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Stature estimation in Iranian population from x-ray measurements of femur and tibia bones
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Stature estimation in Iranian population from x-ray measurements of femur and tibia bones Maryam Ramezani , Vahid Shokri , Zeynab Salehi , Kamal Aldin Niknami PII: DOI: Reference:
S2212-4780(19)30086-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jofri.2019.100343 JOFRI 100343
To appear in:
Journal of Forensic Radiology and Imaging
Received date: Revised date: Accepted date:
7 August 2019 1 October 2019 17 October 2019
Please cite this article as: Maryam Ramezani , Vahid Shokri , Zeynab Salehi , Kamal Aldin Niknami , Stature estimation in Iranian population from x-ray measurements of femur and tibia bones, Journal of Forensic Radiology and Imaging (2019), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jofri.2019.100343
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. © 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Highlights
We investigative the measurements of the femur and tibia bones for estimating stature in Iranian.
Stature was significantly correlated with the maximum lengths of femur and tibia.
The maximum lengths of men’s femur and tibia provide the most accurate result.
Femur and tibia measurements can be utilized for stature estimation.
1
Stature estimation in Iranian population from x-ray measurements of femur and tibia bones
Running title: Stature estimation in Iranian population
Maryam Ramezania, Vahid Shokrib, Zeynab Salehic, Kamal Aldin Niknami*,a, [email protected] a
Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
b
Department of Anatomy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. c
Department of Anatomy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz, Iran.
*
Correspondences:
Abstract Introduction: Stature estimation of human skeletal remains is important in medico-legal and forensic anthropology to personal identification. Several investigations have been carried out to estimating the height using the long bones. This study aimed was prediction the height of Iranian people based on the maximum length of femur and tibia by application of X-Ray method. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the radiology department of Baqiyatallah Hospital of Tehran, Iran between 2017 and 2018. The number of 166 adult women and men were investigated during the study period. Maximum lengths of the tibia and femur bones were measured on the X-Ray images. In the following, the data were analyzed by SPSS (ver. 22). Results: The results showed that there was a correlation between the stature and both of the femur and tibia lengths in the men and women (P-value <0.001). However, the highest values of correlation coefficient (R) were detected between the stature and lengths of the men’s tibia 2
(R=0.838) and femur (R=0.815) and lowest values were identified in the tibia (R=0.467) and femur(R=0.431) lengths of the women, respectively. The lowest value for standard error of the estimation (SEE) and the highest value for the coefficient of determination (R2) were observed in multiple regression equation derived from the lengths of the men’s femur and tibia (R2=0.736 and SEE=5.64 ). Conclusion: Data confirmed that lengths of the tibia and femur of the men yield the best results in terms of the accuracy of the stature estimation in Iranian population. Keywords: Forensic anthropology; Stature estimation; Iranian population; Femur; Tibia; X-Ray
1. Introduction Personal identification is a prominent task in medico-legal and forensic anthropometry that specialists in these fields collect the information from the physical body and skeletal remains [1]. This information includes age, stature, gender, and race [1]. Stature determination is more important because other factors (age and race) and also, nutrition and weather can be affected it [2-4]. Rollet was the first that showed the relationship between body measurements and the stature [3]. Further studies confirmed that there is a positive correlation between the stature and the length of the long bones [5-7]. As mentioned above, Sex, race, and nutrition affect the dimensions of the physical body hence; evaluation of the stature must be done in the specific sex, area, and race [8-10]. Anatomical methods and numerical calculations are used in order to estimate of the stature [11]. In the anatomical method usually, bone components such as the vertebral column, skull, and lower limb bones are not complete therefore, the error will be greater. In the numerical method by using the dimensions of the bones, especially the lower limb bones, obtained mathematical formulas that can be generalized to the skeletal remains of the certain population [2]. 3
Recently many studies have been done to facilitate the stature estimation in different countries and several studies have also been conducted in Iran [12-14]. But, we did not find any study about the femur to estimate the stature and few authors have addressed tibia in this regard in Iran [15-16]. Thus, the present study was conducted for the first time on the length of the femur X-Ray and for second time on the tibia X-Ray in Iran to recognize whether there is a significant correlation between the length of the femur and the stature and also, more survey the tibia bone to the prediction of stature in Iranian population. 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Subject selection This cross-sectional study was performed on 166 individuals aged 20-40 years in the radiological center of Baqiyatallah Hospital of Tehran, Iran. Iranian nationality of the past three generations was the criteria inclusion of the study. Exclusion criteria were musculoskeletal malformations, diseases, fractures of the tibia and femur bones, and use of growth drugs. After giving the necessary knowledge about the study, volunteers entered the study. Age, gender, and the body height of each person were recorded. 2.2 methods of measurement Body lengths were measured in anatomical position by a height standard meter measuring device with ± 0.1 cm error. Then, X-Rays were taken from femur and tibia bones in anterior-posterior position and the maximum lengths of tibia and femur bones were measured with ± 0.01 cm fault, respectively. 2.3 Data analysis Data were analyzed by SPSS (ver. 22). Quantitative variables described by the mean and standard deviation. Then, the Pearson correlation test was used to determine the relationship between variables and also, to obtain the formulas, the linear regression analysis was used. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered as significant (P<0.05). 3. Results The mean and standard deviation of height, femur, and tibia in women and men are presented in tables 1 and 2, respectively. Data showed that the mean height and length of the femur and tibia in men were higher than women. 4
