (research, forecasting and enforcement) in a lot of different areas, not all of them compatible or self-consistent, may result in some redefinition of its mission, but 'it could end up at the head of the pack in the environmental decade.' (fcs) 90:7234 Sheets, R.C., 1990. The National Hurricane Cent e r - p a s t , present and future. Weather Forecasting, 5(2): 185-232. The frequency of hurricanes striking the U.S. has diminished in the last two decades, the very period in which population growth in hurricane-prone areas has skyrocketed; 80%-90% of people living in these areas have never experienced the core of a major hurricane. The potential for loss of life and property from hurricanes has never been greater, and much longer evacuation lead times are required. But longer lead times come at the expense of certainty with regard to both the track and the severity of the storm. Because hurricane preparation will cost an average of $50 million (not counting such soft losses as the cancellation of motel reservations), the risk of false alarms is a serious problem in its own right. ttere, the history and progress of the National Hurricane Center in both forecasting and warning procedures is described, with some discussion of the years ahead. Natl. tturricane Ctr., N O A A / E R L , IRE Bldg., Rm. 631, 1320 S. Dixie Hwy., Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA. (fcs)
F170. Engineering and industry 90:7235 Arnold, M.S. and S.A. Tait, 1990. Offshore installation of ocean outfaUs diffuser assemblies. J. Petrol. Teehnol, 42(6):801-805. The Sydney [Australia] Water Board commissioned the design and construction of three subsea ocean outfalls to handle the sewage disposal needs of the area for the next 100 years. The outfalls consist of three underground tunnels, extending up to 3 miles
OLR (1990) 37 (12)
offshore, that connect with 93 riser shafts capped with diffuser heads and supported by caissons. This paper discusses the methods and equipment used to install those ocean outfalls. 90:7236 Caolo, A.C. and Stephen Spotte, 1990. Design of a rapid-flow seawater supply system for the University of Connecticut's marine laboratory at Noank. Ocean Engng, 17(I/2):171-178. We describe the design of a system installed at the University of Connecticut's Noank laboratory on Long Island Sound. Biofouling has been eliminated by uninterrupted rapid flow; simple degassing units seem to have solved the gas supersaturation problem. Engineering features of the system are described in detail. Potential problems and future improvements are discussed. General Dynam., Electric Boat Div., 75 Eastern Point Rd., Groton, CT 06340, USA. 90:7237 Gomathinayagam, S., M.V. Dharaneepathy and M.N.K. Rao, 1990. The influence of wavecurrent sea states on the reliability estimates of offshore towers. Ocean Engng, 17(I/2):105-124. Since offshore towers are high-cost, high-risk structures, reliability analysis is of great importance in their design. This paper presents a possible practical approach to certify a design through selective reliability estimation of structural members in extreme stress and fatigue limit states. A spectral approach for the extreme response statistics with stochastic loading is described. Two numerical examples, a 3-D shallow water model and a 2-D deep water model are presented along with the influences of stochastic variables (sea state, current, tubular member diameter) on reliabilities (extreme stress and fatigue damage). Structural Engng Res. Ctr., CSIR Campus, Taramani Madras 600 113, India. 90:7238 Schalck, S. and J. Baatrup, 1990. Hydrostatic stability calculations by pressure integration. Ocean Engng, 12(1/2):155-169. Dept. of Ocean Engng, Tech. Univ. of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. 90:7239 Watson, lan and C.W. Finkl Jr., 1990. State of the art in storm-surge protection: the Netherlands Delta Project. J. coast. Res~ 6(3):739-764. A multi-billion dollar complex of coastal construction protects the delta-estuarine region of the
OLR(I990)37 (12)
F. General
southwest Netherlands from a repeat of the 1953 storm-surge that killed 1835 people. The Delta Project is one of the world's greatest civil-engineering projects; its 11 major and multiple secondary components have the function of (1) closing off three main estuaries which shorten the coastline by ~ 7 2 0 kin, (2) creating a non-tidal waterway, the Scheldt-Rhine link, which facilitates inland shipping between Antwerp and Rotterdam (120 km), and (3) ensuring the partial environmental preservation of the Delta area. This case history addresses geology and foundation problems, planning and construction sequence, site investigation and foundation preparation, methods of construction, and foundation/ structural interaction. The main focus is the megascale control barrier completed in 1986 across the 7.5 km-wide mouth of the Eastern Scheldt Estuary. The new techniques developed on the project have world-wide application to future coastal and offshore construction. Dept. of Geol., Florida Atlantic Univ., Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
F190. Navigation, cartography, etc. 90:7240 Eaton, R.M., 1990. GPS and the electronic chart will go a long way towards preventing tanker groundings. Lighthouse, 41:27-32. For those who have no experience of bridge watch-keeping it may be difficult to conceive how accidents happen on a ship fitted with modern navigation equipment in a channel marked by buoys and lights. But most people who have served on the bridge have got lost on some occasion and can understand all too easily how confusion builds up, particularly in bad weather or with other distractions. The problem is that it is difficult to merge and visualize instantly three vital pieces of information: where the ship is located, where she is heading, and where the dangers lie. Transferring such information to the chart by hand takes too long and is too error-prone. The Exxon Valdez appears to have been a classic case of grounding in the confusion resulting from altering course to avoid collision with ice. I believe this and many other groundings would have easily been avoided using two new developments in navigation: (1) precise positioning wherever it is needed, by Navstar GPS; and (2) continuous display of ship's position on an electronic chart. Such a system is described. 828 Bisset Rd., RR 1, Dartmouth, NS B2W 3X7, Canada. 90:7241 Lachapelle, G. et al., 1990. Marine DGPS lDifferential Global Positioning System] using code and
I 133 carrier in a multipath environment. Lighthouse, 41:33-37. Surv. Engng, Univ. of Calgary, 2500 Univ. Dr. N.W., Calgary, AB T2N IN4, Canada.
90:7242 Viehoff, Thomas, 1990. A shipborne AVHRR-HRPT receiving and image processing system for polar research [for navigation aid in ice-covered regionsl. Int. J. Remote Sens., 11(5):877-886. Alfred Wegener Inst. fur Polar- und Meeresfors., Columbusstr., 2850 Bremerhaven, FRG. 90:7243 Warren, J.S., L.G. Boone and P. Guibord, 1990. A digital depth model and automated contours. Lighthouse, 41:15-18. A computer program named 'CONTOUR,' written by Boone and Warren of the Canadian Hydrographic Service (1989) places a-grid over the map area, but retains the field data, interpolates secondary depth values, produces a digital depth model for bathymetric data, and creates contours. This program does not generate contours unsupported by the field data, nor does it replace the field data with interpolated values. Field data are retained and used in the interpolation of all other data required to provide the depth model. Contour maps are created with user-selected combinations of contours and/or the values in the model. Canadian Hydrographic Serv., 615 Booth St., Ottawa, ON K I A OE6, Canada. 90:7244 Zoraster, S., 1990. The automatic selection of prime soundings for nautical chart compilation. Lighthouse, 41:9-13. All nautical charts include selected soundings to provide detail about the density of the sounding data from which the depth curves were derived. Today the selection of soundings for chart display is performed manually. This paper describes a computer algorithm which selects 'prime soundings' for display on a nautical chart from a set of soundings provided to support chart compilation. Prime soundings are those that contain maximum information for a chart user trying to navigate outside designated channels. Zycor Inc., 220 Foremost Dr., Austin, TX 78745, USA.
F220. Medicine and public health 90:7245 Waldichuk, M., 1990. Editorial. Marine biotoxins