- Email: [email protected]
Stimulus familiarity and attentional effects on the neural organization of auditory categorical perception
154
IOP 2016
compared to disagreement or uncertainty of the social agent. In both group, this effect was reduced for the incompetent social agent but not completely inhibited. The effects of social feedback on confidence were moreover greater in Japanese than in French participants. Interestingly, facial electromyographic activity differed between French and Japanese participants. Overall, French participants showed facial reactions in response to the information provided by the competent agent while Japanese participants, showed facial reactions in response to the information provided by the incompetent agent. These results could be discussed regarding the crosscultural differences in the interdependent/dependent view of self (Kitayama and Markus, 2003). doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.444
239 Research of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to emotionally charged stimuli in men with different levels of aggression Pavel Ermakov, Ekaterina Kovsh Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia Currently the features of induced brain activity in people with different levels of aggression are studying insufficiently. Our goal was to study the spatio-temporal and amplitude characteristics of evoked brain activity in young people with different levels of aggression. 40 right-handed men aged from 18 to 30 years took part in experiment. Men were divided into 2 groups (with high and low index of aggression) using Buss−Durkee Hostility Inventory. There was recording the VEPs with 64 electrodes. Stimuli were divided into 2 sets (“neutral” and “aggressive”) by means of expert judgments. The NVX-136 digital EEG amplifier («MCS», Russia) was used to recording of VEPs. EEG epochs from −100 to + 500 ms alongside the stimuli onset were used for VEP averaging. Experimental task was to estimate the emotional valence of images on the scale from 1 to 3 (negative, neutral, positive). The EEGlab toolbox for MatLab program was used for data analysis. Results. P300 component was detected in all observers only in evaluation of "aggressive" images. It can be explained by greater complexity of cognitive analysis of these pictures set compared to other. During registration of VEPs to aggressive stimuli unlike neutral pictures in the group of men with law index of aggression, the bilateral increasing of P200 component amplitude was recorded in fronto-central areas and increasing of this component latency was found in occipital areas (**p b 0,001). It may be associated with the stimuli identification and with evaluation of its menacing power. The lack of such differences in the group of men with a high aggression index (the peculiarities of P200 to neutral stimuli are equal to P200 from emotionally charged stimuli) may indicate a violation of the "early" assessment of the emotional content of stimuli and also the perception of all of them as obviously posing a threat. These results indicate that men with a high index of aggression, probably, has an aggressive attitude to the surrounding perceived reality. They do not occur further differentiation of the stimuli. Images, having different emotional valence, equally perceived as "aggressive". Men with a low index of aggression has a more detailed differentiation of stimuli coming from outside, they are correctly classifying them and determine the presence or absence of a potential threats. This work was supported by a grant from the Southern Federal University (Russia) № 213.01-07-2014/15ПЧBГ. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.445
244 Neurovegetative regulation and fatigue in bus drivers Elżbieta Gadzickaa, Jadwig Siedleckaa, Teresa Makowiec-Dąbrowskaa, Agata Szyjkowskaa, Piotr Viebiga, Marta Daniaa, Marcin Kosobudzkia, Zbigniew Jozwiaka, Wiesław Szymczakb, Alicja Bortkiewicza a Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland b University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland Background: The role of the neurovegetative regulation of the cardiovascular system is to adjust the cardiac function and vascular response to its different activities and states (mental and physical effort, fatigue) under varying environmental conditions. One of the methods used to assess the neurovegetative regulation is analysis of the heart rate variability (HRV). Fatigue is a very serious problem among professional drivers. It is estimated that fatigue is involved in 20% of all road accidents. The aim of the study was the assessment of heart rate variability and fatigue in bus drivers on different routes. Methods: The study group comprised 45 male aged 31 – 58 years (43.7 ±7.9), period of employment as bus drivers 13±8.5 years in public transport in a big city. The drivers had the following performed: medical examination, 24-h ECG with long-term HRV (time-domain and frequencydomain parameters analysis) and fatigue evaluation. The HRV parameters were assessed on monotonous (outside the city center with low traffic intensity) and heavy traffic routes (city center with heavy traffic). Symptoms of physical fatigue, mental fatigue and visual fatigue were evaluated using “Fatigue Assessment Questionnaire”. The questionnaire of fatigue was completed four times: before and after work on monotonous and heavy routes. Statistical analysis included: Student test for independent and for dependent variables. Correlation coefficients were calculated, to indicate the influence of HRV parameters and level of fatigue. Results: Ratings of fatigue was significantly higher after the work than before. The level of fatigue was significantly