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Statistical estimates of computed water-vapor radiative flux from clear skies at an oceanic location
Oceanographic Abstracts
752
MALMBERG SVEND-AAGE,1964. Transparency measurements in the Skageracke (Medd. Oceanogr. lnst. Goteborg, 31), (Goteborgs Kungl. Vetenskaps -och Vitterhets-Samhalles HandL, Sjatte Foljden, (b), 9 (1): 18 pp. The distribution of particles and yellow substance were studied by beam transmittance measurements, 4-8 June, 1962, in connection with hydrographic work in the Kattegat and the inner Skagcrack. The distribution and characteristics of the different water masses in the area are distinguished : the Baltic water (S%o < 32, ay > 0-30), the Continental Coastal Water ( S ~ < 34, ay = 0.10--0.30), the Skagcrack Water (S%o < 34, ay = 0-05-0"10), and the Atlantic Water (S o / > 35, ay < 0"05). The most peculiar feature in the beam transmittance observations is the concentrated water mass with low turbidity in the near surface layer over the shelf edge north of Skagen (St. 25) and between Pater Noster and Skagen (St. 1'/3). This water mass is not distinguished in the t-S diagram. Also the beam transmittance observations show the cyclonic movements of the waters in the Skagerack beneath the surface layer as a narrow current, revealed by the low turbidity at Stations 25 a n d 50. The relation between salinity and yellow substance for all stations in the area shows two or three functions, confined to the following regions : the Kattegat off the west coast of Sweden to H~II6 Fyr; the central part of Skagerack and south of Norway; around Skagen. Two water masses of a relatively low salinity (Kattegat Water and Skagerack Water) are distinguished and their mixing with a third water mass of a relatively high salinity (Atlantic Water) is revealed. A general inverse relationship was found between salinity and yellow substance, a n d hence the relationship may be different for two water masses of the same salinity. The usefulness of yellow substance in determining water masses and describing their mixing processes is clearly demonstrated. MAN'rEN A. A., 1964. The origin of marine geology. Mar. Geol., 2 (1/2): 1-28. It may seem to be somewhat arbitrary to end a review of the history of marine geology with the publication of the results of the Challenger expedition. Nevertheless, the author believes there is reason to do so. As stated, this expedition opened up a new stage in the development of this field. Even before the end of the nineteenth century, a few dozen further deep-sea expeditions were carried out, and a great many more followed in the twentieth century. Studies in shallow marine areas also vastly developed. If justice is to be done to all the work since the Challenger expedition, the limits of a journal paper will have to be greatly exceeded. MARTIN F. L. and W. C. PALMER, 1964. Statistical estimates of computed water-vapor radiative flux from ciear skies at an oceanic location. J. Appl., Met., 3 (6): 780-787. Based upon 4 yrs of complete data, spanning 1957-1960, at Ship P, ' clear s k y ' multiple regression equations were obtained relating computed long-wave flux from water vapour over Ship P to shipboard measurements of the black-body flux and the square root of vapour pressure, as the two independent variables. The water-vapour radiative flux computations were made using the ' t o t a l water v a p o u r ' flux tables in the recent Etsasser-Culbertson Meteorological Monograph. In order to limit the noise, only those clear-sky cases synoptic with the filing time of radiosondes were selected. The multiple correlation coefficient was of the order of 0.95. Statistical tests indicate, at high confidence levels, that bbth independent variables gave significant contributions to the explained variance. MATHER J. g., H. ADAMS IlI and G. A. YOSHIOKA, 1964. Coastal storms of the eastern United States. J. AppL Met., 3 (6): 693-706. Storms resulting in damage to the East Coast of the United States over the past 42 yrs have been classified into eight different synoptic situations : hurricanes; wave developments welt east of the southeast coast or in the vicinity of Cuba; wave developments over Florida or the nearby Atlantic coastal waters; wave developments in the Gulf of Mexico west of 85°W longitude; inland depressions that deepen upon reaching the coast; secondary cyclonic disturbances in the Hatteras area; intense cyclones moving northeastward, west of the coast; and strong cold fronts with associated squall lines. The seasonal and geographical distributions of these storm types are investigated. Coastal storms of moderate to severe intensity might be expected at any place along the East Coast of the United States o n an average of once every 1.4 yrs in New York and New Jersey, the area of most frequent occurrence, to once every 4.2 yr in Georgia, the area of least frequent occurrence. MAZOR E., G. J. WASSERnURG and H. CRAIG, 1964. Rare gases in Pacific Ocean water.