According to tables 3 and 4, R was significant in all cases (P<0.001). The stature was correlated with the size of the femur and tibia in both genders. However, stronger correlations were detected between the stature and lengths of the tibia (R=0.838) and femur (R=0.815) in men. Also, in terms of statistical analysis; women’s tibia (R=0.467) and femur (R=0.431) correlations was weaker than men’s tibia and femur correlations. Figs. 1 and 2 showed the relationships between the stature and lengths of the femur and tibia in the men and women, respectively. The simple and multiple regression equations for estimating the length of the stature based on the lengths of the femur and tibia bones represented in tables 3 and 4 in the respect of sex. Simple regression equations derived from the length of the men’s tibia had highest R2 and lowest SEE (R2=0.702 and SEE=5.96), while the lowest R2 and highest SEE belong to the women’s femur (R2=0.186 and SEE= 6.42). As well as, among the multiple regression equations, the equation that derived from the men’s tibia and femur lengths had the highest R2 and lowest SEE (R2=0.736 and SEE=5.64). 4. Discussion Stature estimation is one of the important factors in Personal identification. Sex, race, climate, and nourishment among the different communities are various and the use of the suggested formula to the stature prediction of the particular population is not suitable for other populations [17]. Regarding the effect of abovementioned factors, the present study was conducted for the first time on the length of the femur X-Ray and further survey of tibia XRay to the stature estimation in Iranian population [2, 15, 16]. The present study showed that means of the stature, femur, and tibia lengths of the men were higher compared to the women. It’s probably owing to the fact that the union of the epiphysis of the bones takes place sooner in women. These results were consistent with previous studies in Iran [2, 10, 18]. Moshkdanian et al. reported that lower limb measurements for the stature prediction were more accurate than the foot measurement in the Iranian population [19]. On the other side, it confirmed that femur and tibia bones regardless of gender and ethnicity have a more correlation to stature than the lengths of other long bones [20]. Thus, in the present study femur and tibia bones were selected and it was shown that there was a significant positive
5
correlation between the stature and the length of the femur and tibia bones in both genders. This finding was in accordance with Ruff et al. and Zheng et al. studies [21, 22]. Previous studies proved that stature measured after the death approximately 2.3 cm taller than the living stature [23, 24]. Petrovečki et al. after the investigation of cadavers upper and lower long bones (humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula) reported that stature is more correlated to humerus in women (R=0.792) and tibia in men (R=0.891), respectively [25]. Their study results about the men accordance with our study result so that in our study men’s tibia was higher credibility to the stature prediction and this may be because the height reported in the Petrovečki study is equal to the height reported in the present study for men. about the women, although tibia and femur were significantly correlated to stature, their R values were weaker. So, they are not suitable for accurate stature prediction. Hasegawa et al. study on Japanese population showed that tibia of the women and femur of the men were the best height predictors, respectively [26] and other studies that carried out on the Thai and Mexican populations demonstrated that femur bone in Thai and femur in Mexican female were best stature predictors [27, 28]. These studies results were not consistent with our study results and it can be due to that genetic and types of nutrition influence the growth and formation of bones in different populationss. The present study proved that combined regression equations improve the stature estimation accuracy in comparison with the simple regression equations in both genders that Sládek et al., Ismail et al., and Asadujjaman et al. studies results confirmed our findings [2931]. Due to the diversity of ethnic groups and climate in Iran and because this study was not conducted based on racial segregation and particular geographical area; it is suggested that more studies conduct in every ethnic group of Iran. Also, this fact should not be ignored that in present study only two femur and tibia bones were examined and if other long bones were examined all together, more accurate results might be obtained. 5. Conclusion The present study confirms that there is a significant correlation between the stature and femur and tibia lengths of Iranians but, tibia and femur of the men are more reliable method to the stature prediction. In addition, multiple regression equation designed according
6
to the lengths of the men’s tibia and femur is more precise than the single regression equations. Conflict of interest The authors report no financial or other conflict of interest relevant to the subject of this article.