correlated with its level before the work and with the characteristics of the work (driving time, the length of the route, etc). Higher activity of the autonomic nervous system was observed at work and after work on heavy traffic routes. The correlation coefficients of HRV parameters and fatigue levels were statistically significant. LF correlated with physical fatigue after work on heavy (r=0.32) and monotonous routes (r=0.41). LF, HF and VLF correlated with mental fatigue on heavy traffic routes (r=0.36), (r=0.50) and (r=0.35) respectively and also correlated with mental fatigue on monotonous routes (r=0.31), (r=0.33) and (r=0.32). Discussion: The questionnaire used has proved to be a sensitive and useful tool for indicating the level and causes of fatigue. Some of the HRV parameters correlated with the level of fatigue especially with mental fatigue. Conclusions: It seems that parameters of HRV analysis may be a good indicator for assessment of workload and fatigue among bus drivers.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.446
249 Stimulus familiarity and attentional effects on the neural organization of auditory categorical perception Breya S. Walkera,b,c, Gavin Bidelmanb,d a University of Memphis, Memphis, United States b Institute for Intelligent System, Memphis, United States c Department of Psychology, Memphis, United States d School of Communication Sciences Disorders, Memphis, United States
IOP 2016
Categorical perception (CP) is the ability to make a comparative judgment on two or more sounds based on stored auditory perceptual information. CP has been shown to be influential on the expression of language proficiency and other cognitive processes such as reading. Prior research has shown that CP is impacted by attention and specific stimulus characteristics, with conflicting results purporting the expression of CP to occur under a number of contradictory conditions. Furthermore, although CP has shown to be influenced by the domain of the stimulus there is a paucity of research that has assessed CP as it relates to music categorization. With conflicting results within the field of CP, this warrants further elucidation on what impacts the overall expression of CP. In the current investigation, we examine the expression of neural and behavioral CP under different listening conditions (i.e., passive vs. active tasks) and its saliency during engagement with speech and music stimuli. We achieved this by assessing neural activity via ERPs and behavioral identification responses for each stimulus domain and listening condition. Our results indicate that CP is influenced by attention (active N passive) and is stronger for more familiar stimulus domains (speech N music). We infer that this perceptual process requires an individual to be actively listening and familiar with a sound during engagement. Thus, we report that (i) CP does not generalize to other domains in which a listener is not experienced in and (ii) categorical processing requires a listener to be actively engaged with the auditory stimulus. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.447
251 Heart rate variability (HRV) during simulated bus driving test as a predictor of reaction time to stressful situation Alicja Bortkiewicza, Jadwiga Siedleckaa, Agata Szyjkowskaa, Małgorzata Waszkowskaa, Piotr Viebiga, Marcin Kodsobudzkia, Marta Daniaa, Wiesław Szymczakb, Elzbieta Gadzickaa a Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland b University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland Background: It is generally recognized that reaction time in hazardous traffic situations is affected both by the physical and mental condition of the vehicle driver. However, it is not clear whether the tests used in the examination of driver candidates conducted in laboratory setting reliably predict the reaction of the driver to the real traffic situations. Therefore, we have attempted to develop a model, intended to determine what factors affect the reaction time during stressful situations on the road. Methods: Participant comprised 45 professional male drivers of city buses, aged 43.5±7.9 years, with 13.3±8.6 years of experience as a bus driver. The test was always performed during the morning hours, after normal night rest. The tests were performed using the advanced high-tech bus driving simulator system which allows simulation of driving in different conditions of weather, at varying times of the day and night, at different levels of traffic intensity. The tests were preceded by medical examination; each subject drove on the simulator the same city route for approximately 40 minutes. In the final phase of the test, an unexpected dangerous event was simulated. In the final phase, a collision situation was simulated: a phantom car suddenly went from a minor road. Reaction time (RT) between the start of the phantom car and the beginning of braking action was recorded. During the tests, psycho-physiological reaction was measured (heart rate and heart rate variability and blood pressure). Before and after the tests,
155
computer-aided examinations were performed to determine reaction time, oculomotor coordination and attentiveness. Results: The following data obtained during the test on the simulator were used to develop the model: the parameters of heart rate variability (time-related: SDNN, SDANN, pNN50, and frequencyrelated: VLF, LF, HF), blood pressure, psychological parameters, and some external factors (age, work experience, weather conditions). Step by step path analysis with neurovegetative regulation variables and psychological parameters as endogenous variables and external factors as exogenous variables was performed. Discussion: In the final model, the parameters statistically significantly affecting time of response to collision situations included heart rate, SDANN, HF and systolic blood pressure (pb0.05 for each of them), while none of the psychological parameters was seen to affect the reaction time. Conclusions: The results of mathematical modeling have confirmed a significant association between neurovegetative regulation of the cardiovascular system and the reaction time to the situations on the road. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.448
