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STEROID ANAESTHESIA IN HORSES
127.
STEROID ANAESTHESIA
IN
HORSES
E. Komar Klinik fiir C h i r m s Instituts fbr Khmische Wissenschaften, Landwirtschaftlichen, Akademie, Lublin, Poland
Introduction
Althesin (Saffan; CT-1341) is a steroid anaesthetic agent, which has been used successfully in cats, sheep, pigs and also in dogs (Komar 1976, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982; Komar and Lewandowski, 1980; Camburn.1982). It contains two pregnane-based steroids and the solubilising agent, Cremophor EL.
The latter compound can cause allergic reactions in some
animals species, especially dogs. Observations on its use in horses are, however, rare (Hall 1972; Eales 1976 ; Komar and Lewandowski 1980). Previous investigations in horses have concerned other methods of intravenous anaesthesia (Geiser 1983; McGrath et a1 1982; Taylor 1983) and the effects of premedication with different drugs (Rohr and Schdtzmann 1982; Schatzmann 1974).
Up until now, there has been no detailed
investigation of Althesin anaesthesia in the horse.
This study was under-
taken to determine the effects of the drug on various haematological parameters, serum enzymes, serum bilirubin, total protein and serum electrolytes.
Materials and Methods Investigations were carried out on 12 horses. Preliminary studies were made on 6 of the animals, which were in the 15
18
year age range, and
which were presented to the clinic for euthanasia. Attemgswere made to establish a dose rate. The highest doses used ranged from 1.8 - 2.4 mg/kg. The remaining 6 horses, of both sexes, had an age range of 2 and weighed between 300
-
-
4 years
550kg. The animals were referred to the clinic
128.
either for cryptorchidism or for umbilical hernia. Anaesthesia was induced with Althesin 1.8 mg/kg, given by rapid intravenous injection i.e. 5
within
- 10 seconds. Blood samples were taken imediately before induction of
anaesthesia and thereafter at 5 mins, 1 hour and 24 hours, in order to determine the effect of the drug on haematological parameters.
Haemoglobin
concentration, haematocrit. erythrocyte count and both absolute and differential leucocyte counts were determined. For the biochemical investigations, serum was obtained from blood samples taken at the following times: 24 hours before, immediately before and 1 hour, 12 hours, 1 day, 3 days and 7 days after the induction of anaesthesia. The following values were determined: AST, ALT. SAP, direct and indirect and total bilirubin concentrations, and total protein content. Sodium,potassium and calcium concentrations were determined by flame photometry, magnesium concentrations by Largels method, chloride by Schales and Schales' method and inorganic phosphate by the FiskeSubbarow method. Results, expressed in SI units,were statistically analysed to obtain means and standard deviations. Levels of significance were determined by Student's t-test.
Clinical Course of Steroid Anaesthesia. After intravenous administration of Althesin at a dose o f 1.8 mg/kg within 5
-
10 seconds, signs of excitation appeared, such as muscle tremors
and paddling movements of the limbs, after which sedation and anaesthesia ensued.
Anaesthetic depth was judged as III/L according to Guedells
classification, and this lasted 8 - 10 minutes.
In the first 5 minutes
after injection, pulse rate increased by over 100% and respiratory frequency decreased to around 5 breaths/minute.
During anaesthesia
129.
nystagmus and absence of response to skin pressure or skin pricking was noted. Muscle relaxation was good. In the waking period, hypersensitivity to sound was noted.
The
recovery period lasted 15 - 30 minutes. After that time the animals were allowed to get up, having been hobbled.
If prolongation of the anaesthetic
period was necessary, a further injection of one third the induction dose was administered 4 minutes into anaesthesia.
Maximum anaesthetic duration
was 35 minutes, with a 45 minute recovery period in this case. No
harmful effects of the drug were seen either on the vein walls
or on the perivascular tissues. No complications were seen after anaesthesia, and the surgical wounds healed normally. Haematologica1 Effects Haematocrit, haemogloblin concentration and erythrocyte count decreased significantly. whilst leucocyte count increased significantly. The differential count showed a percentage increase in segmented neutrophils, and a percentage reduction in lymphocyte numbers (Table 1). Enzyme activities, bilirubin and protein concentrations AST, ALT and SAP activities showed small changes, but these were not significant. 24 hours food deprivation before anaesthesia caused significant elevation of the direct serum bilirubin concentration, which persisted for about 3 days. Similar changes were seen in total bilirubin content, and these continued to rise for the 12 hours following anaesthesia. The effect of surgical trauma was probably involved here. No changes in total protein content were observed (Table 2 ). Electrolyte concentrations Limited changes in serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride and inorganic phosphate were seen. Only calcium was lowered one hour after induction of anaesthesia (Table 3 ) .