Role of funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Conflict of interest The authors report no financial or other conflict of interest relevant to the subject of this article.
References [1] Kanchan T, Krishan K. Personal identification in forensic examinations. Anthropol. 2013;2(1):114. [2] Farsinejad M, Rasaneh S, Zamani N, Jamshidi F. Relationship between the stature and the length of long bones measured from the X-rays; modified trotter and gleser formulae in iranian population: A preliminary report. Soud Lek. 2014;59(2):20-2. [3] Kamal R, Yadav PK. Estimation of stature from different anthropometric measurements in Kori population of North India. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2016;6(4):468-77. [4] Borhani-Haghighi M, Navid S, Hassanzadeh G. Height prediction from ulnar length in Chabahar: a City in South-East of Iran. Rom J Legal Med. 2016;24(4):304-7 [5] Chikhalkar B, Mangaonkar A, Nanandkar S, Peddawad R. Estimation of stature from measurements of long bones, hand and foot dimensions. J Indian Acad Forensic Med. 2010;32(4):329-33. [6] Ilayperuma I, Nanayakkara G, Palahepitiya N. A model for the estimation of personal stature from the length of forearm. Int J Morphol. 2010;28(4):1081-6. [7] Ahmed AA. Estimation of stature from the upper limb measurements of Sudanese adults. Forensic Sci Int. 2013;228(1-3):178. e1-. e7. 7
[8] Rastogi P, Nagesh K, Yoganarasimha K. Estimation of stature from hand dimensions of north and south Indians. Leg Med. 2008;10(4):185-9. [9]. Looker AC, Melton LJ, Harris T, Borrud L, Shepherd J, McGowan J. Age, gender, and race/ethnic differences in total body and subregional bone density. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(7):1141-9. [10] Eftekhar Vaghefi SH, Elyasi L, Amirian SR, Raigan P, Akbari H, Sheikhshoaiee M, et al. Evaluating Anthropometric Dimensions of the Femur Using Direct and Indirect Methods. Anatomical Sciences Journal. 2015;12(2):89-92. [11] Lundy JK. The mathematical versus anatomical methods of stature estimate from long bonesAm J Forensic Med Pathol. 1985;6(1):73-6. [12] Mahakizadeh S, Moghani-Ghoroghi F, Moshkdanian G, Mokhtari T, Hassanzadeh G. The determination of correlation between stature and upper limb and hand measurements in Iranian adults. Forensic Sci Int. 2016;260:27-30. [13]. Poorhassan M, Mokhtari T, Navid S, Rezaei M, Sheikhazadi A, Mojaverrostami S, et al. Stature estimation from forearm length: an anthropological study in Iranian medical students. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences. 2017;3(11):270-2. [14]. Navid S, Mokhtari T, Alizamir T, Arabkheradmand A, Hassanzadeh G. Determination of stature from upper arm length in medical students. Anatomical Sciences Journal. 2014;11(3):135-40. [15] Sheikhazadi A, Hassanzadeh G, Mokhtari T, Sheikhazadi E, Saberi Anary S, Qoreishy M. Stature estimation from percutaneous Tibia height: study of Iranian medical students. Joint and Bone Science Journal. 2015;2(2):121-8. [16] Akhlaghi M, Sheikhazadi A, Khosravi N, Pournia Y, Anary SHS. The value of the anthropometric parameters of the tibia in the forensic identification of the Iranian population over the age of 20. J Forensic Leg Med. 2011;18(6):257-63. [17]. Ahmed AA. Estimation of stature using lower limb measurements in Sudanese Arabs. J Forensic Leg Med. 2013;20(5):483-8. [18] Akhlaghi M, Sheikhazadi A, Ebrahimnia A, Hedayati M, Nazparvar B, Anary SHS. The value of radius bone in prediction of sex and height in the Iranian population. J Forensic Leg Med. 2012;19(4):219-22. [19] Moshkdanian G, Mahaki Zadeh S, Moghani Ghoroghi F, Mokhtari T, Hassanzadeh G. Estimation of stature from the anthropometric measurement of lower limb in Iranian adults. Anatomical Sciences Journal. 2014;11(3):149-54. [20] Duyar I, Pelin C. Body height estimation based on tibia length in different stature groups. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: Am J Phys Anthropol. 2003;122(1):23-7.