253 Does social contact influence bodily self-awareness independently of the contact modality? Nesrine Hazema,b,c, Morgan Beaurenaua,b, Nathalie Georgeb,c,d,e, Laurence Contya a Laboratory of Psychopathology and Neuropsychology (LPN, EA2027), Paris 8 University, Saint-Denis, France b Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Social and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory and Centre MEG- EEG, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1127, Paris, France c Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1127, Paris, France d Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France e ENS, Centre MEG-EEG, Paris, France The perception of a direct gaze (that is, a gaze directed toward the self and that establishes eye contact between individuals) has been shown to influence self-awareness. In particular, we have recently demonstrated that participants’ accuracy in judging their body emotional arousal state (i.e. interoceptive awareness) was increased after the presentation of a direct gaze as compared to an averted gaze or closed eyes (Baltazar et al., 2015). Such effect has been related to the direct gaze property of indicating to the perceiver that he/she is the object of another person’s attention. Here, we aimed at testing whether other forms of social contact may trigger similar effect. We investigated if being called by one’s own name or touched by another individual, which are other primary cues of another person’s attention directed at oneself, elicit interoceptive awareness in human adults. For this purpose, we performed two studies in which the tested sensory modality of interpersonal contact was either hearing (study 1) or touch (study 2). In each study, the participants’ task was to rate the intensity of their bodily responses to emotional pictures. We computed the correlation between this rating and the participant’s skin conductance response recorded concomitantly. In each study, we compared a condition where the trials were primed by social contact with control conditions without social contact. In the first study, the participants were exposed to the hearing of their own name (as compared to another unfamiliar name or a white noise). In the second study, the participants were exposed to a human touch (as compared to a non-human touch and a mere fixation cross).To date, we have completed the first study in which
IOP 2016
compared to disagreement or uncertainty of the social agent. In both group, this effect was reduced for the incompetent social agent but not completely inhibited. The effects of social feedback on confidence were moreover greater in Japanese than in French participants. Interestingly, facial electromyographic activity differed between French and Japanese participants. Overall, French participants showed facial reactions in response to the information provided by the competent agent while Japanese participants, showed facial reactions in response to the information provided by the incompetent agent. These results could be discussed regarding the crosscultural differences in the interdependent/dependent view of self (Kitayama and Markus, 2003). doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.444
239 Research of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to emotionally charged stimuli in men with different levels of aggression Pavel Ermakov, Ekaterina Kovsh Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia Currently the features of induced brain activity in people with different levels of aggression are studying insufficiently. Our goal was to study the spatio-temporal and amplitude characteristics of evoked brain activity in young people with different levels of aggression. 40 right-handed men aged from 18 to 30 years took part in experiment. Men were divided into 2 groups (with high and low index of aggression) using Buss−Durkee Hostility Inventory. There was recording the VEPs with 64 electrodes. Stimuli were divided into 2 sets (“neutral” and “aggressive”) by means of expert judgments. The NVX-136 digital EEG amplifier («MCS», Russia) was used to recording of VEPs. EEG epochs from −100 to + 500 ms alongside the stimuli onset were used for VEP averaging. Experimental task was to estimate the emotional valence of images on the scale from 1 to 3 (negative, neutral, positive). The EEGlab toolbox for MatLab program was used for data analysis. Results. P300 component was detected in all observers only in evaluation of "aggressive" images. It can be explained by greater complexity of cognitive analysis of these pictures set compared to other. During registration of VEPs to aggressive stimuli unlike neutral pictures in the group of men with law index of aggression, the bilateral increasing of P200 component amplitude was recorded in fronto-central areas and increasing of this component latency was found in occipital areas (**p b 0,001). It may be associated with the stimuli identification and with evaluation of its menacing power. The lack of such differences in the group of men with a high aggression index (the peculiarities of P200 to neutral stimuli are equal to P200 from emotionally charged stimuli) may indicate a violation of the "early" assessment of the emotional content of stimuli and also the perception of all of them as obviously posing a threat. These results indicate that men with a high index of aggression, probably, has an aggressive attitude to the surrounding perceived reality. They do not occur further differentiation of the stimuli. Images, having different emotional valence, equally perceived as "aggressive". Men with a low index of aggression has a more detailed differentiation of stimuli coming from outside, they are correctly classifying them and determine the presence or absence of a potential threats. This work was supported by a grant from the Southern Federal University (Russia) № 213.01-07-2014/15ПЧBГ. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.445