130.
Discussion
The values for haematological parameters, enzyme activities and bilirubin, total protein and electroIyte concentrations found in the serum of horses before anaesthesia were within the normal ranges reported in the literature (tikmeier, 1982; Lumsden et a1 1980; McEwan 1976; Marthon et a1 1975; Rose et a1 1977). As the clinical observations here show, the reaction o f horses is essentially dependent upon dose rate: increasing the dose produces greater respiratory depression and muscle relaxation. The use of Althesin as the sole anaesthetic agent is not recommended, because o f the large volumes required and the necessity to give further injections, or a continuous infusion. The side effects, such as excitation and tachycardia, also limit its use as the sole agent. Some of these have already been described by Hall (1972) and Eales (1976). The side affects can be eliminated by appropriate premedication with neuroleptics, antihistamines and parasympatholytics. The use of atropine, xylazine and diazepam has proved to be advantageous. Advantages of the use of Althesin include the short duration of action and limited effects on haematological and biochemical parameters, as shown in Tables 1
-
3.
Only an increase in serum bilirubin content
was observed, but it seems that this may be a result of surgical trauma as well as the anaesthetic technique. Similar changes in bilirubin content are also seen with the use of other agents in this species, for example, ketamine, chloral hydrate and pentobarbitone (Komar, 1974, 1983). Conclusions intravenous use of Althesin in horses at a dose rate of 1.8 mg/kg results in general anaesthesia. Tolerance to surgery lasts 8 - 10 minutes. During Althesin anaesthesia, excitatory phenomena of varying intensity appear during both induction and recovery.
131.
Althesin in horses at a dose of 1.8 mg/kg caused the following statistically significant changes.
-
decrease in haemoglobin content and haematocrit increase in leucocyte count decrease in erythrocyte count increase in percentage of segmented neutrophils. decrease in percentage of lymphocytes increase in direct and total bilirubin content in serum fall in calcium concentration. These preliminary observations and laboratory investigations
confirm the usefulness of Althesin as a short duration intravenous anaesthetic , together with appropriate premedicat ion.
Translation from German by C. Seymour.
132. REFERENCES Camburn,M.A. (1982). Vet.Rec. Eales,A.A. (1976).
Vet.Rec.
2,166-167.
2, 270-272.
Eikmeier,H. (1982). Berl. Munch. tierarztl. Wschr.
182, 574-577.
Geiser,D.R. (1983). J.Am.vet.med.Ass. Hal1,L.W.
(1972) P0stgrad.Med.J.
95, 85-86.
June Suppl. 55-58.
Komar,E. (1974). Biuletyn V Zjazdu PTNW, Olszytn 1974. Bd 1, 193-194. Komar,E. (1976).
Medycyna Wet 32, 542-544.
Komar,E. (1978). Medycyna Wet. Komar,E. (1980a) Medycyna Wet.
3, 154-155.
36,
49-51
Komar,E. (1980b) XI11 Congress ESVS, Budapest. 56-57. Komar,E. (1981).
Medycyna Wet 2, 264-265.
Komar,E. (1982).
Proc. XIV Congress ESVS, Istanbul, 21-22.
K0mar.E. (1983). Medycyna Wet.
2, 528-529.
Lumsden,H.J., Rowe,R., Mul1en.K. (1980). Can.J. McEwan,J. (1976). McGrath,C.J., 77, 1643.
Br.J. Anaesth.
Easley,K.J.,
48,
Rowe,M.Y.
Rose,R.J.,
Schatzmann.U. (1982). Pudrue,R.A.,
2. 32-42.
1065
11982).
Mouthon,G., Roy,J.C., Magat,A. (1975). Compare 77, 101-107. Rohr.W.,
comp.Med.
Vet.Med. Small Anim. Clin.
Bull.Soc.Sci.Vet.
Dtsch. tierarztl.Wschr.
Hens1ey.W. (1977). Equine vet.J.
et Med.
89, 261-267. 9,
122-126.
133.
Schatzmann,U. (1974). Equine vet.J. Taylor,P.M.
(1983). In Practice.
5,
6, 164-168. 112-119.
134.