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[21] Ruff CB. Body size, body shape, and long bone strength in modern humans. J Hum Evol. 2000;38(2):269-90. [22]. Zheng T, Huang Y, Zhang J, Zhao H, Wang Y, Shu Y, et al. Stature estimation of teenagers by limb long bones with computerized radiography. Fa yi xue za zhi. 2011;27(3):178-81, 85. [23]. Menendez Garmendia A, Gómez‐ Valdés JA, Hernández F, Wesp JK, Sánchez‐ Mejorada G. Long bone (humerus, femur, tibia) measuring procedure in cadavers. Journal of forensic sciences. 2014;59(5):1325-9. [24]. De Mendonça M. Estimation of height from the length of long bones in a Portuguese adult population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: Am J Phys Anthropol. 2000;112(1):39-48. [25]. Petrovečki V, Mayer D, Šlaus M, Strinović D, Škavić J. Prediction of stature based on radiographic measurements of cadaver long bones: a study of the Croatian population. J Forensic Sci. 2007;52(3):547-52. [26]. Hasegawa I, Uenishi K, Fukunaga T, Kimura R, Osawa M. Stature estimation formulae from radiographically determined limb bone length in a modern Japanese population. Leg Med. 2009;11(6):260-6. [27] Mahakkanukrauh P, Khanpetch P, Prasitwattanseree S, Vichairat K, Case DT. Stature estimation from long bone lengths in a Thai population. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;210(1-3):279. e1-. e7. [28]. Garmendia AM ,Sánchez-Mejorada G, Gómez-Valdés JA. Stature estimation formulae for Mexican contemporary population: A sample based study of long bones. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;54:87-90. [29]. Sládek V, Macháček J, Ruff CB, Schuplerová E, Přichystalová R, Hora M. Population‐ specific stature estimation from long bones in the early medieval Pohansko (Czech Republic). Am J Phys Anthropol. 2015;158(2):312-24.
[30]. Ismail NA, Khupur NHA, Osman K, Shafie MS, Nor FM. Stature estimation in Malaysian population from radiographic measurements of upper limbs. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2018;8(1):22 [31]. Asadujjaman M, Al Noman SN, Molla MBA. Stature estimation from foot anthropometric measurements in Bangladeshi population. Ir J Med Sci. (1971-). 2019:1-8
9
N
Minimum(cm)
Maximum(cm)
Mean (cm)
Std. Deviation
Femur
74
38.36
56.98
49.42
2.83
Tibia
74
31.88
49.25
40.36
2.69
Height
74
130.6
179.4
156.95
7.07
N= number of samples cm=centimeter
Table 1- Descriptive statistics of height, tibial, and femoral length of women
10
Table 2- Descriptive statistics of height, tibial, and femoral length of men
N
Minimum (cm)
Maximum(cm)
Mean (cm)
Std. Deviation
Femur
92
31.42
61.96
53.05
4.30
Tibia
92
24.0
51.1
43.25
3.70
Height
92
120.1
198.3
173.95
10.87
N= number of samples cm=centimeter
Table 3- Formulation of regression equations of stature from length of the femur and tibia in women
β
formula
P value
R2
R
SEE
Y= 103.79 + 1.07 (femur)
intercept femur
103.79 1.07
P<0.001 P<0.001
0.186
0.431
6.42
Y= 107.54 + 1.22 (tibia)
intercept tibia
107.54 1.22
P<0.001 P<0.001
0.218
0.467
6.3
Y= 93.48 + 0. 853 (tibia) + 0. 588 (femur)
intercept Femur tibia
93.48 0.58 0.85
P<0.001 P=0.014 P=0.071
0.253
0.503
6.2
11
Table 4. Formulation of regression equations of stature from length of the femur and tibia in men
β
formula
P value
R2
R
SEE
Y= 64.76 + 2.05 (femur)
intercept femur
64.76 2.05
P<0.001 P<0.001
0.664
0.815
6.33
Y= 67.56 + 2.46 (tibia)
intercept tibia
67.56 2.46
P<0.001 P<0.001
0.702
0.838
5.96
Y= 58.55 + 1.54 (tibia) + 0.918 (femur)
intercept Femur tibia
58.55 0.91 1.54
P<0.001 P=0.001 P<0.001
0.736
0.858
5.64
12
Figure 1- Relationship between the length of the femur and tibia bones and stature in men, the relationship between the length of femur and stature is shown in a) and between the length of the tibia and stature is shown in b). there is a positive correlation between the length of the both bones and stature. P<0.001.