244 Neurovegetative regulation and fatigue in bus drivers Elżbieta Gadzickaa, Jadwig Siedleckaa, Teresa Makowiec-Dąbrowskaa, Agata Szyjkowskaa, Piotr Viebiga, Marta Daniaa, Marcin Kosobudzkia, Zbigniew Jozwiaka, Wiesław Szymczakb, Alicja Bortkiewicza a Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland b University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland Background: The role of the neurovegetative regulation of the cardiovascular system is to adjust the cardiac function and vascular response to its different activities and states (mental and physical effort, fatigue) under varying environmental conditions. One of the methods used to assess the neurovegetative regulation is analysis of the heart rate variability (HRV). Fatigue is a very serious problem among professional drivers. It is estimated that fatigue is involved in 20% of all road accidents. The aim of the study was the assessment of heart rate variability and fatigue in bus drivers on different routes. Methods: The study group comprised 45 male aged 31 – 58 years (43.7 ±7.9), period of employment as bus drivers 13±8.5 years in public transport in a big city. The drivers had the following performed: medical examination, 24-h ECG with long-term HRV (time-domain and frequencydomain parameters analysis) and fatigue evaluation. The HRV parameters were assessed on monotonous (outside the city center with low traffic intensity) and heavy traffic routes (city center with heavy traffic). Symptoms of physical fatigue, mental fatigue and visual fatigue were evaluated using “Fatigue Assessment Questionnaire”. The questionnaire of fatigue was completed four times: before and after work on monotonous and heavy routes. Statistical analysis included: Student test for independent and for dependent variables. Correlation coefficients were calculated, to indicate the influence of HRV parameters and level of fatigue. Results: Ratings of fatigue was significantly higher after the work than before. The level of fatigue was significantly correlated with its level before the work and with the characteristics of the work (driving time, the length of the route, etc). Higher activity of the autonomic nervous system was observed at work and after work on heavy traffic routes. The correlation coefficients of HRV parameters and fatigue levels were statistically significant. LF correlated with physical fatigue after work on heavy (r=0.32) and monotonous routes (r=0.41). LF, HF and VLF correlated with mental fatigue on heavy traffic routes (r=0.36), (r=0.50) and (r=0.35) respectively and also correlated with mental fatigue on monotonous routes (r=0.31), (r=0.33) and (r=0.32). Discussion: The questionnaire used has proved to be a sensitive and useful tool for indicating the level and causes of fatigue. Some of the HRV parameters correlated with the level of fatigue especially with mental fatigue. Conclusions: It seems that parameters of HRV analysis may be a good indicator for assessment of workload and fatigue among bus drivers.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.446
249 Stimulus familiarity and attentional effects on the neural organization of auditory categorical perception Breya S. Walkera,b,c, Gavin Bidelmanb,d a University of Memphis, Memphis, United States b Institute for Intelligent System, Memphis, United States c Department of Psychology, Memphis, United States d School of Communication Sciences Disorders, Memphis, United States
IOP 2016
Categorical perception (CP) is the ability to make a comparative judgment on two or more sounds based on stored auditory perceptual information. CP has been shown to be influential on the expression of language proficiency and other cognitive processes such as reading. Prior research has shown that CP is impacted by attention and specific stimulus characteristics, with conflicting results purporting the expression of CP to occur under a number of contradictory conditions. Furthermore, although CP has shown to be influenced by the domain of the stimulus there is a paucity of research that has assessed CP as it relates to music categorization. With conflicting results within the field of CP, this warrants further elucidation on what impacts the overall expression of CP. In the current investigation, we examine the expression of neural and behavioral CP under different listening conditions (i.e., passive vs. active tasks) and its saliency during engagement with speech and music stimuli. We achieved this by assessing neural activity via ERPs and behavioral identification responses for each stimulus domain and listening condition. Our results indicate that CP is influenced by attention (active N passive) and is stronger for more familiar stimulus domains (speech N music). We infer that this perceptual process requires an individual to be actively listening and familiar with a sound during engagement. Thus, we report that (i) CP does not generalize to other domains in which a listener is not experienced in and (ii) categorical processing requires a listener to be actively engaged with the auditory stimulus. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.447