Deep-
Sea Res., 1t (6): 929-932. Concentrations of helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon have been measured in some South Pacific waters. For the latter four gases the observed concentrations are generally consistent to about - I0 per cent with concentrations expected for solubility equilibrium with the atmosphere at the observed water temperatures. McGARR AR'rHtJR, 1965. Excitation of seiches in channels by seismic waves. J. Geophys. Res., 70 (4): 847-854. Description of seiches which occurred along the G u l f Coast of the United States and in Norway at the times of the Alaskan earthquake of 1964 and the Assam earthquake of 1950 are reviewed. An analytical expression is derived for the effect of seismic surface waves on a water channel of width
752
MALMBERG SVEND-AAGE,1964. Transparency measurements in the Skageracke (Medd. Oceanogr. lnst. Goteborg, 31), (Goteborgs Kungl. Vetenskaps -och Vitterhets-Samhalles HandL, Sjatte Foljden, (b), 9 (1): 18 pp. The distribution of particles and yellow substance were studied by beam transmittance measurements, 4-8 June, 1962, in connection with hydrographic work in the Kattegat and the inner Skagcrack. The distribution and characteristics of the different water masses in the area are distinguished : the Baltic water (S%o < 32, ay > 0-30), the Continental Coastal Water ( S ~ < 34, ay = 0.10--0.30), the Skagcrack Water (S%o < 34, ay = 0-05-0"10), and the Atlantic Water (S o / > 35, ay < 0"05). The most peculiar feature in the beam transmittance observations is the concentrated water mass with low turbidity in the near surface layer over the shelf edge north of Skagen (St. 25) and between Pater Noster and Skagen (St. 1'/3). This water mass is not distinguished in the t-S diagram. Also the beam transmittance observations show the cyclonic movements of the waters in the Skagerack beneath the surface layer as a narrow current, revealed by the low turbidity at Stations 25 a n d 50. The relation between salinity and yellow substance for all stations in the area shows two or three functions, confined to the following regions : the Kattegat off the west coast of Sweden to H~II6 Fyr; the central part of Skagerack and south of Norway; around Skagen. Two water masses of a relatively low salinity (Kattegat Water and Skagerack Water) are distinguished and their mixing with a third water mass of a relatively high salinity (Atlantic Water) is revealed. A general inverse relationship was found between salinity and yellow substance, a n d hence the relationship may be different for two water masses of the same salinity. The usefulness of yellow substance in determining water masses and describing their mixing processes is clearly demonstrated. MAN'rEN A. A., 1964. The origin of marine geology. Mar. Geol., 2 (1/2): 1-28. It may seem to be somewhat arbitrary to end a review of the history of marine geology with the publication of the results of the Challenger expedition. Nevertheless, the author believes there is reason to do so. As stated, this expedition opened up a new stage in the development of this field. Even before the end of the nineteenth century, a few dozen further deep-sea expeditions were carried out, and a great many more followed in the twentieth century. Studies in shallow marine areas also vastly developed. If justice is to be done to all the work since the Challenger expedition, the limits of a journal paper will have to be greatly exceeded. MARTIN F. L. and W. C. PALMER, 1964. Statistical estimates of computed water-vapor radiative flux from ciear skies at an oceanic location. J. Appl., Met., 3 (6): 780-787. Based upon 4 yrs of complete data, spanning 1957-1960, at Ship P, ' clear s k y ' multiple regression equations were obtained relating computed long-wave flux from water vapour over Ship P to shipboard measurements of the black-body flux and the square root of vapour pressure, as the two independent variables. The water-vapour radiative flux computations were made using the ' t o t a l water v a p o u r ' flux tables in the recent Etsasser-Culbertson Meteorological Monograph. In order to limit the noise, only those clear-sky cases synoptic with the filing time of radiosondes were selected. The multiple correlation coefficient was of the order of 0.95. Statistical tests indicate, at high confidence levels, that bbth independent variables gave significant contributions to the explained variance. MATHER J. g., H. ADAMS IlI and G. A. YOSHIOKA, 1964. Coastal storms of the eastern United States. J. AppL Met., 3 (6): 693-706. Storms resulting in damage to the East Coast of the United States over the past 42 yrs have been classified into eight different synoptic situations : hurricanes; wave developments welt east of the southeast coast or in the vicinity of Cuba; wave developments over Florida or the nearby Atlantic coastal waters; wave developments in the Gulf of Mexico west of 85°W longitude; inland depressions that deepen upon reaching the coast; secondary cyclonic disturbances in the Hatteras area; intense cyclones moving northeastward, west of the coast; and strong cold fronts with associated squall lines. The seasonal and geographical distributions of these storm types are investigated. Coastal storms of moderate to severe intensity might be expected at any place along the East Coast of the United States o n an average of once every 1.4 yrs in New York and New Jersey, the area of most frequent occurrence, to once every 4.2 yr in Georgia, the area of least frequent occurrence. MAZOR E., G. J. WASSERnURG and H. CRAIG, 1964. Rare gases in Pacific Ocean water.
Deep-
Sea Res., 1t (6): 929-932. Concentrations of helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon have been measured in some South Pacific waters. For the latter four gases the observed concentrations are generally consistent to about - I0 per cent with concentrations expected for solubility equilibrium with the atmosphere at the observed water temperatures. McGARR AR'rHtJR, 1965. Excitation of seiches in channels by seismic waves. J. Geophys. Res., 70 (4): 847-854. Description of seiches which occurred along the G u l f Coast of the United States and in Norway at the times of the Alaskan earthquake of 1964 and the Assam earthquake of 1950 are reviewed. An analytical expression is derived for the effect of seismic surface waves on a water channel of width