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Storage and Incubation Temperature Effects on Hatching Time of Coturnix Quail Eggs1
STORAGE A N D I N C U B A T I O N T E M P E R A T U R E E F F E C T S O N H A T C H I N G TIME OF C O T U R N I X Q U A I L E G G S 1 L. W. MIROSH AND W . A . BECKER
Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163 (Received for publication August 20, 1973)
ABSTRACT Hatching time of Coturnix quail eggs was observed in three trials. Eggs were stored 1-6 and 7-12 days in trial 1; 1-4 and 13-21 days in trial 2; and 1-7, 8-14 and 15-21 days in trial 3 and were incubated at different temperatures (36.5° to 38.2° C ) . The hatching time varied between 390 and 460 hours with the shorter storage periods and higher incubation temperatures having the lower hatching times. POULTRY SCIENCE 53: 432-434, 1974
OLDING eggs for long periods prior to setting increased hatching time (Byerly, 1933; Funk, 1947; Bohren et al., 1961 for chicken eggs; Becker et al., 1968 for turkey eggs). Hatching time of chickens decreased when the incubation temperature was raised (Barott, 1937). Abbott and Craig, (1960) and Wilson et al., (1961), operated the incubator at 37.5° C. dry bulb and 30.6° C. wet bulb for Coturnix quail eggs stored two to six days which gave an average hatching time of 390 hours from set to hatch with five additional hours drying off. The purpose of the research reported in this paper was to provide data on the effect of egg storage length and incubation temperature upon hatching time of Coturnix quail eggs.
eggs were incubated in Jamesway single-stage incubators with modified trays in which the eggs were turned once per hour. The dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures used in the three trials are shown in Figure 1 for the first 14 days of incubation. On the fourteenth day, all eggs were candled with the live embryos being transferred to pedigree baskets and returned to the same incubator operated at 36.9° C. dry bulb and 32.2° C. wet bulb. All eggs removed were broken out to verify the accuracy of the candling procedure in determining fertile eggs and dead embryos. Between 61 and 295 fertile eggs represent each incubation temperature. Quail chicks were removed from the incubator at eight-hour intervals to determine hatching time.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Three trials were conducted using Coturnix quail eggs from random mated flocks. Each day's eggs were divided equally among the incubator temperatures used in each trial and stored at 12.9° C. for the various lengths of time in storage as shown in Figure 1. The eggs were not turned prior to setting. The
The percent hatchability of fertile hatching eggs is shown for the various treatments in Table 1. The highest hatchability in trial 1 occurred when the incubator temperature was 37.6° C , trial 2 at 37.5° C , trial 3 at 38.0° C. The average hatching times for the various storage periods and incubation temperatures are given in Figure 1. In trial 1, there was little difference between storage periods, possibly because the storage periods were not great (1-6 vs. 7-12 days). However, there were decided differences between hatching times among the incubation temperatures. The temperature of 36.5° C. producing a
1. Scientific Paper No. 4118, College of Agriculture Research Center, Washington State University, Pullman, Project 1591. This investigation was supported in part by funds provided for biological and medical research by the State of Washington Initiative Measure No. 171.
432
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on June 28, 2015
H
433
RESEARCH NOTES
470
D • A A o • v
460X
450
I-6 days,Trial I 7-12 days, Trial I |-4days, Trial 2 13-21 days, Trial 2 1-7 days, Trial 3 8-14 days, Trial 3 15-21 days, Trial 3
E
D
X
420
o> D
v. > <
410 400
390
39.0 Dry Bulb *• Wet Bulb
Incubator Temperature (°C) FIG. 1. The hatching time of Coturnix quail as affected by incubator temperature and egg storage.
TABLE 1.—Percent hatchability of fertile Coturnix quail eggs
Trial
Storage length (days)
36.5
37.1
1 1
1-6 7-12
66.3 55.0
65.2 75.0
2 2
1-4 13-21
3 3 3
1-7 8-14 15-21
Incubator temperatures (° C.) 37.5
37.6
37.8
37.9
38.0
71.4 50.0
71.0 50.0
38.2 66.3 60.7
78.0 66.3 71.1 53.7 70.8 68.8 60.4
76.1 66.2 52.4
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on June 28, 2015
1 - 440 o> c o 430
434
RESEARCH N O T E S
REFERENCES Abbott, U. K., and R. M. Craig, 1960. Observations on hatching time in three avian species. Poultry Sci. 39: 827-830. Barot, H. G., 1937. Effect of temperature, humidity, and other factors on hatch of hens' eggs and on energy metabolism of chick embryos. U.S.D.A. Tech. Bull. 553. Becker, W. A., J. V. Spencer and J. L. Swartwood, 1968. Carbon dioxide during storage of chicken and turkey hatching eggs. Poultry Sci. 47: 251-258. Bohren, B. B., L. B. Crittenden and R. T. King, 1961. Hatching time and hatchability in the fowl. Poultry Sci. 40: 620-633. Byerly, T. C , 1933. Some factors affecting the length of the incubation period. Proceedings 5th Worlds Poultry Congress: 373-379. Funk, E. M., 1947. Factors influencing hatchability in the domestic fowl. University of Missouri Agriculture Experiment Station Bull. 341: 1-22. Wilson, W. O., U. K. Abbott and H. Abplanalp, 1961. Evaluation of Coturnix (Japanese) quail as pilot animal for poultry. Poultry Sci. 40: 651-657.