Figure 2- Relationship between the length of the femur and tibia bones and stature in women, the relationship between the length of femur and stature is shown in a) and between the length of the tibia and stature is shown in b). there is a positive correlation between the length of the both bones and stature. P<0.001.
13
Stature estimation in Iranian population from x-ray measurements of femur and tibia bones Maryam Ramezani , Vahid Shokri , Zeynab Salehi , Kamal Aldin Niknami PII: DOI: Reference:
S2212-4780(19)30086-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jofri.2019.100343 JOFRI 100343
To appear in:
Journal of Forensic Radiology and Imaging
Received date: Revised date: Accepted date:
7 August 2019 1 October 2019 17 October 2019
Please cite this article as: Maryam Ramezani , Vahid Shokri , Zeynab Salehi , Kamal Aldin Niknami , Stature estimation in Iranian population from x-ray measurements of femur and tibia bones, Journal of Forensic Radiology and Imaging (2019), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jofri.2019.100343
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. © 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Highlights
We investigative the measurements of the femur and tibia bones for estimating stature in Iranian.
Stature was significantly correlated with the maximum lengths of femur and tibia.
The maximum lengths of men’s femur and tibia provide the most accurate result.
Femur and tibia measurements can be utilized for stature estimation.
1
Stature estimation in Iranian population from x-ray measurements of femur and tibia bones
Running title: Stature estimation in Iranian population
Maryam Ramezania, Vahid Shokrib, Zeynab Salehic, Kamal Aldin Niknami*,a, [email protected] a
Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
b
Department of Anatomy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. c
Department of Anatomy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz, Iran.
*
Correspondences:
Abstract Introduction: Stature estimation of human skeletal remains is important in medico-legal and forensic anthropology to personal identification. Several investigations have been carried out to estimating the height using the long bones. This study aimed was prediction the height of Iranian people based on the maximum length of femur and tibia by application of X-Ray method. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the radiology department of Baqiyatallah Hospital of Tehran, Iran between 2017 and 2018. The number of 166 adult women and men were investigated during the study period. Maximum lengths of the tibia and femur bones were measured on the X-Ray images. In the following, the data were analyzed by SPSS (ver. 22). Results: The results showed that there was a correlation between the stature and both of the femur and tibia lengths in the men and women (P-value <0.001). However, the highest values of correlation coefficient (R) were detected between the stature and lengths of the men’s tibia 2
(R=0.838) and femur (R=0.815) and lowest values were identified in the tibia (R=0.467) and femur(R=0.431) lengths of the women, respectively. The lowest value for standard error of the estimation (SEE) and the highest value for the coefficient of determination (R2) were observed in multiple regression equation derived from the lengths of the men’s femur and tibia (R2=0.736 and SEE=5.64 ). Conclusion: Data confirmed that lengths of the tibia and femur of the men yield the best results in terms of the accuracy of the stature estimation in Iranian population. Keywords: Forensic anthropology; Stature estimation; Iranian population; Femur; Tibia; X-Ray
1. Introduction Personal identification is a prominent task in medico-legal and forensic anthropometry that specialists in these fields collect the information from the physical body and skeletal remains [1]. This information includes age, stature, gender, and race [1]. Stature determination is more important because other factors (age and race) and also, nutrition and weather can be affected it [2-4]. Rollet was the first that showed the relationship between body measurements and the stature [3]. Further studies confirmed that there is a positive correlation between the stature and the length of the long bones [5-7]. As mentioned above, Sex, race, and nutrition affect the dimensions of the physical body hence; evaluation of the stature must be done in the specific sex, area, and race [8-10]. Anatomical methods and numerical calculations are used in order to estimate of the stature [11]. In the anatomical method usually, bone components such as the vertebral column, skull, and lower limb bones are not complete therefore, the error will be greater. In the numerical method by using the dimensions of the bones, especially the lower limb bones, obtained mathematical formulas that can be generalized to the skeletal remains of the certain population [2]. 3
Recently many studies have been done to facilitate the stature estimation in different countries and several studies have also been conducted in Iran [12-14]. But, we did not find any study about the femur to estimate the stature and few authors have addressed tibia in this regard in Iran [15-16]. Thus, the present study was conducted for the first time on the length of the femur X-Ray and for second time on the tibia X-Ray in Iran to recognize whether there is a significant correlation between the length of the femur and the stature and also, more survey the tibia bone to the prediction of stature in Iranian population. 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Subject selection This cross-sectional study was performed on 166 individuals aged 20-40 years in the radiological center of Baqiyatallah Hospital of Tehran, Iran. Iranian nationality of the past three generations was the criteria inclusion of the study. Exclusion criteria were musculoskeletal malformations, diseases, fractures of the tibia and femur bones, and use of growth drugs. After giving the necessary knowledge about the study, volunteers entered the study. Age, gender, and the body height of each person were recorded. 