TABLE I Haematology (n = 6 ) mean
Parameter
before anaesthesia
after induction of anaesthesia 5 min. 1 hour 24 hours
-
x
8.66
8.27
6.96"
7.19"
2 s
1.54
1.48
0.72
0.78
x
8.32
8.07
6.42"
6.70"
-+S
1.85
1.77
1.05
0.96
i
0.372
0.360
0.299''
0.309"
+S
0.066
0.056
0.031
0,034
E
8.48
7.85
9.12
13.03"
+S
2.15
2.43
1.94
3.75
0.465 0.065
0.653 0,053
Erythrocytes 10%
1 SO.
Haemoglobin moI/l
Haematocrit 1/1
Leukocytes 109/1
Differential count N. Segmented +;
non-
N.
segmented 1/1
Eosinophils 1/1
Monocytes 1/1
Lymphocytes 1/1
XX
+
P < 0,05
0 473
''
0,737" 0.033
-5
0.075
t:-
0.012 0,009
0.010 0.010
0.030 0.020
0.027 0.023
0.035 0.013
0.022 0.019
0.013'' 0.015
0.003" 0.008
0.025
E tS
F
2s
0.012
0.022 0.013
0.018 0.017
0.067 0.008
E
0.455 0.092
0.482 0,055-
0.285'' 0.055
0.227" 0,047
+S
-
xx
= p<0.05
15.7
f
16.5
9 11
f
68.2
17.61
34.&?Ox'
0.70
1. 35xx
0.798
2.309
21.89
57.74
16.20
67.13 40.74
68.5
f
f
f
f
f
f
1084.06
2 12.1
68.8
I
34.4gXX
0.77
2 19.32
f
1.2OXX ~
f
f
f
11.9
68.2
27.87
46,17"
0.82
I
1.81XX
0.761
t 0.785
17.72
51.97
26.06
57.70 45.07
2.162 f
f
f
f
1065.30
1
56.70
16=04
60.23 48.36
f
f
f
13.9
69.2
42.41
52.17
0.68
2,05'>
0.558
2.144
t 27.59
f
f
1 132.10
After desthesia 12 hours
2.246
f 17.64
55.10
f 16.04
49.08
f 67.12
991.83
1 hour 3 oays
14.1
68.8
32.48
28.78
0.48
1
1 2oxx
0.326
1.862
29.70
0.60
0.87
0.284
f
14.6
69.8
i 27.5i
f
f
1,717
16.44
16.84
- 40.50
f
f
37.13
56.64
22.89
+
838.17 48.94
7 days
59.91 .t
f
63.93 63.36
1045.25
Enzymes, bilirubin and protein in serum. (n = 6) mean -L SD.
Total protein
11.42
mmol/l
f
16.81
Tota 1 bi 1 i rubi n
0.38
f
0.845
2.199
15.64
mol/l
f
f
59.35
28.87
56.30 47.08
900.89
0.50
ckat/l
nkat/l
f
f
-
Before Anaesthesia 23 hours imnediately
Direct bilirubin
AP
ALD
nkat/l
AlAT
nkat/l
AspAT
Parameter
TABLE 2
ul
w
c
~~
3.99
1.463
0.500
molll
Phosphorous
mmolll
f.
98.47
Chloride
0.107
f
moll1
0.658
0.738
f
Magnesium
mmol/l
3.380
0.799
+-
14.63
141.10
~~
mnolll
f.
~
3.807
Ca 1c i um
X s
f
f.
f.
f
f
f.
0.565
1.677
5.71
99.48
0.250
0.787
0.372
3.500
0.566
4.203
11.66
138.68
Before Anaesthesia 24 hours Immediately
Potassi um
mmol/l
Sodi um
Parameter
Serum electrolytes (n = 6;
+- 0.552
1.560 f
0.442
1.137
6.45
0.242
0.717
0.539
1.142 f.
0.494
1.382
4.79
f.
0.291
1,324
7.47
101.I8
0.094
0.131
0.210
3.482
0.481
0.676
t 3.62
f.
+-
f.
3.476
2 10.44
138.02
7 days
0.676
0.225
99.75
0.201
f
3.487
2 0.530
3.686
97.19
f
0.758
0.480
0,495
0,394 3.355
f.
f.
3.348
3.345
0.630
k 5.94 2
f
f.
t
3.487
13.72
13.19
11.60
98.69
0.135
0.635
0.590
3.187''
0.417
3.891
12.51
138.97
136.87
3 days
136.06
After Anaesthesia 12 hours
99'48
f.
f
f.
f.