THE EFFECTS O F MONENSIN A N D SODIUM CHLORIDE ON BROILER PERFORMANCE RALPH E . H U R S T , 1 ELBERT J. D A Y AND B E N C . DILWORTH
Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
Mississippi
(Received for publication August 27, 1973)
ABSTRACT An anticoccidial agent, Coban-1 (monensin, 121.3 mg./kg. + roxarsone, 49.6 mg./kg.) and six graded levels of added sodium chloride (0 through 0.375%) were dietary variables in a broiler test of four weeks duration. Coban-1 did not affect the requirement for sodium chloride. Performance was optimum when the diet contained 0.3% added sodium chloride. Data supporting field reports that Coban-1 results in poor feathering and cannibalism were not obtained. POULTRY SCIENCE 53: 434-^136, 1974
INTRODUCTION HE efficacy of monensin as an anticoccidial compound is well documented (Calender and Shumard, 1969). Gard et al. (1969) reported that Coban2 and Coban-1 signifi-
T
1. Present address: Lavergne Supplement Co., 1038 Space Park South, Nashville, Tennessee 2. Trade name of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206
cantly improved body weight gain over the negative controls. These results have been substantiated by Reid et al. (1972). While working with rat liver mitochondria, Lutz et al. (1971) observed an interaction of the carrier antibiotic monensin with sodium and potassium ions. Field reports and observations by some broiler producers on the possible interaction effects of sodium chloride and monensin on broiler performance have led to this study.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on June 28, 2015
hatching time of 460 hours and 38.2° C , 390 hours. Trial 2 illustrated the effect of storage on hatching time over three incubation temperatures. On the average the eggs stored for 13-21 days hatched 13.3 hours later than eggs stored 1-4 days. As in trial 1, the hatching time decreased with an increase in temperature. Eggs stored one to four days and incubated at 37.5° C. hatched about the same time as eggs stored 13-21 days and incubated at 37.8° C. This trial illustrated the relationship between incubation temperatures and storage periods in regard to hatching time where one variable compensated for the other. The incubation temperatures in trial 3 were so nearly alike (37.8 vs. 38.0° C.) that there was little effect from that source. The storage periods did show that the longer the eggs were stored the longer they took to hatch.
Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163 (Received for publication August 20, 1973)
ABSTRACT Hatching time of Coturnix quail eggs was observed in three trials. Eggs were stored 1-6 and 7-12 days in trial 1; 1-4 and 13-21 days in trial 2; and 1-7, 8-14 and 15-21 days in trial 3 and were incubated at different temperatures (36.5° to 38.2° C ) . The hatching time varied between 390 and 460 hours with the shorter storage periods and higher incubation temperatures having the lower hatching times. POULTRY SCIENCE 53: 432-434, 1974
OLDING eggs for long periods prior to setting increased hatching time (Byerly, 1933; Funk, 1947; Bohren et al., 1961 for chicken eggs; Becker et al., 1968 for turkey eggs). Hatching time of chickens decreased when the incubation temperature was raised (Barott, 1937). Abbott and Craig, (1960) and Wilson et al., (1961), operated the incubator at 37.5° C. dry bulb and 30.6° C. wet bulb for Coturnix quail eggs stored two to six days which gave an average hatching time of 390 hours from set to hatch with five additional hours drying off. The purpose of the research reported in this paper was to provide data on the effect of egg storage length and incubation temperature upon hatching time of Coturnix quail eggs.
eggs were incubated in Jamesway single-stage incubators with modified trays in which the eggs were turned once per hour. The dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures used in the three trials are shown in Figure 1 for the first 14 days of incubation. On the fourteenth day, all eggs were candled with the live embryos being transferred to pedigree baskets and returned to the same incubator operated at 36.9° C. dry bulb and 32.2° C. wet bulb. All eggs removed were broken out to verify the accuracy of the candling procedure in determining fertile eggs and dead embryos. Between 61 and 295 fertile eggs represent each incubation temperature. Quail chicks were removed from the incubator at eight-hour intervals to determine hatching time.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Three trials were conducted using Coturnix quail eggs from random mated flocks. Each day's eggs were divided equally among the incubator temperatures used in each trial and stored at 12.9° C. for the various lengths of time in storage as shown in Figure 1. The eggs were not turned prior to setting. The
The percent hatchability of fertile hatching eggs is shown for the various treatments in Table 1. The highest hatchability in trial 1 occurred when the incubator temperature was 37.6° C , trial 2 at 37.5° C , trial 3 at 38.0° C. The average hatching times for the various storage periods and incubation temperatures are given in Figure 1. In trial 1, there was little difference between storage periods, possibly because the storage periods were not great (1-6 vs. 7-12 days). However, there were decided differences between hatching times among the incubation temperatures. The temperature of 36.5° C. producing a
1. Scientific Paper No. 4118, College of Agriculture Research Center, Washington State University, Pullman, Project 1591. This investigation was supported in part by funds provided for biological and medical research by the State of Washington Initiative Measure No. 171.