2.2 methods of measurement Body lengths were measured in anatomical position by a height standard meter measuring device with ± 0.1 cm error. Then, X-Rays were taken from femur and tibia bones in anterior-posterior position and the maximum lengths of tibia and femur bones were measured with ± 0.01 cm fault, respectively. 2.3 Data analysis Data were analyzed by SPSS (ver. 22). Quantitative variables described by the mean and standard deviation. Then, the Pearson correlation test was used to determine the relationship between variables and also, to obtain the formulas, the linear regression analysis was used. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered as significant (P<0.05). 3. Results The mean and standard deviation of height, femur, and tibia in women and men are presented in tables 1 and 2, respectively. Data showed that the mean height and length of the femur and tibia in men were higher than women. 4
According to tables 3 and 4, R was significant in all cases (P<0.001). The stature was correlated with the size of the femur and tibia in both genders. However, stronger correlations were detected between the stature and lengths of the tibia (R=0.838) and femur (R=0.815) in men. Also, in terms of statistical analysis; women’s tibia (R=0.467) and femur (R=0.431) correlations was weaker than men’s tibia and femur correlations. Figs. 1 and 2 showed the relationships between the stature and lengths of the femur and tibia in the men and women, respectively. The simple and multiple regression equations for estimating the length of the stature based on the lengths of the femur and tibia bones represented in tables 3 and 4 in the respect of sex. Simple regression equations derived from the length of the men’s tibia had highest R2 and lowest SEE (R2=0.702 and SEE=5.96), while the lowest R2 and highest SEE belong to the women’s femur (R2=0.186 and SEE= 6.42). As well as, among the multiple regression equations, the equation that derived from the men’s tibia and femur lengths had the highest R2 and lowest SEE (R2=0.736 and SEE=5.64). 4. Discussion Stature estimation is one of the important factors in Personal identification. Sex, race, climate, and nourishment among the different communities are various and the use of the suggested formula to the stature prediction of the particular population is not suitable for other populations [17]. Regarding the effect of abovementioned factors, the present study was conducted for the first time on the length of the femur X-Ray and further survey of tibia XRay to the stature estimation in Iranian population [2, 15, 16]. The present study showed that means of the stature, femur, and tibia lengths of the men were higher compared to the women. It’s probably owing to the fact that the union of the epiphysis of the bones takes place sooner in women. These results were consistent with previous studies in Iran [2, 10, 18]. Moshkdanian et al. reported that lower limb measurements for the stature prediction were more accurate than the foot measurement in the Iranian population [19]. On the other side, it confirmed that femur and tibia bones regardless of gender and ethnicity have a more correlation to stature than the lengths of other long bones [20]. Thus, in the present study femur and tibia bones were selected and it was shown that there was a significant positive
5
correlation between the stature and the length of the femur and tibia bones in both genders. This finding was in accordance with Ruff et al. and Zheng et al. studies [21, 22]. Previous studies proved that stature measured after the death approximately 2.3 cm taller than the living stature [23, 24]. Petrovečki et al. after the investigation of cadavers upper and lower long bones (humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula) reported that stature is more correlated to humerus in women (R=0.792) and tibia in men (R=0.891), respectively [25]. Their study results about the men accordance with our study result so that in our study men’s tibia was higher credibility to the stature prediction and this may be because the height reported in the Petrovečki study is equal to the height reported in the present study for men. about the women, although tibia and femur were significantly correlated to stature, their R values were weaker. So, they are not suitable for accurate stature prediction. Hasegawa et al. study on Japanese population showed that tibia of the women and femur of the men were the best height predictors, respectively [26] and other studies that carried out on the Thai and Mexican populations demonstrated that femur bone in Thai and femur in Mexican female were best stature predictors [27, 28]. These studies results were not consistent with our study results and it can be due to that genetic and types of nutrition influence the growth and formation of bones in different populationss. The present study proved that combined regression equations improve the stature estimation accuracy in comparison with the simple regression equations in both genders that Sládek et al., Ismail et al., and Asadujjaman et al. studies results confirmed our findings [2931]. Due to the diversity of ethnic groups and climate in Iran and because this study was not conducted based on racial segregation and particular geographical area; it is suggested that more studies conduct in every ethnic group of Iran. Also, this fact should not be ignored that in present study only two femur and tibia bones were examined and if other long bones were examined all together, more accurate results might be obtained. 5. Conclusion The present study confirms that there is a significant correlation between the stature and femur and tibia lengths of Iranians but, tibia and femur of the men are more reliable method to the stature prediction. In addition, multiple regression equation designed according
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to the lengths of the men’s tibia and femur is more precise than the single regression equations. Conflict of interest The authors report no financial or other conflict of interest relevant to the subject of this article.