135.81
1 hour
m w
c
STEROID ANAESTHESIA
IN
HORSES
E. Komar Klinik fiir C h i r m s Instituts fbr Khmische Wissenschaften, Landwirtschaftlichen, Akademie, Lublin, Poland
Introduction
Althesin (Saffan; CT-1341) is a steroid anaesthetic agent, which has been used successfully in cats, sheep, pigs and also in dogs (Komar 1976, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982; Komar and Lewandowski, 1980; Camburn.1982). It contains two pregnane-based steroids and the solubilising agent, Cremophor EL.
The latter compound can cause allergic reactions in some
animals species, especially dogs. Observations on its use in horses are, however, rare (Hall 1972; Eales 1976 ; Komar and Lewandowski 1980). Previous investigations in horses have concerned other methods of intravenous anaesthesia (Geiser 1983; McGrath et a1 1982; Taylor 1983) and the effects of premedication with different drugs (Rohr and Schdtzmann 1982; Schatzmann 1974).
Up until now, there has been no detailed
investigation of Althesin anaesthesia in the horse.
This study was under-
taken to determine the effects of the drug on various haematological parameters, serum enzymes, serum bilirubin, total protein and serum electrolytes.
Materials and Methods Investigations were carried out on 12 horses. Preliminary studies were made on 6 of the animals, which were in the 15
18
year age range, and
which were presented to the clinic for euthanasia. Attemgswere made to establish a dose rate. The highest doses used ranged from 1.8 - 2.4 mg/kg. The remaining 6 horses, of both sexes, had an age range of 2 and weighed between 300
-
-
4 years
550kg. The animals were referred to the clinic
128.
either for cryptorchidism or for umbilical hernia. Anaesthesia was induced with Althesin 1.8 mg/kg, given by rapid intravenous injection i.e. 5
within
- 10 seconds. Blood samples were taken imediately before induction of
anaesthesia and thereafter at 5 mins, 1 hour and 24 hours, in order to determine the effect of the drug on haematological parameters.
Haemoglobin
concentration, haematocrit. erythrocyte count and both absolute and differential leucocyte counts were determined. For the biochemical investigations, serum was obtained from blood samples taken at the following times: 24 hours before, immediately before and 1 hour, 12 hours, 1 day, 3 days and 7 days after the induction of anaesthesia. The following values were determined: AST, ALT. SAP, direct and indirect and total bilirubin concentrations, and total protein content. Sodium,potassium and calcium concentrations were determined by flame photometry, magnesium concentrations by Largels method, chloride by Schales and Schales' method and inorganic phosphate by the FiskeSubbarow method. Results, expressed in SI units,were statistically analysed to obtain means and standard deviations. Levels of significance were determined by Student's t-test.
Clinical Course of Steroid Anaesthesia. After intravenous administration of Althesin at a dose o f 1.8 mg/kg within 5
-
10 seconds, signs of excitation appeared, such as muscle tremors
and paddling movements of the limbs, after which sedation and anaesthesia ensued.
Anaesthetic depth was judged as III/L according to Guedells
classification, and this lasted 8 - 10 minutes.
In the first 5 minutes
after injection, pulse rate increased by over 100% and respiratory frequency decreased to around 5 breaths/minute.
During anaesthesia
129.
nystagmus and absence of response to skin pressure or skin pricking was noted. Muscle relaxation was good. In the waking period, hypersensitivity to sound was noted.
The
recovery period lasted 15 - 30 minutes. After that time the animals were allowed to get up, having been hobbled.
If prolongation of the anaesthetic
period was necessary, a further injection of one third the induction dose was administered 4 minutes into anaesthesia.
Maximum anaesthetic duration
was 35 minutes, with a 45 minute recovery period in this case. No
harmful effects of the drug were seen either on the vein walls
or on the perivascular tissues. No complications were seen after anaesthesia, and the surgical wounds healed normally. Haematologica1 Effects Haematocrit, haemogloblin concentration and erythrocyte count decreased significantly. whilst leucocyte count increased significantly. The differential count showed a percentage increase in segmented neutrophils, and a percentage reduction in lymphocyte numbers (Table 1). Enzyme activities, bilirubin and protein concentrations AST, ALT and SAP activities showed small changes, but these were not significant. 24 hours food deprivation before anaesthesia caused significant elevation of the direct serum bilirubin concentration, which persisted for about 3 days. Similar changes were seen in total bilirubin content, and these continued to rise for the 12 hours following anaesthesia. The effect of surgical trauma was probably involved here. No changes in total protein content were observed (Table 2 ). Electrolyte concentrations Limited changes in serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride and inorganic phosphate were seen. Only calcium was lowered one hour after induction of anaesthesia (Table 3 ) .