251 Heart rate variability (HRV) during simulated bus driving test as a predictor of reaction time to stressful situation Alicja Bortkiewicza, Jadwiga Siedleckaa, Agata Szyjkowskaa, Małgorzata Waszkowskaa, Piotr Viebiga, Marcin Kodsobudzkia, Marta Daniaa, Wiesław Szymczakb, Elzbieta Gadzickaa a Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland b University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland Background: It is generally recognized that reaction time in hazardous traffic situations is affected both by the physical and mental condition of the vehicle driver. However, it is not clear whether the tests used in the examination of driver candidates conducted in laboratory setting reliably predict the reaction of the driver to the real traffic situations. Therefore, we have attempted to develop a model, intended to determine what factors affect the reaction time during stressful situations on the road. Methods: Participant comprised 45 professional male drivers of city buses, aged 43.5±7.9 years, with 13.3±8.6 years of experience as a bus driver. The test was always performed during the morning hours, after normal night rest. The tests were performed using the advanced high-tech bus driving simulator system which allows simulation of driving in different conditions of weather, at varying times of the day and night, at different levels of traffic intensity. The tests were preceded by medical examination; each subject drove on the simulator the same city route for approximately 40 minutes. In the final phase of the test, an unexpected dangerous event was simulated. In the final phase, a collision situation was simulated: a phantom car suddenly went from a minor road. Reaction time (RT) between the start of the phantom car and the beginning of braking action was recorded. During the tests, psycho-physiological reaction was measured (heart rate and heart rate variability and blood pressure). Before and after the tests,
155
computer-aided examinations were performed to determine reaction time, oculomotor coordination and attentiveness. Results: The following data obtained during the test on the simulator were used to develop the model: the parameters of heart rate variability (time-related: SDNN, SDANN, pNN50, and frequencyrelated: VLF, LF, HF), blood pressure, psychological parameters, and some external factors (age, work experience, weather conditions). Step by step path analysis with neurovegetative regulation variables and psychological parameters as endogenous variables and external factors as exogenous variables was performed. Discussion: In the final model, the parameters statistically significantly affecting time of response to collision situations included heart rate, SDANN, HF and systolic blood pressure (pb0.05 for each of them), while none of the psychological parameters was seen to affect the reaction time. Conclusions: The results of mathematical modeling have confirmed a significant association between neurovegetative regulation of the cardiovascular system and the reaction time to the situations on the road. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.448
253 Does social contact influence bodily self-awareness independently of the contact modality? Nesrine Hazema,b,c, Morgan Beaurenaua,b, Nathalie Georgeb,c,d,e, Laurence Contya a Laboratory of Psychopathology and Neuropsychology (LPN, EA2027), Paris 8 University, Saint-Denis, France b Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Social and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory and Centre MEG- EEG, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1127, Paris, France c Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1127, Paris, France d Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France e ENS, Centre MEG-EEG, Paris, France The perception of a direct gaze (that is, a gaze directed toward the self and that establishes eye contact between individuals) has been shown to influence self-awareness. In particular, we have recently demonstrated that participants’ accuracy in judging their body emotional arousal state (i.e. interoceptive awareness) was increased after the presentation of a direct gaze as compared to an averted gaze or closed eyes (Baltazar et al., 2015). Such effect has been related to the direct gaze property of indicating to the perceiver that he/she is the object of another person’s attention. Here, we aimed at testing whether other forms of social contact may trigger similar effect. We investigated if being called by one’s own name or touched by another individual, which are other primary cues of another person’s attention directed at oneself, elicit interoceptive awareness in human adults. For this purpose, we performed two studies in which the tested sensory modality of interpersonal contact was either hearing (study 1) or touch (study 2). In each study, the participants’ task was to rate the intensity of their bodily responses to emotional pictures. We computed the correlation between this rating and the participant’s skin conductance response recorded concomitantly. In each study, we compared a condition where the trials were primed by social contact with control conditions without social contact. In the first study, the participants were exposed to the hearing of their own name (as compared to another unfamiliar name or a white noise). In the second study, the participants were exposed to a human touch (as compared to a non-human touch and a mere fixation cross).To date, we have completed the first study in which