Role of funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Conflict of interest The authors report no financial or other conflict of interest relevant to the subject of this article.
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[8] Rastogi P, Nagesh K, Yoganarasimha K. Estimation of stature from hand dimensions of north and south Indians. Leg Med. 2008;10(4):185-9. [9]. Looker AC, Melton LJ, Harris T, Borrud L, Shepherd J, McGowan J. Age, gender, and race/ethnic differences in total body and subregional bone density. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(7):1141-9. [10] Eftekhar Vaghefi SH, Elyasi L, Amirian SR, Raigan P, Akbari H, Sheikhshoaiee M, et al. Evaluating Anthropometric Dimensions of the Femur Using Direct and Indirect Methods. Anatomical Sciences Journal. 2015;12(2):89-92. [11] Lundy JK. The mathematical versus anatomical methods of stature estimate from long bonesAm J Forensic Med Pathol. 1985;6(1):73-6. [12] Mahakizadeh S, Moghani-Ghoroghi F, Moshkdanian G, Mokhtari T, Hassanzadeh G. The determination of correlation between stature and upper limb and hand measurements in Iranian adults. Forensic Sci Int. 2016;260:27-30. [13]. Poorhassan M, Mokhtari T, Navid S, Rezaei M, Sheikhazadi A, Mojaverrostami S, et al. Stature estimation from forearm length: an anthropological study in Iranian medical students. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences. 2017;3(11):270-2. [14]. Navid S, Mokhtari T, Alizamir T, Arabkheradmand A, Hassanzadeh G. Determination of stature from upper arm length in medical students. Anatomical Sciences Journal. 2014;11(3):135-40. [15] Sheikhazadi A, Hassanzadeh G, Mokhtari T, Sheikhazadi E, Saberi Anary S, Qoreishy M. Stature estimation from percutaneous Tibia height: study of Iranian medical students. Joint and Bone Science Journal. 2015;2(2):121-8. [16] Akhlaghi M, Sheikhazadi A, Khosravi N, Pournia Y, Anary SHS. The value of the anthropometric parameters of the tibia in the forensic identification of the Iranian population over the age of 20. J Forensic Leg Med. 2011;18(6):257-63. [17]. Ahmed AA. Estimation of stature using lower limb measurements in Sudanese Arabs. J Forensic Leg Med. 2013;20(5):483-8. [18] Akhlaghi M, Sheikhazadi A, Ebrahimnia A, Hedayati M, Nazparvar B, Anary SHS. The value of radius bone in prediction of sex and height in the Iranian population. J Forensic Leg Med. 2012;19(4):219-22. [19] Moshkdanian G, Mahaki Zadeh S, Moghani Ghoroghi F, Mokhtari T, Hassanzadeh G. Estimation of stature from the anthropometric measurement of lower limb in Iranian adults. Anatomical Sciences Journal. 2014;11(3):149-54. [20] Duyar I, Pelin C. Body height estimation based on tibia length in different stature groups. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: Am J Phys Anthropol. 2003;122(1):23-7.