130.
Discussion
The values for haematological parameters, enzyme activities and bilirubin, total protein and electroIyte concentrations found in the serum of horses before anaesthesia were within the normal ranges reported in the literature (tikmeier, 1982; Lumsden et a1 1980; McEwan 1976; Marthon et a1 1975; Rose et a1 1977). As the clinical observations here show, the reaction o f horses is essentially dependent upon dose rate: increasing the dose produces greater respiratory depression and muscle relaxation. The use of Althesin as the sole anaesthetic agent is not recommended, because o f the large volumes required and the necessity to give further injections, or a continuous infusion. The side effects, such as excitation and tachycardia, also limit its use as the sole agent. Some of these have already been described by Hall (1972) and Eales (1976). The side affects can be eliminated by appropriate premedication with neuroleptics, antihistamines and parasympatholytics. The use of atropine, xylazine and diazepam has proved to be advantageous. Advantages of the use of Althesin include the short duration of action and limited effects on haematological and biochemical parameters, as shown in Tables 1
-
3.
Only an increase in serum bilirubin content
was observed, but it seems that this may be a result of surgical trauma as well as the anaesthetic technique. Similar changes in bilirubin content are also seen with the use of other agents in this species, for example, ketamine, chloral hydrate and pentobarbitone (Komar, 1974, 1983). Conclusions intravenous use of Althesin in horses at a dose rate of 1.8 mg/kg results in general anaesthesia. Tolerance to surgery lasts 8 - 10 minutes. During Althesin anaesthesia, excitatory phenomena of varying intensity appear during both induction and recovery.
131.
Althesin in horses at a dose of 1.8 mg/kg caused the following statistically significant changes.
-
decrease in haemoglobin content and haematocrit increase in leucocyte count decrease in erythrocyte count increase in percentage of segmented neutrophils. decrease in percentage of lymphocytes increase in direct and total bilirubin content in serum fall in calcium concentration. These preliminary observations and laboratory investigations
confirm the usefulness of Althesin as a short duration intravenous anaesthetic , together with appropriate premedicat ion.
Translation from German by C. Seymour.
132. REFERENCES Camburn,M.A. (1982). Vet.Rec. Eales,A.A. (1976).
Vet.Rec.
2,166-167.
2, 270-272.
Eikmeier,H. (1982). Berl. Munch. tierarztl. Wschr.
182, 574-577.
Geiser,D.R. (1983). J.Am.vet.med.Ass. Hal1,L.W.
(1972) P0stgrad.Med.J.
95, 85-86.
June Suppl. 55-58.
Komar,E. (1974). Biuletyn V Zjazdu PTNW, Olszytn 1974. Bd 1, 193-194. Komar,E. (1976).
Medycyna Wet 32, 542-544.
Komar,E. (1978). Medycyna Wet. Komar,E. (1980a) Medycyna Wet.
3, 154-155.
36,
49-51
Komar,E. (1980b) XI11 Congress ESVS, Budapest. 56-57. Komar,E. (1981).
Medycyna Wet 2, 264-265.
Komar,E. (1982).
Proc. XIV Congress ESVS, Istanbul, 21-22.
K0mar.E. (1983). Medycyna Wet.
2, 528-529.
Lumsden,H.J., Rowe,R., Mul1en.K. (1980). Can.J. McEwan,J. (1976). McGrath,C.J., 77, 1643.
Br.J. Anaesth.
Easley,K.J.,
48,
Rowe,M.Y.
Rose,R.J.,
Schatzmann.U. (1982). Pudrue,R.A.,
2. 32-42.
1065
11982).
Mouthon,G., Roy,J.C., Magat,A. (1975). Compare 77, 101-107. Rohr.W.,
comp.Med.
Vet.Med. Small Anim. Clin.
Bull.Soc.Sci.Vet.
Dtsch. tierarztl.Wschr.
Hens1ey.W. (1977). Equine vet.J.
et Med.
89, 261-267. 9,
122-126.
133.
Schatzmann,U. (1974). Equine vet.J. Taylor,P.M.
(1983). In Practice.
5,
6, 164-168. 112-119.
134.