432
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on June 28, 2015
H
433
RESEARCH NOTES
470
D • A A o • v
460X
450
I-6 days,Trial I 7-12 days, Trial I |-4days, Trial 2 13-21 days, Trial 2 1-7 days, Trial 3 8-14 days, Trial 3 15-21 days, Trial 3
E
D
X
420
o> D
v. > <
410 400
390
39.0 Dry Bulb *• Wet Bulb
Incubator Temperature (°C) FIG. 1. The hatching time of Coturnix quail as affected by incubator temperature and egg storage.
TABLE 1.—Percent hatchability of fertile Coturnix quail eggs
Trial
Storage length (days)
36.5
37.1
1 1
1-6 7-12
66.3 55.0
65.2 75.0
2 2
1-4 13-21
3 3 3
1-7 8-14 15-21
Incubator temperatures (° C.) 37.5
37.6
37.8
37.9
38.0
71.4 50.0
71.0 50.0
38.2 66.3 60.7
78.0 66.3 71.1 53.7 70.8 68.8 60.4
76.1 66.2 52.4
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on June 28, 2015
1 - 440 o> c o 430
434
RESEARCH N O T E S
REFERENCES Abbott, U. K., and R. M. Craig, 1960. Observations on hatching time in three avian species. Poultry Sci. 39: 827-830. Barot, H. G., 1937. Effect of temperature, humidity, and other factors on hatch of hens' eggs and on energy metabolism of chick embryos. U.S.D.A. Tech. Bull. 553. Becker, W. A., J. V. Spencer and J. L. Swartwood, 1968. Carbon dioxide during storage of chicken and turkey hatching eggs. Poultry Sci. 47: 251-258. Bohren, B. B., L. B. Crittenden and R. T. King, 1961. Hatching time and hatchability in the fowl. Poultry Sci. 40: 620-633. Byerly, T. C , 1933. Some factors affecting the length of the incubation period. Proceedings 5th Worlds Poultry Congress: 373-379. Funk, E. M., 1947. Factors influencing hatchability in the domestic fowl. University of Missouri Agriculture Experiment Station Bull. 341: 1-22. Wilson, W. O., U. K. Abbott and H. Abplanalp, 1961. Evaluation of Coturnix (Japanese) quail as pilot animal for poultry. Poultry Sci. 40: 651-657.
THE EFFECTS O F MONENSIN A N D SODIUM CHLORIDE ON BROILER PERFORMANCE RALPH E . H U R S T , 1 ELBERT J. D A Y AND B E N C . DILWORTH
Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
Mississippi
(Received for publication August 27, 1973)
ABSTRACT An anticoccidial agent, Coban-1 (monensin, 121.3 mg./kg. + roxarsone, 49.6 mg./kg.) and six graded levels of added sodium chloride (0 through 0.375%) were dietary variables in a broiler test of four weeks duration. Coban-1 did not affect the requirement for sodium chloride. Performance was optimum when the diet contained 0.3% added sodium chloride. Data supporting field reports that Coban-1 results in poor feathering and cannibalism were not obtained. POULTRY SCIENCE 53: 434-^136, 1974
INTRODUCTION HE efficacy of monensin as an anticoccidial compound is well documented (Calender and Shumard, 1969). Gard et al. (1969) reported that Coban2 and Coban-1 signifi-
T
1. Present address: Lavergne Supplement Co., 1038 Space Park South, Nashville, Tennessee 2. Trade name of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206
cantly improved body weight gain over the negative controls. These results have been substantiated by Reid et al. (1972). While working with rat liver mitochondria, Lutz et al. (1971) observed an interaction of the carrier antibiotic monensin with sodium and potassium ions. Field reports and observations by some broiler producers on the possible interaction effects of sodium chloride and monensin on broiler performance have led to this study.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on June 28, 2015
hatching time of 460 hours and 38.2° C , 390 hours. Trial 2 illustrated the effect of storage on hatching time over three incubation temperatures. On the average the eggs stored for 13-21 days hatched 13.3 hours later than eggs stored 1-4 days. As in trial 1, the hatching time decreased with an increase in temperature. Eggs stored one to four days and incubated at 37.5° C. hatched about the same time as eggs stored 13-21 days and incubated at 37.8° C. This trial illustrated the relationship between incubation temperatures and storage periods in regard to hatching time where one variable compensated for the other. The incubation temperatures in trial 3 were so nearly alike (37.8 vs. 38.0° C.) that there was little effect from that source. The storage periods did show that the longer the eggs were stored the longer they took to hatch.