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[21] Ruff CB. Body size, body shape, and long bone strength in modern humans. J Hum Evol. 2000;38(2):269-90. [22]. Zheng T, Huang Y, Zhang J, Zhao H, Wang Y, Shu Y, et al. Stature estimation of teenagers by limb long bones with computerized radiography. Fa yi xue za zhi. 2011;27(3):178-81, 85. [23]. Menendez Garmendia A, Gómez‐ Valdés JA, Hernández F, Wesp JK, Sánchez‐ Mejorada G. Long bone (humerus, femur, tibia) measuring procedure in cadavers. Journal of forensic sciences. 2014;59(5):1325-9. [24]. De Mendonça M. Estimation of height from the length of long bones in a Portuguese adult population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: Am J Phys Anthropol. 2000;112(1):39-48. [25]. Petrovečki V, Mayer D, Šlaus M, Strinović D, Škavić J. Prediction of stature based on radiographic measurements of cadaver long bones: a study of the Croatian population. J Forensic Sci. 2007;52(3):547-52. [26]. Hasegawa I, Uenishi K, Fukunaga T, Kimura R, Osawa M. Stature estimation formulae from radiographically determined limb bone length in a modern Japanese population. Leg Med. 2009;11(6):260-6. [27] Mahakkanukrauh P, Khanpetch P, Prasitwattanseree S, Vichairat K, Case DT. Stature estimation from long bone lengths in a Thai population. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;210(1-3):279. e1-. e7. [28]. Garmendia AM ,Sánchez-Mejorada G, Gómez-Valdés JA. Stature estimation formulae for Mexican contemporary population: A sample based study of long bones. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;54:87-90. [29]. Sládek V, Macháček J, Ruff CB, Schuplerová E, Přichystalová R, Hora M. Population‐ specific stature estimation from long bones in the early medieval Pohansko (Czech Republic). Am J Phys Anthropol. 2015;158(2):312-24.
[30]. Ismail NA, Khupur NHA, Osman K, Shafie MS, Nor FM. Stature estimation in Malaysian population from radiographic measurements of upper limbs. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2018;8(1):22 [31]. Asadujjaman M, Al Noman SN, Molla MBA. Stature estimation from foot anthropometric measurements in Bangladeshi population. Ir J Med Sci. (1971-). 2019:1-8
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N
Minimum(cm)
Maximum(cm)
Mean (cm)
Std. Deviation
Femur
74
38.36
56.98
49.42
2.83
Tibia
74
31.88
49.25
40.36
2.69
Height
74
130.6
179.4
156.95
7.07
N= number of samples cm=centimeter
Table 1- Descriptive statistics of height, tibial, and femoral length of women
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Table 2- Descriptive statistics of height, tibial, and femoral length of men
N
Minimum (cm)
Maximum(cm)
Mean (cm)
Std. Deviation
Femur
92
31.42
61.96
53.05
4.30
Tibia
92
24.0
51.1
43.25
3.70
Height
92
120.1
198.3
173.95
10.87
N= number of samples cm=centimeter
Table 3- Formulation of regression equations of stature from length of the femur and tibia in women
β
formula
P value
R2
R
SEE
Y= 103.79 + 1.07 (femur)
intercept femur
103.79 1.07
P<0.001 P<0.001
0.186
0.431
6.42
Y= 107.54 + 1.22 (tibia)
intercept tibia
107.54 1.22
P<0.001 P<0.001
0.218
0.467
6.3
Y= 93.48 + 0. 853 (tibia) + 0. 588 (femur)
intercept Femur tibia
93.48 0.58 0.85
P<0.001 P=0.014 P=0.071
0.253
0.503
6.2
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Table 4. Formulation of regression equations of stature from length of the femur and tibia in men
β
formula
P value
R2
R
SEE
Y= 64.76 + 2.05 (femur)
intercept femur
64.76 2.05
P<0.001 P<0.001
0.664
0.815
6.33
Y= 67.56 + 2.46 (tibia)
intercept tibia
67.56 2.46
P<0.001 P<0.001
0.702
0.838
5.96
Y= 58.55 + 1.54 (tibia) + 0.918 (femur)
intercept Femur tibia
58.55 0.91 1.54
P<0.001 P=0.001 P<0.001
0.736
0.858
5.64
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Figure 1- Relationship between the length of the femur and tibia bones and stature in men, the relationship between the length of femur and stature is shown in a) and between the length of the tibia and stature is shown in b). there is a positive correlation between the length of the both bones and stature. P<0.001.
Figure 2- Relationship between the length of the femur and tibia bones and stature in women, the relationship between the length of femur and stature is shown in a) and between the length of the tibia and stature is shown in b). there is a positive correlation between the length of the both bones and stature. P<0.001.
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