TABLE I Haematology (n = 6 ) mean
Parameter
before anaesthesia
after induction of anaesthesia 5 min. 1 hour 24 hours
-
x
8.66
8.27
6.96"
7.19"
2 s
1.54
1.48
0.72
0.78
x
8.32
8.07
6.42"
6.70"
-+S
1.85
1.77
1.05
0.96
i
0.372
0.360
0.299''
0.309"
+S
0.066
0.056
0.031
0,034
E
8.48
7.85
9.12
13.03"
+S
2.15
2.43
1.94
3.75
0.465 0.065
0.653 0,053
Erythrocytes 10%
1 SO.
Haemoglobin moI/l
Haematocrit 1/1
Leukocytes 109/1
Differential count N. Segmented +;
non-
N.
segmented 1/1
Eosinophils 1/1
Monocytes 1/1
Lymphocytes 1/1
XX
+
P < 0,05
0 473
''
0,737" 0.033
-5
0.075
t:-
0.012 0,009
0.010 0.010
0.030 0.020
0.027 0.023
0.035 0.013
0.022 0.019
0.013'' 0.015
0.003" 0.008
0.025
E tS
F
2s
0.012
0.022 0.013
0.018 0.017
0.067 0.008
E
0.455 0.092
0.482 0,055-
0.285'' 0.055
0.227" 0,047
+S
-
xx
= p<0.05
15.7
f
16.5
9 11
f
68.2
17.61
34.&?Ox'
0.70
1. 35xx
0.798
2.309
21.89
57.74
16.20
67.13 40.74
68.5
f
f
f
f
f
f
1084.06
2 12.1
68.8
I
34.4gXX
0.77
2 19.32
f
1.2OXX ~
f
f
f
11.9
68.2
27.87
46,17"
0.82
I
1.81XX
0.761
t 0.785
17.72
51.97
26.06
57.70 45.07
2.162 f
f
f
f
1065.30
1
56.70
16=04
60.23 48.36
f
f
f
13.9
69.2
42.41
52.17
0.68
2,05'>
0.558
2.144
t 27.59
f
f
1 132.10
After desthesia 12 hours
2.246
f 17.64
55.10
f 16.04
49.08
f 67.12
991.83
1 hour 3 oays
14.1
68.8
32.48
28.78
0.48
1
1 2oxx
0.326
1.862
29.70
0.60
0.87
0.284
f
14.6
69.8
i 27.5i
f
f
1,717
16.44
16.84
- 40.50
f
f
37.13
56.64
22.89
+
838.17 48.94
7 days
59.91 .t
f
63.93 63.36
1045.25
Enzymes, bilirubin and protein in serum. (n = 6) mean -L SD.
Total protein
11.42
mmol/l
f
16.81
Tota 1 bi 1 i rubi n
0.38
f
0.845
2.199
15.64
mol/l
f
f
59.35
28.87
56.30 47.08
900.89
0.50
ckat/l
nkat/l
f
f
-
Before Anaesthesia 23 hours imnediately
Direct bilirubin
AP
ALD
nkat/l
AlAT
nkat/l
AspAT
Parameter
TABLE 2
ul
w
c
~~
3.99
1.463
0.500
molll
Phosphorous
mmolll
f.
98.47
Chloride
0.107
f
moll1
0.658
0.738
f
Magnesium
mmol/l
3.380
0.799
+-
14.63
141.10
~~
mnolll
f.
~
3.807
Ca 1c i um
X s
f
f.
f.
f
f
f.
0.565
1.677
5.71
99.48
0.250
0.787
0.372
3.500
0.566
4.203
11.66
138.68
Before Anaesthesia 24 hours Immediately
Potassi um
mmol/l
Sodi um
Parameter
Serum electrolytes (n = 6;
+- 0.552
1.560 f
0.442
1.137
6.45
0.242
0.717
0.539
1.142 f.
0.494
1.382
4.79
f.
0.291
1,324
7.47
101.I8
0.094
0.131
0.210
3.482
0.481
0.676
t 3.62
f.
+-
f.
3.476
2 10.44
138.02
7 days
0.676
0.225
99.75
0.201
f
3.487
2 0.530
3.686
97.19
f
0.758
0.480
0,495
0,394 3.355
f.
f.
3.348
3.345
0.630
k 5.94 2
f
f.
t
3.487
13.72
13.19
11.60
98.69
0.135
0.635
0.590
3.187''
0.417
3.891
12.51
138.97
136.87
3 days
136.06
After Anaesthesia 12 hours
99'48
f.
f
f.
f.
135.81
1 hour
m w
c